Matanki. Zaka zana loyamba, gawo 1
Matanki. Zaka zana loyamba, gawo 1
Ndendende zaka 100 zapitazo, pa Seputembara 15, 1916, m'minda ya Picardy pamtsinje wa Somme kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa France, akasinja angapo aku Britain adalowa koyamba pankhondoyo. Kuyambira pamenepo, thanki yapangidwa mwadongosolo ndipo mpaka lero imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pabwalo lankhondo.
Chifukwa cha maonekedwe a akasinja chinali chosowa, anabadwira mu mkangano wamagazi mu ngalande zamatope za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, pamene asilikali a mbali zonse ziwiri adakhetsa magazi ambiri, osatha kuchoka pampandowo.
Nkhondo zankhondo sizinathe kuphwanya njira zachikhalidwe zomenyera nkhondo, monga magalimoto okhala ndi zida, omwe samatha kudutsa mipanda yawaya wamingaminga ndi ngalande zovuta. Makina amene akanatha kuchita zimenezi anakopa chidwi cha Ambuye Woyamba wa Admiralty panthaŵiyo, Winston S. Churchill, ngakhale kuti imeneyi sinali ntchito yake. Chojambula choyamba chomwe chimaganiziridwa chinali galimoto pa gudumu "ndi miyendo", ndiko kuti, zothandizira zosunthika zomwe zimayikidwa kuzungulira gudumu, zomwe zimasinthidwa kumtunda. Lingaliro la gudumu loterolo ndi la Brama J. Diplock, injiniya wa ku Britain amene anamanga mathirakitala opanda msewu okhala ndi mawilo oterowo pa kampani yakeyake ya Pedrail Transport Company ku Fulham, m’tauni ya London. Zoonadi, ichi chinali chimodzi mwa "mathero akufa" ambiri; mawilo okhala ndi "miyendo-njanji" adawoneka kuti sakuyenda bwino kuposa mawilo wamba.
Chassis ya mbozi idapangidwa bwino ndi wosula zitsulo wa Maine Alvin Orlando Lombard (1853-1937) pa mathirakitala aulimi omwe adamanga. Pa chitsulo choyendetsera galimoto, adayikapo ndi mbozi, ndipo kutsogolo kwa galimoto - m'malo mwa chitsulo cha kutsogolo - skids. Kwa moyo wake wonse, iye "anatulutsa" 83 mathirakitala nthunzi awa, kuwaika mu 1901-1917. Ankagwira ntchito ngati nyundo chifukwa Waterville Iron Works wake ku Waterville, Maine, ankapanga magalimoto opitirira asanu pachaka kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzizo. Kenako, mpaka 1934, iye "anapanga" mathirakitala mbozi dizilo pa liwiro lomwelo.
Kukula kwina kwa magalimoto omwe amatsatiridwa kumalumikizidwabe ndi United States ndi akatswiri awiri opanga mapangidwe. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi Benjamin Leroy Holt (1849-1920). Ku Stockton, California, kunali fakitale yaing'ono yamawilo agalimoto ya Holts, Stockton Wheel Company, yomwe idayamba kupanga mathirakitala a mafamu a nthunzi kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 1904. Mu November 1908, kampaniyo inayambitsa thirakitala yake yoyamba ya dizilo, yopangidwa ndi Benjamin L. Holt. Magalimoto amenewa anali ndi chitsulo cholowera kutsogolo chomwe chinalowa m'malo mwa ma skid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi magudumu, kotero kuti anali ndi theka la njanji ngati mayendedwe apambuyo pake. Pokhapokha mu XNUMX, layisensi idagulidwa kuchokera ku kampani yaku Britain Richard Hornsby & Sons, malinga ndi zomwe kulemera kwa makinawo kudagwera pa chassis yomwe idatsata. Popeza nkhani yolamulira kusiyana kwa galimoto pakati pa kumanzere ndi kumanja sikunathetsedwe, kutembenuza nkhani kunathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nkhwangwa yakumbuyo yokhala ndi mawilo owongolera, kupatuka kwake komwe kunakakamiza galimotoyo kusintha njira. .
Posakhalitsa kupanga kunayamba kuyenda bwino. Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, Holt Manufacturing Company inapereka mathirakitala oposa 10 omwe anagulidwa ndi asilikali a Britain, America ndi France. Kampaniyo, yomwe inadzatchedwa Holt Caterpillar Company mu 000, inakhala kampani yaikulu yokhala ndi zomera zitatu ku United States. Chochititsa chidwi, dzina la Chingerezi la mbozi ndi "track" - ndiko kuti, msewu, njira; kwa mbozi, ndi mtundu wa msewu wopanda malire, wozungulira mosalekeza pansi pa magudumu agalimoto. Koma wojambula wa kampani Charles Clements adawona kuti thirakitala ya Holt idakwawa ngati mbozi - mphutsi zagulugufe wamba. Ndiko kuti "mbozi" mu Chingerezi. Pachifukwa ichi dzina la kampaniyo linasinthidwa ndipo mbozi inawonekera mu chizindikiro, ndi mphutsi.
