Syrenka, Polonaise, Fiat 126r, Warsaw. Awa ndi magalimoto odziwika bwino aku Polish People's Republic.
Pakalipano, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kukumana ndi Mwana wotchuka m'misewu. Ngakhalenso kawirikawiri, titha kuwona momwe Warsaw anali wodzaza ndi anthu zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Izi ndi zitsanzo ziwiri zokha za magalimoto omwe kale adakopa chidwi cha oyendetsa galimoto.
Mutha kulemba zolemba zonse zamagalimoto odziwika a Polish People's Republic. Tasankha zitsanzo zisanu zomwe zikugwirizana bwino ndi nthawiyi.
Mtengo wa 126r
Panthawi imeneyo, Fiat 126p inali imodzi mwa magalimoto otchuka kwambiri ku Poland. Iwo amati - ndipo izi si kukokomeza - kuti chitsanzo ichi, opangidwa kuchokera 1972 mpaka 2000, motorized dziko lathu. Ku Poland, idapangidwa kuyambira Juni 6, 1973 mpaka Seputembara 22, 2000.
Pakati pa 1973 ndi 2000, mafakitale ku Bielsko-Biala ndi Tychy anapanga 3 Fiat 318s. Tychy.
Fiat 126p ndi kumbuyo gudumu pagalimoto galimoto ndi 2cc 594 yamphamvu injini ndi linanena bungwe pazipita 23 HP. Kumalo ake anali Fiat 500, wolowa m'malo Fiat Cinquecento.
M'zaka za m'ma 70, chitukuko cha mafakitale a magalimoto ku Poland chinakula kwambiri. Kale, galimoto inali chinthu chamtengo wapatali chosatheka kufikako. Kumbali imodzi, izi zakhala zikuchitika chifukwa cha mwayi wochepa wachuma wa nzika, ndipo kumbali ina, chifukwa cha zochita mwadala za boma. Ndikoyeneranso kutsindika kuti panthawiyi, zoyendera zapagulu zidapangidwa bwino kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70 ndi 80, mtengo waulendo wamagalimoto kwa banja la anthu atatu unali wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo wogula masitima atatu. . matikiti aulendo womwewo.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pofika 1978 panali njinga zamoto ndi ma mopeds ambiri m'misewu ya ku Poland kuposa magalimoto. Zinthu zinayamba kusintha dziko la Poland litapeza laisensi yopanga Fiat 126. Mtengo wake wochepa unapangitsa galimotoyo kutchuka kwambiri m’kanthawi kochepa.
Kodi "Maluch" inali ndalama zingati? Kumayambiriro kwa kupanga, Fiat 126p inali yamtengo wapatali mofanana ndi malipiro apakati a 30, zomwe zikutanthauza kuchuluka kwa PLN 69. zloti. Komanso, Polska Kasa Oszczędności yayamba kusonkhanitsa zolipiriratu za mtunduwu.
Zachidziwikire, galimotoyo idapezeka pamsika womwe umatchedwa "msika wachiwiri", kotero zinali zotheka kukhala ndi galimotoyo popanda kudikirira pamzere (zomwe zingatenge zaka zingapo, ndipo anthu oyipa amati ena mwa omwe akudikirirawo sanapezepo). galimoto). ). Komabe, muyenera kuganizira za mtengo wokwera kwambiri. Ogulitsa poyamba ankafuna pafupifupi 110K "galimoto yomwe ili m'gulu nthawi yomweyo". zloti. Panalibe kusowa kwa ofunsira, ndipo ndikuthokoza kuti mafani a galimotoyi akadali ndi zambiri zoti asankhe.
FSO Polonez
Mamiliyoni amagalimoto opangidwa, chikondi cha Polish-Italian komanso chiyembekezo chanthawi yayitali kuti galimoto yomangidwa kwathunthu ku Poland ingagonjetse dziko lapansi. Polonaise - chifukwa tikukamba za iye - anachoka ku Geran fakitale pa May 3, 1978.
