Tankettes - gawo loyiwalika pakukula kwa zida zankhondo

Tankette yoyamba yatsopano ya Morris-Martel One Man Tankette idamangidwa kuchuluka kwa makope asanu ndi atatu. Kukula kwake kunathetsedwa chifukwa cha mapangidwe ofanana a Carden-Loyd.

Tankette ndi galimoto yaying'ono yomenyera nkhondo, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mfuti zamakina. Nthawi zina amanenedwa kuti iyi ndi thanki yaying'ono, yopepuka kuposa matanki opepuka. Komabe, kwenikweni, aka kanali koyamba kuyesa makina ankhondo, kuwapatsa galimoto yomwe imawalola kutsagana ndi akasinja pakuukira. Komabe, m'mayiko ambiri kuyesayesa kudapangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito magalimotowa mosinthana ndi akasinja opepuka - ndikuwonongeka kwina. Choncho, malangizo a chitukuko cha wedges mwamsanga anasiyidwa. Komabe, chitukuko cha makinawa mu ntchito yosiyana chikupitirirabe mpaka lero.

Malo obadwira tankette ndi Great Britain, malo obadwirako thanki, yomwe inawonekera pankhondo za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse mu 1916. Great Britain ndi yoposa pakati pa nthawi ya nkhondo, i.e. mpaka 1931-1933 njira za makina a mphamvu zapansi ndi chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo ndi liwiro. Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, makamaka mu theka lachiwiri lazaka khumi, idagonjetsedwa ndi Germany ndi USSR.

Carden-Loyd One Man Tankette ndiye chitsanzo choyamba cha tankette yokhala ndi mpando umodzi, yokonzedwa ndi John Carden ndi Vivian Loyd (makopi awiri adamangidwa, mosiyana mwatsatanetsatane).

Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse itangotha, dziko la Britain linali ndi magulu asanu oyenda pansi (magulu atatu ankhondo oyenda pansi ndi zida zamagulu osiyanasiyana), magulu okwera pamahatchi makumi awiri (kuphatikiza asanu ndi mmodzi odziyimira pawokha, asanu ndi limodzi adapanga magulu atatu okwera pamahatchi ndi ena asanu ndi atatu omwe adayima kunja kwa British Isles) ndi akasinja anayi ankhondo. Komabe, kale m'zaka za m'ma XNUMXs panali zokambirana zambiri zokhudzana ndi makina apansi panthaka. Mawu akuti "makina" ankamveka momveka bwino - monga chiyambi cha injini kuyaka mkati asilikali mu mawonekedwe a magalimoto ndi Mwachitsanzo, unyolo uinjiniya kapena majenereta mphamvu dizilo. Zonsezi zimayenera kuonjezera mphamvu ya nkhondo ya asilikali, ndipo koposa zonse, kuonjezera kuyenda kwawo pankhondo. Kuwongolera, ngakhale zokumana nazo zachisoni za Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, zinkaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchita bwino pamlingo wanzeru, wogwirira ntchito kapena ngakhale wanzeru. Munthu akhoza kunena kuti "ngakhale", koma tikhoza kunena kuti chifukwa cha zomwe zinachitikira Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse kuti udindo woyendetsa nkhondoyo unatenga malo otchuka kwambiri. Zapezeka kuti kumenya nkhondo, mwanzeru kukhala nkhondo yachiwonongeko ndi kutha kwa chuma, komanso kuchokera kumalingaliro aumunthu, ngalande "zopanda pake", sizipangitsa kuti pakhale kusamvana. Great Britain sakanatha kumenya nkhondo yowononga (ie, malo), popeza omenyera dziko la Britain anali ndi zinthu zambiri zakuthupi komanso ogwira ntchito, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chuma cha Britain chikanatha kale.

Chifukwa chake, kuwongolerako kunali kofunikira, ndipo kunali kofunikira panjira iliyonse kupeza njira zokamitsira mdani yemwe angakhalepo. Zinali zofunikira kukulitsa malingaliro a ndime (kukakamiza) zochita zowongolera komanso lingaliro lankhondo yoyendetsa yokha. Ku UK, ntchito zambiri zongopeka komanso zothandiza zachitika pankhaniyi. Mu Seputembala 1925, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira 1914, zida zazikulu zamagulu amitundu iwiri zidachitika. Panthawi yoyendetsa izi, gulu lalikulu lopangidwa ndi makina otchedwa Mobile Force linakonzedwa bwino, lomwe linali ndi magulu awiri okwera pamahatchi ndi gulu lankhondo loyenda ndi galimoto. Kuwongolera kwa okwera pamahatchi ndi oyenda pansi kunakhala kosiyana kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale kuti asilikali oyenda pamagalimoto poyamba adapita patsogolo, m'tsogolomu adayenera kuphulitsidwa kutali kwambiri ndi nkhondo. Zotsatira zake, asilikali oyenda pansi anafika pabwalo lankhondo litatha.

