Zomwe zimapanga mchere, gawo 4 Bromine

Chinthu china cha banja la halogen ndi bromine. Imakhala pakati pa chlorine ndi ayodini (pamodzi kupanga gulu laling'ono la halogen), ndipo katundu wake ndi pafupifupi poyerekeza ndi oyandikana nawo pamwamba ndi pansi pa gululo. Komabe, aliyense amene akuganiza kuti ichi ndi chinthu chosasangalatsa adzalakwitsa.

Mwachitsanzo, bromine ndi madzi okhawo pakati pa zopanda zitsulo, ndipo mtundu wake umakhalabe wapadera mu dziko la zinthu. Chinthu chachikulu, komabe, ndikuti zoyeserera zosangalatsa zitha kuchitika nazo kunyumba.

- Chinachake chikununkha moipa muno! -

...... Adafuwula katswiri wa mankhwala wa ku France Joseph Gay-Lussacpamene m'chilimwe cha 1826, m'malo mwa French Academy, adayang'ana lipoti la kupeza chinthu chatsopano. Wolemba wake anali wodziwika kwambiri Antoine Balar. Chaka chimodzi m'mbuyomo, apothecary wazaka 23 adafufuza momwe angatulutsire ayodini kuchokera ku zakumwa zoledzeretsa zomwe zatsala kuchokera ku mchere wa miyala wa m'madzi a m'nyanja (njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mchere m'madera otentha monga gombe la French Mediterranean). Chlorine inaphulika mu njira yothetsera, kuchotsa ayodini ku mchere wake. Analandira chinthucho, koma adawona chinthu china - filimu yamadzi achikasu ndi fungo lamphamvu. Analilekanitsa kenako n’kuliphatikiza. Chotsaliracho chinasanduka madzi a bulauni, mosiyana ndi chinthu chilichonse chodziwika. Zotsatira za mayeso a Balar zidawonetsa kuti ichi ndi chinthu chatsopano. Chifukwa chake, adatumiza lipoti ku French Academy ndikudikirira chigamulo chake. Pambuyo pakupeza kwa Balar kutsimikiziridwa, dzina linaperekedwa kwa chinthucho. bromine, yochokera ku Greek bromos, i.e. kununkha, chifukwa fungo la bromine silimasangalatsa (1).

Chonde chonde! Kununkhira koyipa sikuli koyipa kokha kwa bromine. Izi zimakhala zovulaza ngati ma halojeni apamwamba, ndipo, kamodzi pakhungu, amasiya zilonda zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuchiza. Choncho, palibe chifukwa choti mutenge bromine mu mawonekedwe ake oyera ndikupewa kutulutsa fungo la yankho lake.

nyanja madzi element

Madzi a m'nyanja ali ndi pafupifupi bromine yonse yomwe ilipo padziko lapansi. Kukhudzana ndi klorini kumayambitsa kutuluka kwa bromine, yomwe imasinthasintha ndi mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito powombera madzi. Mu wolandila, bromine imafupikitsidwa ndikutsukidwa ndi distillation. Chifukwa cha mpikisano wotchipa komanso kuchepa kwa reactivity, bromine imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pakufunika. Ntchito zambiri zatha, monga ngati silver bromide pojambula, zoonjezera za petulo ya lead, ndi zozimitsa moto za halon. Bromine ndi gawo la mabatire a bromine-zinc, ndipo mankhwala ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, utoto, zowonjezera kuti achepetse kuyaka kwa mapulasitiki, ndi zinthu zoteteza zomera.

Mwa mawu mankhwala, bromine si amasiyana halogens ena: amapanga amphamvu hydrobromic asidi HBr, mchere ndi bromine anion ndi ena zidulo mpweya ndi mchere.

Bromine analyst

Zochita za anion ya bromide ndizofanana ndi zomwe amayesa ma chloride. Pambuyo powonjezera njira ya silver nitrate AgNO₃ mpweya wosasungunuka bwino wa mpweya wa AgBr, umakhala mdima pakuwala chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zithunzi. Madziwo ali ndi mtundu wachikasu (mosiyana ndi AgCl woyera ndi AgI wachikasu) ndipo samasungunuka bwino pamene NH ammonia yankho lawonjezeredwa._3aq (yomwe imasiyanitsa ndi AgCl, yomwe imasungunuka kwambiri pansi pazimenezi) (2). 

2. Kuyerekeza kwa mitundu ya siliva halides - pansipa mukhoza kuona kuwonongeka kwawo pambuyo pa kuwala.

Njira yosavuta yodziwira ma bromidi ndikuyiyika oxidize ndikuzindikira kukhalapo kwa bromine yaulere. Pakuyesa muyenera: potaziyamu bromide KBr, potaziyamu permanganate KMnO₄, sulfuric acid solution (VI) H₂SO₄ ndi organic zosungunulira (mwachitsanzo, utoto thinner). Thirani pang'ono mayankho a KBr ndi KMnO mu chubu choyesera.₄kenako madontho ochepa a asidi. Zomwe zili nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zachikasu (poyamba zinali zofiirira kuchokera ku potaziyamu permanganate):

2 Kmno₄ + 10 KB + 8H₂SO4 → 2MnSO₄ + 6 zikwi.₂SO₄ + 5Br₂ + 8H₂Za Add kutumikira

3. Bromine yotengedwa mumadzi wosanjikiza (pansi) mitundu organic zosungunulira wosanjikiza wofiira-bulauni (pamwamba).

zosungunulira ndi kugwedeza vial kusakaniza nkhani. Mutatha kuchotsa, mudzawona kuti organic wosanjikiza watenga mtundu wofiira wofiira. Bromine amasungunuka bwino muzamadzimadzi omwe si a polar ndipo amachoka m'madzi kupita ku zosungunulira. Kuwonedwa chodabwitsa zofunkha (3). 