Ulendo wa galimoto yoyamba (pafupifupi) kwathunthu ku Poland imayamba ku Italy. Kumeneko, oimira Galimoto Factory anapita kukafunafuna galimoto yamtengo wapatali mamiliyoni ambiri yomwe ingagwirizane ndi zenizeni za Polish People's Republic. Chakumapeto kwa 1974, mgwirizano unasaina ku Turin ndi Fiat kuti apange galimoto, yomwe, monga yoyamba, inayenera kupangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto ku Poland - ndipo ku Poland kokha. Okonza aku Poland adakopeka ndi magalimoto apawiri omwe adagonjetsa Europe m'ma 70s. Mu mapulani olimba mtima, polonaise yamtsogolo inali kugonjetsa ngakhale msika waku America; kukhala ngati VW Golf kapena Renault 5.
Zoonadi, mabodza a Polish People's Republic akadali "kuimba" kupambana kwa Fiat 125p ("Big Fiat"), koma kwenikweni - ngakhale kuti malonda apambana - galimoto yomwe idagubuduza pamzere wa msonkhano mu 1967 inali kale. zachikale pang'ono. Choncho, panafunika kuchitapo kanthu.
"Warszawska Fabryka Samochodow Osobowych, yemwe adatchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha Fiat 125p yopangidwa, idzakulitsidwa posachedwa kuti ikwaniritse malamulo ochokera padziko lonse lapansi," Stolitsa analemba mu 1975. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kupanga Fiat 125p anafika pachimake. pachimake (mu 1975 ndi chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, magalimoto okwana 115 11 adapangidwa), koma kuyambira chaka chotsatira, kupanga pang'onopang'ono kunachepa. Mawonedwe a mainjiniya anali atatembenuzidwira mbali ina. "Fiat yayikulu" itafika pogulitsa kwambiri, fakitale idagula mahekitala XNUMX a malo atsopano kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito panjanji. Pazolinga za polonaise, nyumba yosindikizira yatsopano (yachikulu kuposa Palace of Culture and Science) ndi imodzi mwa malo ogulitsa zowotcherera zamakono ku Ulaya anamangidwa kumeneko, ndi zipangizo zotumizidwa kuchokera Kumadzulo ndi ndalama zakunja. Pafupifupi maholo onse awonjezedwa.
Polonaise wapeza kale nthano zambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo chikukhudza dzina. Zikuoneka kuti iye anasankhidwa mu plebiscite dziko lonse "Rice wa Warsaw". Chowonadi chokhudza mphamvu zoyambitsa anthu ndizosiyana. Ogwira ntchito ku Technological Museum adapeza kuti mpikisanowo ndi wabodza. Dzinali lidaganiziridwa zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomu ndipo lidabzalidwa mwachinsinsi mu ofesi ya akonzi. Kumeneko, m'njira yodabwitsa kwambiri, chinyengo cha mpikisano wowonekera chinapangidwa.
Mtengo wa 125r
Akatswiri a ku Poland anagwira ntchito mwakhama pa mibadwo yatsopano ya Sirena 110 ndi Warsaw 210, koma palibe amene anali ndi chinyengo kuti mu zenizeni za chuma cha Socialist tikhoza kupanga mankhwala amakono omwe angapikisane ndi atsogoleri a dziko. Chigamulo chomaliza chinapangidwa mu 1965 posayina mgwirizano wa chilolezo ndi Fiat kuti apange galimoto yomwe inali isanawonekere.
Kwa zaka ziwiri, mothandizidwa ndi anthu a ku Italy, kukonzekera kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga. Panali zambiri zoti zichitike, chifukwa ngakhale kuti chomera cha FSO chinakhazikitsidwa ngati juggernaut yomwe imatha kupanga zigawo zambiri pamalopo, zigawo zingapo zinayenera kupangidwa ndi sub-suppliers. Ichi chinali chitukuko chabwino chomwe chinathandizira kupititsa patsogolo makampani, popeza kupanga Fiat 125p kunkafuna matekinoloje omwe sitinawadziwe mpaka pano.
Mu 1966, chowonjezera chinawonjezeredwa ku mgwirizanowu, womwe umasonyeza ndendende zomwe Polish Fiat 125p iyenera kukhala. Mnzake waku Italiya amayenera kulandira chassis ndi thupi lofananira, injini ndi kutumizira kuchokera ku Fiat 1300/1500 yomwe imatuluka, komanso zinthu zake zokha za Żerań monga lamba wakutsogolo wokhala ndi nyali zozungulira kapena mkati mwake wokhala ndi chotsetsereka. speedometer ndi chikopa upholstery. Mu mawonekedwe awa, pa Novembara 28, 1968, Fiat 125p yoyamba yaku Poland idagubuduza pamzere wa FSO.