Carden-Loyd Mk III tankette, chisinthiko cha Mk II chokhala ndi mawilo otsika otsika ngati Mk I* (omangidwa).

Zotsatira za zochitikazo zinali zophweka: asilikali a ku Britain anali ndi njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito makina, koma kusowa kwa chidziwitso pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono (kuphatikizana ndi kukoka kwa akavalo) kunatanthawuza kuti kuyendetsa ndi magulu ankhondo sikunapambane. Zinali zofunikira kupanga masewera olimbitsa thupi pa kayendetsedwe ka asilikali pamsewu, kuti kayendetsedwe kake kapite bwino komanso kuti magulu omwe analeredwa afikire ku bwalo lankhondo mu dongosolo loyenera, ali ndi njira zonse zofunika zomenyera nkhondo ndi chivundikiro chankhondo. Nkhani ina ndiyo kugwirizanitsa kayendetsedwe ka magulu ankhondo ndi zida zankhondo (ndi sapper, mauthenga, chidziwitso, zinthu zotsutsana ndi ndege, ndi zina zotero), ndi zida zankhondo zomwe zikuyenda m'mayendedwe, choncho nthawi zambiri zimachoka m'misewu yofikira magalimoto oyenda. Malingaliro oterowo adatengedwa kuchokera kumayendedwe akulu a 1925. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ntchito yolingalira idapangidwa pafunso lakuyenda kwa asitikali munthawi ya makina awo.

Carden-Loyd Mk IV ndi tankette ya anthu awiri kutengera zitsanzo zam'mbuyomu, zopanda denga kapena turret, zokhala ndi mawilo anayi amisewu mbali iliyonse ndi mawilo owonjezera.

Mu May 1927, gulu lankhondo loyamba padziko lonse lapansi linapangidwa ku Great Britain. Inakhazikitsidwa pamaziko a 7 Infantry Brigade, yomwe - monga gawo la asilikali oyendetsa galimoto - 2 Battalion ya Cheshire Regiment inatsekedwa. Magulu otsalira a gulu lankhondo: Flanking Reconnaissance Group (gulu loyang'anira mapiko) lopangidwa ndi makampani awiri onyamula zida zamagalimoto ochokera kugulu la 3rd Battalion la Royal Tank Corps (RTK); Gulu lalikulu lodziwitsidwa ndi makampani awiri, imodzi yomwe ili ndi tankettes ya 8 Carden Loyd ndipo ina ili ndi tankettes 8 Morris-Martel kuchokera ku 3rd RTC battalion; 5th RTC Battalion yokhala ndi akasinja 48 Vickers Medium Mark I; Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Lamakina - Gulu Lachiwiri la Somerset Light Infantry Battalion yokhala ndi mfuti yamoto ya Vickers, yonyamulidwa pa Crossley-Kégresse theka-track ndi magalimoto 2 a Morris; 6th Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, yokhala ndi mabatire atatu a 9-pounder QF field guns ndi 18 mm howwitzers, awiri omwe amakokedwa ndi matrakitala a Dragon ndipo imodzi imakokedwa ndi Crossley-Kégresse theka-tracks; 114,3 Battery, 20th Field Brigade, Royal Artillery - Brich Gun batire yoyesera; batire yopepuka ya mamilimita 9 okwera mapiri onyamulidwa ndi mathirakitala a Burford-Kégresse theka-track; Kampani yopanga makina a Royal Engineers pamagalimoto 94 a Morris. Mkulu wa gulu lankhondo lopangidwa ndi makinawa anali Mtsamunda Robert J. Collins, yemwenso anali mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la 6th Infantry Brigade lomwe linali m’gulu la asilikali lomwelo ku Camp Tidworth ku Salisbury Plain.

Carden-Loyd Mk VI ndiye tankette yoyamba yopambana kukhala yopangidwa mwaluso m'kalasi yake yomwe ena atsatira.

Zochita zoyamba za mapangidwe atsopano mu 3rd Infantry Division, pansi pa lamulo la Major W. John Burnett-Stewart, adawonetsa zotsatira zosiyana. Zinali zovuta kugwirizanitsa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi magalimoto okhala ndi katundu wosiyanasiyana.

Zochita za odziwa mechanized asilikali anasonyeza kuti kuyesa chabe mechanize alipo formations khanda, pamodzi ndi zida zankhondo Ufumuyo ndi mphamvu thandizo mu mawonekedwe a mayunitsi reconnaissance, sappers, mauthenga ndi misonkhano, sabweretsa zotsatira zabwino. Asilikali amakina ayenera kupangidwa pa mfundo zatsopano ndikuyendetsedwa mokwanira ndi mphamvu zankhondo za akasinja ophatikizana, oyenda oyenda pamagalimoto, zida zamakina, ndi ntchito zamagalimoto, koma kuchuluka kwake kumafanana mokwanira ndi zosowa zankhondo zam'manja.