Madzi a bromine kunyumba

madzi a bromine ndi njira yamadzimadzi yomwe imapezeka m'mafakitale posungunula bromine m'madzi (pafupifupi 3,6 g ya bromine pa 100 g yamadzi). Ndi reagent ntchito ngati wofatsa oxidizing wothandizila ndi kudziwa unsaturated chikhalidwe cha organic mankhwala. Komabe, bromine yaulere ndi chinthu chowopsa, komanso, madzi a bromine ndi osakhazikika (bromine amawuka kuchokera ku yankho ndikumakumana ndi madzi). Choncho, ndi bwino kuti apeze workaround pang'ono ndi nthawi yomweyo ntchito zoyeserera.

Mwaphunzira kale njira yoyamba yodziwira ma bromidi: makutidwe ndi okosijeni omwe amatsogolera kupanga bromine yaulere. Panthawiyi, onjezerani madontho ochepa a H ku potassium bromide solution KBr mu botolo.₂SO₄ ndi gawo la hydrogen peroxide (3% H₂O₂ amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo). Patapita kanthawi, kusakaniza kumakhala chikasu:

2KBr+H₂O₂ +H₂SO₄ →K₂SO₄ + Br₂ + 2H₂O

Madzi a bromine omwe amapezedwa motero ndi oipitsidwa, koma X ndiye nkhawa yokhayo.₂O₂. Chifukwa chake, iyenera kuchotsedwa ndi manganese dioxide MnO.₂zomwe zidzawola owonjezera hydrogen peroxide. Njira yosavuta yopezera chigawocho ndi kuchokera ku maselo otayika (otchedwa R03, R06), kumene ali mu mawonekedwe a mdima wandiweyani wodzaza chikho cha zinki. Ikani uzitsine wa misa mu botolo, ndipo pambuyo anachita, kutsanulira pa supernatant, ndi reagent ndi wokonzeka.

Njira ina ndi electrolysis wa njira amadzimadzi KBr. Kuti mupeze yankho loyera la bromine, ndikofunikira kupanga electrolyzer ya diaphragm, i.e. ingogawani beaker ndi katoni yoyenera (motere muchepetse kusakanikirana kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika pamagetsi). Ndodo ya graphite yotengedwa mu selo 3 yotayika yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa idzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati electrode yabwino, ndi msomali wamba ngati electrode yolakwika. Gwero la mphamvu ndi batire ya cell cell ya 4,5 V. Thirani njira ya KBr mu beaker, ikani ma electrode ndi mawaya omwe amamangiriridwa, ndikugwirizanitsa batire ku mawaya. Pafupi ndi electrode yabwino, yankho lidzakhala lachikasu (awa ndi madzi anu a bromine), ndipo mavuvu a haidrojeni amapangidwa pa electrode yoipa (4). Pa galasilo pali fungo lamphamvu la bromine. Jambulani yankho ndi syringe kapena pipette.

4. Selo la diaphragm lodzipangira tokha kumanzere ndi selo lomwelo popanga madzi a bromine (kumanja). The reagent amadziunjikira kuzungulira zabwino elekitirodi; mavuvu a haidrojeni amawonekera pa electrode yoyipa.

Mutha kusunga madzi a bromine kwakanthawi kochepa mu chidebe chotsekedwa mwamphamvu, chotetezedwa ku kuwala komanso pamalo ozizira, koma ndi bwino kuyesa nthawi yomweyo. Ngati munapanga mapepala a ayodini wowuma molingana ndi Chinsinsi kuchokera ku gawo lachiwiri la kuzungulira, ikani dontho la madzi a bromine papepala. Malo amdima adzawonekera nthawi yomweyo, kuwonetsa mapangidwe a ayodini aulere:

2KI + No.₂ → ndi₂ + Kvg

Monga momwe bromine imapezeka m'madzi a m'nyanja powachotsa ku ma bromidi okhala ndi oxidizing agent (), momwemonso bromine imachotsa ayodini ofooka kuposa ayodini (zowona, chlorine idzachotsanso ayodini).

Ngati mulibe pepala lowuma la ayodini, tsanulirani yankho la ayodini wa potaziyamu mu chubu choyesera ndikuwonjezera madontho angapo a madzi a bromine. Yankho limadetsedwa, ndipo chizindikiro cha wowuma (kuyimitsidwa kwa ufa wa mbatata m'madzi) chikawonjezeredwa, chimasanduka buluu wakuda - zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a ayodini aulere (5). 