Ngakhale kuti nkhani zabodza za nthawiyo zinkatamandidwa bwanji, sizinali zopanda mavuto. M'chaka choyamba chathunthu chopanga, ntchito 7,1 zokha zidapangidwa. zidutswa, ndi kufika mphamvu zonse processing, kulola kupanga pa 100 zikwi zidutswa, anatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, i.e. zaka ziwiri kutha kwa kupanga fanizo la ku Italy.
Poyamba, Big Fiat inali chinthu chapamwamba. Mtengo wa Kowalski sunali wotheka ndipo unkatanthauza mtengo wopulumutsa moyo wake wonse. FSO itadziwa bwino ntchito yopangira, ntchito idayamba kufewetsa kapangidwe ka Fiat "yaikulu" ndikuyimitsa zida zambiri zosangalatsa, ndipo chrome idasinthidwa ndi pulasitiki. Njira ziwirizi zimatanthauza kuti m'zaka za m'ma 80 galimoto ikhoza kugulidwa ndi malipiro a pachaka a 3, mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha dziko. Koma anali kale mthunzi wa amene adamutsogolera. Khalidweli lidadandaula kwambiri, chomwe chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Fiat unathetsedwa mu 1983.
FSO Mermaid
Chiyambi cha Syrena kuyambira 1953. Mu June, gulu linapangidwa kuti likhale ndi malingaliro a galimoto "kwa anthu". Gululi linali ndi okonza odziwa zambiri, kuphatikiza: Carola Pionier - chassis, Frederic Blumke - injiniya Stanislav Panchakiewicz - womanga thupi yemwe adakumana ndi nkhondo isanayambe ku PZInż. ndi Jerzy Werner, mlembi wothandizana nawo wa mapulojekiti aku Poland asanayambe nkhondo kutengera Fiat yemwe anali ndi chilolezo, yemwe anali mlangizi. Popeza mafakitale athu azitsulo anali akhanda ndipo mapepala a thupi anali ngati mankhwala, zinkaganiziridwa kuti thupi la mtsogolo Sirena lidzakhala ndi matabwa, monga magalimoto ambiri asanayambe nkhondo: chimango chokhala ndi nthiti chophimbidwa ndi chomverera ndi chophimbidwa ndi dermatoid - nsalu yopangidwa ndi cellulose acetate, kutsanzira koyambirira kwachikopa chochita kupanga. Zovala zokha ndi zotchingira zidayenera kupangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zachitsulo. Pakuyendetsa, Blumke adakonza injini yokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yopangidwa ndi WSM Bielsko. Kupanga kwa ma sirens pachaka sikunapitirire zidutswa 3000.
Engineer Stanislav Lukashevich, wamkulu wa Body Bureau of the Main Design Department of the FSO, kuyambira pachiyambi adagwedeza mutu pa "matekinoloje oluka awa" - momwe lingaliro la thupi lamatabwa limatchedwa. Ndinaganiza kuti mtengo ndi chotsalira, ndi luso 3 zikwi. milandu ikhoza kupangidwa m'chaka chimodzi, koma izi zimafuna maziko aakulu a ukalipentala ndi matabwa ouma ambiri. Lukashevich anakakamiza chitsulo chachitsulo chochokera ku ziwalo za thupi la Warsaw. Anaganiza zomanga matupi onse awiri ndikungosankha kuti ndi yani yabwino.
Onaninso: layisensi yoyendetsa. Kodi ndingawonere zolemba za mayeso?
Panchakiewicz adajambula thupi lopindika loyenera matabwa, kuchokera ku Warsaw adazolowera, mwa zina. mazenera ndi kuwala. Lukashevich anasamutsa zotchinga kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, zitseko ndi zambiri za denga kuchokera ku Warsaw M20 kupita ku thupi lake.
The chassis, chimodzimodzi kwa onse prototypes chisanadze, anapangidwa ndi panthawiyo FSO mlengi Karol Pionier, komanso ntchito Warsaw kuyimitsidwa ndi mawilo, ndi yamphamvu awiri sitiroko injini amene anali kutambasuka kwa injini. pampu drive, inali ntchito ya Ferdinand Blumke. Ma gearbox adabwereka ku GDR Ifa F9.
Dzina lakuti "Siren" lidaperekedwa ndi Zdzisław Mroz, wamkulu wa Gulu Lofufuza Labu la Ofesi ya Chief Designer ya FSO.