Kuchokera pama tankettes a Carden-Loyd pamabwera chonyamulira chonyamula zida cha Universal Carrier, chomwe chinali magalimoto ankhondo ambiri a Allied pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.

Tankitki Martella ndi Carden-Loyda

Komabe, si aliyense amene ankafuna kupanga makina ankhondo mwanjira imeneyi. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti maonekedwe a thanki pa nkhondo kwathunthu kusintha fano lake. Mmodzi mwa akuluakulu okhoza kwambiri a Royal Mechanized Corps, Giffard Le Quen Martel, mkulu wa sappers mu 1916 (pambuyo pake Lieutenant-General Sir G. C. Martel; 10 October 1889 - 3 September 1958), anali ndi maganizo osiyana kwambiri.

GQ Martel anali mwana wa Brigadier General Charles Philip Martel yemwe anali kuyang'anira mafakitale onse achitetezo aboma kuphatikiza ROF ku Woolwich. GQ Martel adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Royal Military Academy, Woolwich mu 1908 ndipo adakhala lieutenant wachiwiri wa mainjiniya. Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, iye anamenya nkhondo mu injiniya-sapper asilikali, chinkhoswe, mwa zina, pomanga mipanda ndi kugonjetsa akasinja. Mu 1916, iye analemba chikumbutso mutu wakuti "Asilikali asilikali ankhondo", amene anaganiza kuti akonzekeretsenso asilikali onse ndi magalimoto onyamula zida. Mu 1917-1918, Brig. Wodzaza popanga mapulani ogwiritsira ntchito akasinja pazolakwa zotsatila. Nkhondo itatha, adagwira ntchito m'magulu ankhondo, koma chidwi cha akasinja chinalibe. Mu brigade yoyesera makina ku Camp Tidworth, adalamulira kampani yamakina yama sappers. Kale mu theka loyamba la XNUMXs, adayesa kupanga milatho ya akasinja, koma anali ndi chidwi ndi akasinja. Ndi gulu lankhondo lomwe linali ndi bajeti yolimba, Martel adatembenukira ku chitukuko cha matanki ang'onoang'ono, osakwatiwa omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga makina onse oyenda pamahatchi ndi apakavalo.

Ma prototypes a tankettes a ku Poland (kumanzere) TK-2 ndi TK-1 ndi British Carden-Loyd Mk VI yokhala ndi galimoto yapansi yosinthidwa yogulidwa kuti iyesedwe ndi makina oyambirira amtunduwu; mwina 1930

Apa ndikoyenera kubwereranso ku chikumbutso cha 1916 ndikuwona zomwe GQ Martel adapereka pamenepo. Eya, iye analingalira kuti magulu onse ankhondo apamtunda ayenera kusandulika kukhala gulu limodzi lalikulu lankhondo. Ankakhulupirira kuti msilikali yekha wopanda zida analibe mwayi wopulumuka pabwalo lankhondo lokhala ndi mfuti zamakina komanso zida zowombera mwachangu. Choncho, anaganiza kuti warhead ayenera kukhala ndi magulu atatu akuluakulu akasinja. Anagwiritsa ntchito fanizo la panyanja - zombo zokha zomwe zinkamenyana panyanja, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zida zankhondo, koma analogue yeniyeni ya asilikali, i.e. munalibe asilikali osambira kapena m’mabwato ang’onoang’ono. Pafupifupi magalimoto onse omenyera nkhondo apanyanja kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zilombo zachitsulo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana (makamaka nthunzi chifukwa cha kukula kwake).

Chifukwa chake, GQ Martel adaganiza kuti m'nthawi yowombera mwachangu kuchokera kumfuti zamakina ndi mfuti zowombera mwachangu, magulu onse apansi amayenera kusinthana ndi magalimoto ngati zombo.

GQ Martel imapereka magulu atatu a magalimoto omenyera nkhondo: akasinja owononga, akasinja ankhondo zankhondo ndi akasinja a torpedo (akasinja oyenda).

Gulu la magalimoto osamenyana liyenera kuphatikizapo akasinja ogulitsa, i.e. magalimoto okhala ndi zida zonyamulira zida, mafuta, zida zosinthira ndi zida zina kupita kunkhondo.

Ponena za akasinja omenyera nkhondo, misa yayikulu inali kukhala akasinja omenyera nkhondo. Inde, iwo samayenera kukhala owononga akasinja, monga momwe dzinali lingasonyezere - ndi fanizo chabe ndi nkhondo zapamadzi. Inayenera kukhala thanki yopepuka yokhala ndi mfuti zamakina, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makanda. Magawo owononga thanki amayenera kutengera okwera pamahatchi apamwamba komanso apakavalo ndikuchita ntchito zotsatirazi: m'dera la "okwera pamahatchi" - kuzindikira, kuphimba mapiko ndi kunyamula mitembo kuseri kwa mizere ya adani, m'dera la "ana oyenda" - kutenga malo ndi malo. kuyang'anira madera omwe akukhalamo, kumenyana ndi mtundu womwewo wa mapangidwe a mdani, kuyang'anira ndi kusunga zinthu zofunika zamtunda, maziko ndi malo osungiramo adani, komanso kubisala akasinja ankhondo.