5. Kuzindikira bromine. Pamwambapa - pepala la ayodini wowuma, m'munsimu - yankho la ayodini ya potaziyamu ndi chizindikiro cha wowuma (kumanzere - ma reagents ochita, kumanja - zotsatira za kusakaniza mayankho).

Zoyesera ziwiri zakukhitchini.

Mwa zoyesera zambiri ndi madzi a bromine, ndikupangira awiri omwe mudzafunikira ma reagents ochokera kukhitchini. Choyamba, tenga botolo la mafuta a rapeseed,

7. Kuchita kwa madzi a bromine ndi mafuta a masamba. Mafuta osanjikiza pamwamba amawonekera (kumanzere) ndi pansi pamadzi odetsedwa ndi bromine asanayankhe (kumanzere). Zitachitika (kumanja), wosanjikiza wamadzimadzi unasintha.

mpendadzuwa kapena mafuta a azitona. Thirani mafuta ochepa a masamba mu chubu choyesera ndi madzi a bromine ndikugwedezani zomwe zili mkati kuti ma reagents asakanike bwino. Pamene emulsion ya labile ikuphwanyidwa, mafuta adzakhala pamwamba (ochepa kwambiri kuposa madzi) ndi madzi a bromine pansi. Komabe, madziwo ataya mtundu wake wachikasu. Izi "zimaletsa" njira yamadzimadzi ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kuti igwirizane ndi zigawo za mafuta (6). 

Mafuta a masamba amakhala ndi mafuta ambiri osatha (kuphatikiza ndi glycerin kupanga mafuta). Ma atomu a bromine amamangiriridwa ku zomangira ziwiri m'mamolekyu a ma asidiwa, kupanga zotengera zofanana za bromine. Kusintha kwa mtundu wa madzi a bromine ndi chisonyezo chakuti mankhwala opangidwa ndi unsaturated organic alipo mu chitsanzo choyesera, i.e. mankhwala omwe ali ndi maubwenzi awiri kapena atatu pakati pa maatomu a carbon (7). 

Pakuyesa kwachiwiri kukhitchini, konzani soda, i.e. sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO.₃, ndi shuga awiri - shuga ndi fructose. Mutha kugula koloko ndi shuga ku golosale, ndi fructose ku kiosk ya odwala matenda ashuga kapena sitolo yazaumoyo. Glucose ndi fructose amapanga sucrose, yemwe ndi shuga wamba. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ofanana kwambiri muzinthu ndipo ali ndi chilinganizo chofanana, ndipo ngati izi sizinali zokwanira, zimadutsana mosavuta. Zowona, pali kusiyana pakati pawo: fructose ndiyotsekemera kuposa shuga, ndipo poyankha imatembenuza kuwala kwina. Komabe, kuti mudziwe, mudzagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa mankhwala: shuga ndi aldehyde, ndipo fructose ndi ketone.

7. Kuchita kwa kuwonjezera bromine kumangiriza

Mutha kukumbukira kuti kuchepetsa shuga kumadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Trommer ndi Tollens. Mawonedwe akunja a njerwa Cu deposit₂O (pakuyesa koyamba) kapena galasi lasiliva (chachiwiri) limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ochepetsa, monga aldehydes.

Komabe, kuyesayesa uku sikusiyanitsa pakati pa glucose aldehyde ndi fructose ketone, popeza fructose imasintha mwachangu mawonekedwe ake, ndikusandulika kukhala shuga. Reagenti yocheperako ikufunika.

Halogens ngati 

Pali gulu la mankhwala omwe ali ofanana muzinthu zamagulu ofanana. Amapanga ma acid amtundu wa HX ndi mchere wokhala ndi mononegative X- anions, ndipo ma acid awa samapangidwa kuchokera ku oxides. Zitsanzo za ma pseudohalogens oterowo ndi poizoni wa hydrocyanic acid HCN ndi thiocyanate HSCN yopanda vuto. Ena a iwo amapanga mamolekyu a diatomic, monga cyanogen (CN).₂.

Apa ndi pamene madzi a bromine amalowa. Pangani mayankho: glucose ndi kuwonjezera kwa NaHCO₃ ndi fructose, komanso ndi kuwonjezera soda. Thirani njira ya shuga wokonzedwa mu chubu limodzi loyesera ndi madzi a bromine, ndi yankho la fructose mu linalo, komanso ndi madzi a bromine. Kusiyanaku kumawoneka bwino: madzi a bromine adasinthidwa pansi pakuchita kwa shuga, ndipo fructose sinasinthe. Mashuga awiriwa amatha kusiyanitsa m'malo amchere pang'ono (operekedwa ndi sodium bicarbonate) komanso ndi oxidizing wofatsa, i.e. madzi a bromine. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya alkaline kwambiri (yofunikira pakuyezetsa kwa Trommer ndi Tollens) kumapangitsa kutembenuka mwachangu kwa shuga imodzi kukhala ina komanso kusinthika kwamadzi a bromine ndi fructose. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa, bwerezani kuyesa pogwiritsa ntchito sodium hydroxide m'malo mwa soda.