Ma prototypes onsewa anali okonzeka mu Disembala 1953.
Komiti ya dipatimenti inakana lingaliro la Lukashevich, koma adaganiza kuti anali wolondola kuti galimotoyo ikhale ndi zitsulo, ndipo kuti apulumutse zitsulo, denga liyenera kukhala lamatabwa. M'dzinja la 1954, adaganiza zomanga ma prototypes angapo a Sirena malinga ndi lingaliro latsopano, i.e. ndi chitsulo chachitsulo ndi denga lamatabwa lokutidwa ndi dermatoid. Inamalizidwa mu March 1955. Mmodzi wa iwo, kuti adziwe zomwe anthu amaganiza za Siren, adawonetsedwa mu June chaka chino ku Poznań International Fair. Anthuwo anakumana ndi Mermaid mosangalala.
Kuti ayese dongosololi likugwira ntchito, msonkhano wa "Siren" wa makilomita 54 unakhazikitsidwa mu August. Gawo loyamba kuchokera ku Warsaw, kudzera ku Opole, Krakow kupita ku Rzeszow, kutalika kwa 6000 km ndi mayeso olimbitsa thupi panjira za Rzeszow, zinali zosavuta kwa a Mermaids. Ndiye panali kulumpha kwa Bielsko, kumene injini anayesedwa. Ma Sirens adachita bwino kuposa magalimoto ena anayi ofanana poyerekeza: Renault 700CV, Panhard Dyna 4, DKW Sonderklasse 55 ndi Goliath 3E.
Ma sirenwo ankalamulidwa, makamaka, ndi Marian Repeta, woyendetsa galimoto yothamanga komanso omwe amapanga galimotoyo: Stanislav Panchakiewicz, Karol Pionnier ndi Ferdinand Blumke. Ma prototypes adagwira ntchito mosalakwitsa m'njira yonse. Koma m’ngodya ina, Pioner anayendetsa galimoto mothamanga kwambiri n’kugubuduzika. Denga la denga linali lolimba, ndipo dermatoid inang'ambika. Izi zinapangitsa Piognier kukhulupirira kuti Siren iyenera kukhala zitsulo zonse.
Galimotoyo inayamba kupangidwa mu March 1957 ndi njira zopangira, pa malo omasuka pafupi ndi conveyor Warsaw. Mapepala a thupi amakongoletsedwa ndi manja pa "galleys" za phula-simenti, nthawi zambiri amawotchedwa ndi nyali ya oxy-acetylene, seams ndi seams amapukutidwa ndi mafayilo ndikuwongolera ndi malata, kenako ndi epidate, zinthu zopangidwa ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala aku Poland.
Onse, m'chaka choyamba cha kupanga - kuyambira March mpaka December 1957 - FSO anasiya magalimoto 201. Mu March - 5, April ndi May 0, June 18, July 16, August 3, September 22, October 26, November 45 ndi December 66. Izi ndizovomerezeka. Amatengedwa kuchokera ku zolemba zakale zolembedwa mu 1972 ndi Zheransky's weekly Facts.
Kupanga kwa seri, pa tepi yachikale yokhala ndi ngolo zodzaza ndi manja, koma ndi matupi otsekedwa mu otchedwa. kuwotcherera ma conductor kunayamba m'dzinja la 1958. Poyambirira, ogwira ntchito pagulu la Sirena anali ndi ... anthu anayi. Komabe, mu 4, magalimoto 1958 anali opangidwa, ndipo patapita chaka anafika mlingo anakonza kupanga - 660 Model 3010 Sirens anachoka Zheran.
Mu 1958, anaganiza kuti ngati mukufuna kupitiriza kupanga galimoto, muyenera wamakono. Panalibe ndalama zosinthira zovuta, kotero zidayambitsidwa pang'onopang'ono momwe zingathere. Chifukwa chake, kukweza kwakukulu kwa 5 kwa Siren m'zaka 15 zokha. Model 101 yokhala ndi zida zothamanga bwino idalowa pamzere kumapeto kwa 1960. Syrena 102, yomwe inayamba mu 1962, inakweza teknoloji ya bodywork ndi mapepala osindikizira pa makina osindikizira, zomwe zinachititsa kuti azisonkhana mofulumira, ndipo mapangidwe a sill anakonzedwanso. Mu '62, 5185 magalimoto adagulung'undisa pa mzere msonkhano, ndi '63 - 5956 mu Baibulo muyezo, 141 Syren 102 S ndi lita Wartburg injini ndi 2223 magalimoto chitsanzo lotsatira 103.