Akasinja omenyera nkhondo amayenera kupanga gulu lalikulu lomenyera nkhondo ndikuchita ntchito zofananira ndi zida zankhondo, komanso zida zina zankhondo. Iwo amayenera kugawidwa m'magulu atatu osiyana: olemera ndi liwiro lotsika, koma zida zamphamvu ndi zida zankhondo mu mawonekedwe a mfuti ya 152 mm, sing'anga ndi zida zofooka ndi zida, koma ndi liwiro lalikulu, ndi kuwala - mofulumira, ngakhale opanda zida ndi zida. Omalizawo amayenera kuchita zowunikira kumbuyo kwa zida zankhondo, komanso kuthamangitsa ndi kuwononga owononga matanki adani. Ndipo potsiriza, "akasinja a torpedo", ndiko kuti, owononga matanki ankhondo, okhala ndi zida zolemera, koma zida zochepa zothamanga kwambiri. Akasinja a torpedo anayenera kugwira akasinja a zombo zankhondo, kuwawononga, ndi kutuluka pagulu la zida zawo asanawonongedwe. Chotero, m’nkhondo zapamadzi, iwo akakhala ofanana ndi akutali ndi apanyanja olemera; pankhondo yapamtunda, fanizo limabwera ndi lingaliro lamtsogolo la America la owononga matanki. G.K. Martel ankaganiza kuti "torpedo thanki" m'tsogolomu ikhoza kukhala ndi zida zamtundu wa rocket, zomwe zingakhale zogwira mtima kwambiri pomenya zida zankhondo. Lingaliro la makina athunthu ankhondo m'lingaliro la kukonzekeretsa ankhondo okha ndi magalimoto okhala ndi zida adakopanso Mtsamunda W. (pambuyo pake General) John F. C. Fuller, katswiri wodziwika kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo zaku Britain.

M’kati mwa utumiki wake wapambuyo pake, Captain ndipo kenako Major Giffard Le Ken Martel analimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha kumanga owononga akasinja, i.e. otsika mtengo kwambiri, ang'onoang'ono, 1/2-mpando oti muli nazo zida magalimoto okhala ndi mfuti makina, amene anali m'malo tingachipeze powerenga oyenda pansi ndi apakavalo. Mu 1922, Herbert Austin adawonetsa aliyense galimoto yake yaying'ono yotsika mtengo yokhala ndi injini ya 7 hp. (chifukwa chake dzina la Austin Seven), GQ Martel adayamba kulimbikitsa lingaliro la thanki yotere.

Mu 1924, iye anamanga fanizo la galimoto imeneyi mu garaja yake, ntchito mbale zosavuta zitsulo ndi mbali za magalimoto osiyanasiyana. Iye mwiniyo anali makaniko wabwino ndipo, monga sapper, anali ndi maphunziro oyenera a uinjiniya. Poyamba, iye anapereka galimoto yake kwa anzake ankhondo mosangalala kuposa ndi chidwi, koma posakhalitsa lingalirolo linapeza nthaka yachonde. Mu Januwale 1924, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, boma la mapiko amanzere Labor Party linakhazikitsidwa ku Great Britain, motsogozedwa ndi Ramsay MacDonald. Zowona, boma lake lidakhalapo mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka, koma makinawo adayamba kugwira ntchito. Makampani awiri agalimoto - Morris Motor Company ya Cowley, motsogozedwa ndi William R. Morris, Lord Nuffield, ndi Crossley Motors a Gorton kunja kwa Manchester - adapatsidwa ntchito yomanga magalimoto potengera lingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka GQ Martel.

Ma tankette asanu ndi atatu a Morris-Martel adamangidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito chassis yochokera ku Roadless Traction Ltd. ndi injini ya Morris ndi mphamvu ya 16 hp, yomwe inachititsa kuti galimotoyo ifike pa liwiro la 45 km / h. M'gulu lampando umodzi, galimotoyo inkayenera kukhala ndi mfuti yamakina, ndipo pamipando iwiri, mfuti ya 47 mm yachifupi idakonzedwanso. Galimotoyo inali yowonekera pamwamba ndipo inali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri. Mtundu wokhawo wa Crossley unkayendetsedwa ndi injini ya 27 hp four-cylinder Crossley. ndipo anali ndi mbozi pansi pa dongosolo la Kègresse. Chitsanzochi chinachotsedwa mu 1932 ndikuperekedwa ku Royal Military College of Science ngati chiwonetsero. Komabe, sichinakhalepobe mpaka lero. Makina onse awiri - ochokera ku Morris ndi Crossley - adatsatiridwa theka, popeza onse anali ndi mawilo oyendetsa galimoto kuseri kwa kagalimoto komwe amatsata. Izi zinapangitsa kuti galimotoyo ikhale yosavuta.

Asilikali sanakonde kapangidwe ka Martel, kotero ndidakhazikika pa ma wedge asanu ndi atatu a Morris-Martel. Lingaliro palokha, komabe, linali lokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wotsika wa magalimoto ofanana. Izi zinapereka chiyembekezo cha kulowa muutumiki wa "akasinja" ambiri pamtengo wotsika pakukonza ndi kugula. Komabe, yankho lomwe limakonda lidaperekedwa ndi katswiri wopanga, injiniya John Valentine Cardin.

John Valentine Cardin (1892-1935) anali katswiri wodziphunzitsa yekha. Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, adagwira ntchito m'gulu la Guard Corps la Army Corps, akugwiritsa ntchito mathirakitala omwe amatsata Holt omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Asitikali aku Britain kukoka mfuti zolemera ndi ma trailer. Pamene anali usilikali, anakwezedwa udindo wa kaputeni. Nkhondo itatha, adalenga kampani yake kupanga magalimoto ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, koma mu 1922 (kapena 1923) anakumana ndi Vivian Loyd, amene adaganiza zopanga magalimoto ang'onoang'ono a asilikali - monga mathirakitala kapena ntchito zina. Mu 1924 adayambitsa Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. ku Chertsey kumadzulo kwa London, kummawa kwa Farnborough. Mu March 1928, Vickers-Armstrong, nkhawa yaikulu, anagula kampani yawo, ndipo John Carden anakhala mtsogoleri wa luso la Vickers Panzer Division. Vickers ali kale ndi tankette yotchuka kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri ya Carden-Loyd duo, Mk VI; Tanki ya 6-tani Vickers E idapangidwanso, yomwe idatumizidwa kumayiko ambiri ndikuloledwa ku Poland (chitukuko chake chanthawi yayitali ndi 7TP) kapena ku USSR (T-26). Kukula kwaposachedwa kwa John Carden kunali galimoto yotsatiridwa ndi VA D50, yomwe idapangidwa molunjika pamaziko a tankette ya Mk VI ndipo inali chitsanzo cha chonyamulira cha ndege cha Bren Carrier. Pa December 10, 1935, John Cardin anamwalira pangozi ya ndege pa ndege ya ku Belgium yotchedwa Sabena.

Mnzake Vivian Loyd (1894-1972) anali ndi maphunziro a sekondale ndipo adatumikira ku British artillery pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Nkhondo itangotha, adamanganso magalimoto ang'onoang'ono m'magulu ang'onoang'ono asanalowe ku kampani ya Carden-Loyd. Anakhalanso womanga matanki ku Vickers. Ndi Cardin, anali mlengi wa banja la Bren Carrier ndipo kenako Universal Carrier. Mu 1938, adachoka kukayambitsa kampani yakeyake, Vivian Loyd & Co., yomwe idapanga mathirakitala okulirapo pang'ono a Loyd Carrier; pafupifupi 26 anamangidwa mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II (makamaka ndi makampani ena omwe ali ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Loyd).

Tanketi yoyamba inamangidwa pa fakitale ya Cardin-Loyd m'nyengo yozizira ya 1925-1926. Inali chombo chopepuka chokhala ndi zida zokhala ndi injini yakumbuyo kumbuyo kwa dalaivala, ndi njanji zomangika m'mbali. Mawilo ang'onoang'ono apamsewu sanali otsekedwa, ndipo pamwamba pa mboziyo inkatsetsereka pazitsulo zazitsulo. Chiwongolero chinaperekedwa ndi gudumu limodzi lomwe linayikidwa kumbuyo kwa fuselage, pakati pa mayendedwe. Ma prototypes atatu adapangidwa, ndipo posakhalitsa makina amodzi adapangidwa mumtundu wabwino wa Mk I *. M'galimoto iyi, kunali kotheka kukhazikitsa mawilo owonjezera pambali, omwe amayendetsedwa ndi unyolo kuchokera kutsogolo kwa chitsulo. Chifukwa cha iwo, galimotoyo imatha kuyenda pa mawilo atatu - mawilo awiri kutsogolo ndi chiwongolero chimodzi chaching'ono kumbuyo. Izi zinapangitsa kuti azitha kusunga mayendedwe m'misewu pochoka kunkhondo ndikuwonjezera kuyenda panjira zomenyedwa. Ndipotu inali thanki yoyenda ndi mawilo. Mk I ndi Mk I * anali magalimoto okhala ndi mpando umodzi, wofanana ndi Mk II wopangidwa kumapeto kwa 1926, womwe unkawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawilo amsewu oimitsidwa ku zida zoimitsidwa, zonyowa ndi akasupe. Chosiyana cha makinawa omwe amatha kukhazikitsa mawilo malinga ndi dongosolo la Mk I * amatchedwa Mk III. Chitsanzochi chinayesedwa kwambiri mu 1927. Komabe, mtundu wa tankette wokhala ndi mipando iwiri yokhala ndi chiboliboli chocheperako udawonekera posachedwa. Mamembala awiri a galimotoyo adayikidwa mbali zonse za injini, chifukwa galimotoyo idapeza mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe apakati ndi kutalika kofanana ndi m'lifupi mwake. Mmodzi wa ogwira nawo ntchito ankayang'anira tankette, ndipo winayo ankagwiritsa ntchito zida zake ngati mfuti ya machine. Kavalo wamkati wokwera njanjiyo anali wopukutidwa kwambiri, koma chiwongolerocho chinali chikhalire gudumu limodzi kumbuyo. Injiniyo inkayendetsa magiya akutsogolo, omwe amasunthira kumayendedwe. Zinali zothekanso kumangiriza mawilo owonjezera kumbali, komwe mphamvu imaperekedwa kudzera mu unyolo kuchokera kumawilo oyendetsa kutsogolo - kuyendetsa pamisewu yafumbi. Galimotoyo inawonekera kumapeto kwa 1927, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa 1928, magalimoto asanu ndi atatu a Mk IV adalowa m'gulu la 3rd tank battalion, yomwe inali mbali ya Experimental Mechanized Brigade. Awa ndi ma wedges oyamba a Carden-Loyd ogulidwa ndi asitikali ndikuyika ntchito.