Model 103 inkawoneka yamakono. Grill ya radiator idasinthidwa, chivindikiro cha thunthu chidafupikitsidwa, ndipo kuyatsa kwakunja kunali kwamakono. Chaka chotsatira, mbiri idakhazikitsidwa: 9124 Sirena 103 ndi 391 Sirena 103 S yokhala ndi Wartburg drive yomwe yatchulidwayo idapangidwa.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Model 104 inali kumangidwa m'maofesi a DGK. Magawo 6 oyambirira adayendera kumapeto kwa 1964. 104 yasintha zambiri kuti ipititse patsogolo chitetezo ndi chitonthozo poyenda. Pomaliza, kuyimitsidwa kumbuyo kumakhala ndi ma telescopic shock absorbers, m'malo mwa lever imodzi, thanki yamafuta idasunthidwa kuchokera pansi pa hood kupita kumbuyo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chotenthetsera chogwira ntchito ndi supercharger. Panalinso zambiri zatsopano mkati, zipangizo zina zopangira upholstery, zofewa za dzuwa, zopachika zovala. Koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri chinali gawo latsopano mphamvu, wopangidwa ndi atatu yamphamvu S 31 injini ndi mphamvu ya 40 HP. ndi 4 speed gearbox. Mu 1965, magalimoto 20 anasonkhanitsidwa kaamba ka mayeso a misewu ndi kulolerana, ndipo mu July 1966, tepi inatulutsidwa.
Zosintha zonsezi zidalola kuti ziwonjezere kupanga. M’miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, magalimoto 6722 anachoka m’fakitale. Msonkhanowo unakula mofulumira, ndipo mu 1971 unafika pa chiwerengero chake - magawo 25. Koma zonsezi sizokwanira. Komabe, zinali zosatheka kupanga izi ku Zheran chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo, zomwe zimafuna zokambirana zatsopano za PF 117r.
Mu 1968, dziko la Poland linapanga mapulani achinsinsi omanga nyumba yatsopano yopangira galimoto yotchuka kwambiri yomwe idzalowe m’malo mwa Sirena. Zinaganiza kuti, monga Italy, Germany kapena France nkhondo itatha, Poland osauka amatha kuyendetsa magalimoto ang'onoang'ono komanso otsika mtengo chifukwa mphamvu zogulira anthu zinali zochepa. Kumayambiriro kwa 1969, nthumwi za boma la Poland zimapita ku GDR kukakumana ndi nduna zamakampani ogwetsa nyumba ndi atsogoleri a makomiti okonzekera a CMEA kuti akambirane za "galimoto yotsika mtengo ya socialist". Mbali yaku Poland ikufuna kukanikiza mapepala onse wamba ndi ife, chifukwa tili ndi makina osindikizira amakono ku FSO. A Czechs akufuna kuti injini yawo ikhale chonchi, ndipo Ajeremani amanena kuti izi ndizopadera ndipo injini iyenera kukhala ya German, chifukwa Otto ndi Diesel anali Ajeremani. Pali mapeto. Mlandu wa chomera chatsopano ku Poland ukanakhala wolephera ngati sichoncho kwa Edward Gierek, mlembi woyamba wa Komiti Yaikulu ya Polish United Workers 'Party kuyambira 1970, yemwe amakhulupirira kuti galimoto yachiwiri iyenera kumangidwa ku Silesia. Izi zikusonyeza kuti dera la Bielsko ndilo malo abwino kwambiri opangira ndalama zoterezi. Ku Bielsko-Biala kunali Makina Opangira Zida, zomwe zinapanga, mwa zina, injini za Siren ndi Machine Tool Plant, panali zokopa ku Ustron, zoyambira ku Skocov, Malo Opangira Magalimoto ku Sosnowiec, ndi zina zotero. Zimangotsala kusankha galimoto yomwe idzapangidwe pa chomera chatsopano.
Izi zimapatsa Mermaid Wamng'ono moyo wachiwiri. Poland isanasankhe munthu wopereka layisensi, Silesia ayenera kuphunzira kupanga magalimoto. Anaganiza kuti aphunzire ku Sirena, yemwe kupanga kwake kudzasamukira ku Bielsko-Biala.