Chitsanzo cha 1928 Mk V chinali chomaliza kupangidwa ndi Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. Zinali zosiyana ndi magalimoto akale okhala ndi chiwongolero chachikulu komanso mayendedwe otalikirapo. Komabe, siinagulidwe ndi asilikali.

Carden-Loyd pansi pa mtundu wa Vickers

Vickers apanga kale mtundu watsopano wa tankette, Mk V*. Kusiyana kwakukulu kunali kusintha kwakukulu kwa kuyimitsidwa. Mawilo akulu amsewu pazinyalala za rabara adagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuyimitsidwa pawiri pamabogi okhala ndi mayamwidwe owopsa omwe amakhala ndi masamba opingasa. Njira yothetsera vutoli idakhala yosavuta komanso yothandiza. Galimotoyo inamangidwa m'makope asanu ndi anayi, koma mtundu wotsatira unakhala wopambana. M'malo mwa chiwongolero chakumbuyo, chimagwiritsa ntchito ziwombankhanga zam'mbali kuti zipereke mphamvu zosiyanitsira kumayendedwe. Chifukwa chake, kutembenuka kwa makinawo kunachitika ngati magalimoto omenyera amakono - chifukwa cha liwiro losiyanasiyana la mayendedwe onse awiri kapena kuyimitsa imodzi mwanjira. Ngoloyo sinkakhoza kuyenda pa mawilo, panali mtundu wa mbozi. Kuyendetsa kunali injini yodalirika ya Ford, yochokera ku Model T yotchuka, yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 22,5 hp. Mafuta mu thanki anali malita 45, zomwe zinali zokwanira kuyenda pafupifupi 160 Km. Liwiro pazipita anali 50 Km / h. Zida za galimotoyo zinali kumanja: inali mfuti ya Lewis ya 7,7 mm yoziziritsidwa ndi mpweya kapena mfuti ya Vickers yamadzi.

momwemonso.

Anali makina awa omwe adapanga zambiri. M'magulu awiri akuluakulu a makope a 162 ndi 104, magalimoto onse a 266 anaperekedwa mu Baibulo loyambirira ndi ma prototypes ndi zosankha zapadera, ndipo 325 anapangidwa. Zina mwa magalimotowa zinapangidwa ndi boma la Woolwich Arsenal. Vickers anagulitsa ma wedge a Mk VI osakwatiwa ndi chilolezo chopanga kumayiko ambiri (Fiat Ansaldo ku Italy, Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne ku Poland, USSR state industry, Škoda ku Czechoslovakia, Latil ku France). Wolandila wamkulu wakunja wamagalimoto omangidwa ku Britain anali Thailand, yomwe idalandira 30 Mk VI ndi 30 Mk VIb magalimoto. Bolivia, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Japan ndi Portugal aliyense anagula magalimoto 5 omangidwa ku UK.

Soviet heavy thanki T-35 atazunguliridwa ndi tankettes (light reckless akasinja) T-27. Kusinthidwa ndi akasinja a T-37 ndi T-38 amphibious reconnaissance okhala ndi zida zoyikidwa mu turret yozungulira.

Ku UK, matanki a Vickers Carden-Loyd Mk VI adagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'magawo ozindikira. Komabe, pamaziko awo, analengedwa thanki kuwala Mk I, opangidwa mu Mabaibulo wotsatira mu 1682s. Inali ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa tankette komwe kunakhazikitsidwa ngati wolowa m'malo mwa Mk VI komwe mabanja a Scout Carrier, Bren Carrier ndi Universal Carrier a onyamula zida adatsikira, chotsekeka pamwamba ndi turret yozungulira yokhala ndi mfuti yamakina kapena mfuti yamakina. makina mfuti. Mtundu womaliza wa tanki yopepuka ya Mk VI idamangidwa pamagalimoto XNUMX omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.

Ma tankette a ku Japan a Type 94 adagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo ya Sino-Japan komanso nthawi yoyamba ya Nkhondo Yadziko II. Idasinthidwa ndi mtundu wa 97 wokhala ndi mfuti ya 37 mm, yomwe idapangidwa mpaka 1942.

Chidule

M'mayiko ambiri, kupanga ma wedges ovomerezeka sikunachitike mwachindunji, koma zosintha zawo zinayambitsidwa, nthawi zambiri zimasintha kwambiri mapangidwe a makina. Anthu aku Italiya adapanga magalimoto 25 ndendende malinga ndi mapulani a Carden-Loyd pansi pa dzina la CV 29, kutsatiridwa ndi magalimoto pafupifupi 2700 CV 33 ndi magalimoto okweza a CV 35 - omalizawo ali ndi mfuti ziwiri zamakina. Atagula makina asanu a Carden-Loyd Mk VI, dziko la Japan linaganiza zopanga makina ake omwewo. Galimotoyo idapangidwa ndi Ishikawajima Motorcar Manufacturing Company (yomwe tsopano ndi Isuzu Motors), yomwe idamanga 167 Type 92s pogwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri za Carden-Loyd. Kukula kwawo kunali makina okhala ndi chipolopolo chophimbidwa ndi turret imodzi yokhala ndi mfuti imodzi ya 6,5 mm yopangidwa ndi Hino Motors monga Mtundu wa 94; 823 zidutswa zidapangidwa.

Ku Czechoslovakia mu 1932, kampani ya ČKD (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk) yochokera ku Prague inali kupanga galimoto pansi pa chilolezo kuchokera ku Carden-Loyd. Galimoto yomwe imadziwika kuti Tančík vz. 33 (wedge wz. 33). Pambuyo poyesa Carden-Loyd Mk VI yogulidwa, a Czechs adatsimikiza kuti kusintha kwakukulu kuyenera kupangidwa pamakina. Ma prototypes anayi a vz. 33 yokhala ndi 30 hp Prague injini. adayesedwa mu 1932, ndipo mu 1933 kupanga makina 70 amtunduwu kunayamba. Iwo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse

asilikali a Slovak.

Ku Poland, mu August 1931, asilikali anayamba kulandira TK-3 wedges. Adatsogozedwa ndi ma prototypes awiri, TK-1 ndi TK-2, ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Carden-Loyd yoyambirira. TK-3 inali kale ndi chipinda chomenyeramo zomenyera ndi zina zambiri zomwe zidayambitsidwa m'dziko lathu. Okwana, ndi 1933 anamanga za 300 magalimoto a mtundu uwu (kuphatikizapo 18 TKF, komanso prototypes wa TKV ndi TKD self-propelled odana tank mfuti), ndiyeno, mu 1934-1936, kwambiri 280 kusinthidwa magalimoto. zidaperekedwa ku gulu lankhondo laku Poland la TKS ndi zida zotsogola komanso malo opangira magetsi ngati injini ya Polish Fiat 122B yokhala ndi 46 hp.

Kupanga kwakukulu kwa makina ozikidwa pa mayankho a Carden-Loyd kunachitika ku USSR pansi pa dzina la T-27 - ngakhale pang'ono kuposa kupanga ku Italy komanso osati kwakukulu padziko lonse lapansi. Mu USSR, mapangidwe oyambirira adasinthidwanso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa galimoto, kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe ka mphamvu ndikuyambitsa injini yake ya 40 hp GAZ AA. Zida zinali ndi mfuti imodzi ya 7,62 mm DT. Kupanga kunachitika mu 1931-1933 pa chomera No. 37 ku Moscow ndi pa GAZ chomera ku Gorki; Magalimoto okwana 3155 a T-27 adamangidwa ndi 187 owonjezera mu mtundu wa ChT-27, momwe mfuti yamakina idasinthidwa ndi chowotcha moto. magalimoto amenewa anakhalabe ntchito mpaka chiyambi cha nawo USSR mu Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndiye kuti, mpaka chilimwe ndi autumn 1941. Komabe, panthawiyo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mathirakitala opangira mfuti zopepuka komanso ngati magalimoto olumikizirana.