FSO mu 1971 FSO mofulumira akufotokozera kusinthidwa atsopano a galimoto iyi Geran. Gulu lomwe lasankhidwa lomwe ndidasankhidwa, timalemba zolemba zagalimoto, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyika zolembera za zitseko pamsanamira wakutsogolo, zotsekera ndi zogwirira kumbuyo kwa chitseko ndi omenyera loko pa mzati wapakati. Zogwirizira PF 125r zimasinthidwa kukhala "khomo lolowera". Mu June 1972, mndandanda wazidziwitso unapangidwa, ndipo mu July, kupanga kumayamba nthawi imodzi ku Warsaw ndi Bielsko. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, ma Syren 3571 anali atamangidwa ku Geran 105. Kuchokera mu 1973, adapangidwa ndi FSM yokha. Pokhapokha, kuwonjezera pa sedan, galimoto yonyamula R-20, yopangidwira alimi, imapangidwanso. Mapangidwe ake adalengedwa mu FSO pamaziko a chitsanzo 104, chimangocho chinapangidwa ndi injiniya. Stanislav Lukashevich
Bielsko adalonjeza kuti Sirena idzalowa m'mbiri mutangoyamba kupanga PF 126p, koma sanasunge mawu awo. Kusintha kwa malamulo kunapangitsa kukweza kwina. Mu 1975, "105" imapeza makina oyendetsa maulendo awiri ndipo mawonekedwe a 105 Lux amawonekera: pansi ndi chiwombankhanga chamagetsi ndi chowongolera chamanja pakati pa mipando. Mipando yankhondo idalandira kusintha kwa ma angle a backrest. Dashboard ilinso ndi malo a wailesi.
Komanso, m'chaka chomwecho, kupanga okwera-katundu Bosto Syrena unayambitsidwa. Ngoloyi idamangidwanso ndi Géran ndipo idapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito komanso mwaluso. Bosto ankatha kunyamula anthu anayi ndi 200 makilogalamu katundu.
FSO Warsaw
Zinkaganiziridwa kuti pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, makampani oyendetsa galimoto aku Poland adzatha kulipira Fiat. Kumayambiriro kwa 1946, Ofesi Yapakati Yopanga Mapulani inakonza ndondomeko yobwezeretsanso makampani a magalimoto ku Poland pambuyo pa nkhondo. Mu 1947, zokambirana zinayamba ndi Fiat kuti ayambe kupanga 1100. Pa December 27 chaka chino, mgwirizano unasaina ngakhale kuti tinayenera kulipira Italy ndi malasha ndi chakudya kuti tipeze ufulu wopanga chilolezo. Tsoka ilo, Marshall Plan idayamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo malasha otsika mtengo ochokera ku United States, ena amatsutsa, adathandizira kuti mapangano a Polish-Italian agwirizane. Big Brother anali kale pakhomo.
Kuwala, lingaliro laumisiri la Soviet ndi "bambo wamitundu yonse" Stalin anali ndi mwayi wopita ku Poland yemwe sakanakanidwa - chilolezo chagalimoto ya GAZ-M20 Pobeda.
Tidalipira zolemba zaukadaulo zonse zambewu - panthawiyo PLN 130 miliyoni, komanso masitampu ndi zida - PLN 250 miliyoni. January 25, 1950 anasaina pangano laisensi galimoto GAZ-M20 Pobeda. Anthu aku Soviet adathandizira anzawo aku Poland kumanga fakitale ndikukhazikitsa zopanga zambiri za Warsaw M20s. Ndipo Pobeda, amene amapangidwa mu USSR kuyambira 1946, si kanthu koma chitukuko cha otchedwa. emki, i.e. Nkhondo isanayambe Gaz-M1. Galimoto iyi, nayenso, ndi chiphatso Ford Model B, opangidwa kunja 1935-1941.
Warsaw, ngati GAZ-M20, anali okonzeka ndi thupi kudzithandiza ndi subframe injini. Galimotoyo idayendetsedwa ndi 4 cm³ R2120 pansi-valve unit, yomwe idatulutsa 50 hp.
Warsaw yomaliza idatuluka pamzere wa msonkhano pa Marichi 30, 1973. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa wolowa m'malo mu 1967: Fiat 125p yaku Poland.
Werenganinso: Skoda Kodiaq pambuyo pa zodzikongoletsera za 2021