Dziko la France ndilomwe limapanga tankettes padziko lonse lapansi. Apanso, adaganiza zopanga galimoto yaying'ono yotsatiridwa potengera njira zaukadaulo za Carden-Loyd. Komabe, adaganiza zopanga galimotoyo kuti asapereke chilolezo kwa a British. Renault, Citroen ndi Brandt adalowa mpikisano wagalimoto yatsopano, koma pomaliza, mu 1931, mapangidwe a Renault UE okhala ndi ngolo ya Renault UT yokhala ndi ma axle awiri oyenda adasankhidwa kuti apange misa. Vuto, komabe, linali lakuti ngakhale m'mayiko ena onse amitundu ya Carden-Loyd tankettes ankatengedwa ngati magalimoto omenyera nkhondo (makamaka magulu odziwitsidwa, ngakhale mu USSR ndi Italy adatengedwa ngati njira yotsika mtengo yopangira zida zothandizira zida zankhondo. mayunitsi oyenda pansi), zinali ku France kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe Renault UE imayenera kukhala thirakitala yankhondo ndi galimoto yonyamula zida. Ankayenera kukoka mfuti zopepuka ndi matope omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makanda, makamaka mfuti za anti-tank ndi anti-ndege, komanso matope. Mpaka 1940, 5168 mwa makinawa adamangidwa ndipo ena 126 ali pansi pa chilolezo ku Romania. Nkhondo isanayambe, inali tankette yaikulu kwambiri.

Komabe, galimoto British, analengedwa mwachindunji pa maziko a Carden-Loyd tankettes, anaswa mbiri mtheradi kutchuka. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, woyendetsa ndegeyo poyambirira adamukonzera udindo wake mu 1916. Martela - ndiko kuti, inali galimoto yonyamula ana, kapena m'malo mwake, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira zida zamfuti zamakina, ngakhale idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maudindo osiyanasiyana: kuchokera pakuzindikira kupita ku thirakitala ya zida zopepuka, magalimoto omenyera nkhondo, kuthamangitsidwa kwachipatala. , kulankhulana, kulondera, ndi zina zotero. Chiyambi chake chimabwerera ku Vickers-Armstrong D50 prototype, yopangidwa ndi kampaniyo. Iye amayenera kukhala chonyamulira cha mfuti thandizo khanda, ndi udindo uwu - pansi pa dzina Chonyamulira, Machine-Gun No 1 Mark 1 - asilikali kuyesedwa prototypes ake. Magalimoto oyamba kupanga adalowa ntchito ndi asitikali aku Britain mu 1936: Machine Gun Carrier (kapena Bren Carrier), Cavalry Carrier ndi Scout Carrier. Kusiyanitsa pang'ono pakati pa magalimotowo kunafotokozedwa ndi cholinga chawo - monga galimoto ya mayunitsi a makina oyendetsa ndege, monga chonyamulira cha okwera pamahatchi oyendetsa makina komanso ngati galimoto yamagulu ozindikira. Komabe, popeza mapangidwe a makinawa anali pafupifupi ofanana, dzina lakuti Universal Carrier linaonekera mu 1940.

Munthawi ya 1934 mpaka 1960, magalimoto okwana 113 adamangidwa m'mafakitale ambiri osiyanasiyana ku Great Britain ndi Canada, zomwe ndi mbiri yotsimikizika yamagalimoto okhala ndi zida padziko lonse lapansi m'mbiri yawo yonse. Awa anali ngolo zomwe zinkasintha kwambiri asilikali oyenda pansi; ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ndi magalimoto otere omwe pambuyo pa nkhondo, onyamula zida zolemera kwambiri omwe amatsatiridwa ndi zida amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula ana oyenda ndi kuwathandizira pabwalo lankhondo. Tisaiwale kuti Universal Carrier inalidi yonyamula zida zankhondo zotsatiridwa padziko lonse lapansi. Masiku ano onyamula katundu, ndithudi, ndi okulirapo komanso olemera, koma cholinga chawo n'chofanana - kunyamula ana aang'ono, kuwateteza momwe angathere ku moto wa adani ndi kuwapatsa chithandizo chamoto pamene akupita kunkhondo kunja kwa galimoto.

Ambiri amavomereza kuti wedges ndi mapeto a chitukuko cha zida zankhondo ndi makina. Ngati timawachitira ngati akasinja, monga cholowa m'malo otsika mtengo kwa galimoto yankhondo (ma tankettes akuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, akasinja a German Panzer I, omwe mtengo wake wankhondo unali wotsika kwambiri), ndiye inde, chinali mapeto a chitukuko cha magalimoto omenyana. Komabe, ma tankettes samayenera kukhala akasinja, omwe adayiwalika ndi magulu ena ankhondo omwe anayesa kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati m'malo mwa akasinja. Izi zimayenera kukhala magalimoto oyenda. Chifukwa, malinga ndi Fuller, Martel ndi Liddell-Hart, asilikali oyenda pansi ankayenera kusuntha ndi kumenyana ndi magalimoto okhala ndi zida. Kwa "owononga akasinja" mu 1916, panali ntchito zomwe tsopano zikuchitidwa ndi apaulendo oyenda pamagalimoto omenyera makanda - pafupifupi chimodzimodzi.

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