Supermarine Spitfire Wankhondo wodziwika bwino wa RAF.

Chifaniziro chamakono cha Supermarine 300 fighter prototype yoyamba, yotchedwanso F.37/34 kapena F.10/35 ku Air Ministry specification, kapena K5054 ku nambala yolembetsa ya RAF.

Supermarine Spitfire ndi imodzi mwa ndege zodziwika kwambiri pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, yomwe imagwira ntchito kuyambira koyambirira mpaka tsiku lomaliza la mkangano, ikadali imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu ya ndege zankhondo za RAF. Magulu asanu ndi atatu mwa magulu khumi ndi asanu a gulu lankhondo la Polish Air Force ku UK adawulukanso Spitfires, chifukwa chake inali mtundu wochulukirapo paulendo wathu wa pandege. Kodi chinsinsi cha kupambana kumeneku ndi chiyani? Kodi Spitfire idasiyana bwanji ndi mapangidwe ena a ndege? Kapena mwina inali ngozi?

Royal Air Force (RAF) mu 30s ndi theka loyamba la 1930s idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Gulio Due chowononga mdani ndi kumenyedwa kwakukulu kwa mpweya. Wothandizira wamkulu wa kugwiritsa ntchito ndege zonyansa kuti awononge adani ndi bomba la ndege anali Chief of Staff of the Royal Air Force, General Hugh Montagu Trenchard, pambuyo pake Viscount ndi Chief of the London Police. Trenchard anatumikira mpaka January 1933, pamene analoŵedwa m’malo ndi General John Maitland Salmond, amene anali ndi maganizo ofanana. Adalowa m'malo mu Meyi XNUMX ndi General Edward Leonard Ellington, yemwe malingaliro ake pakugwiritsa ntchito Royal Air Force sanali osiyana ndi am'mbuyomu. Ndi iye amene adasankha kukulitsa RAF kuchokera kumagulu asanu oponya mabomba kupita kumagulu awiri omenyera nkhondo. Lingaliro la "nkhondo yapamlengalenga" linali kumenyedwa kotsatizana ndi mabwalo a ndege a adani omwe adapangidwa kuti achepetse ndege za adani pansi pomwe zidadziwika kuti nyumba yawo inali chiyani. Koma omenyana nawo ankafunika kuwayang’ana m’mwamba, zomwe nthawi zina, makamaka usiku, zinkakhala ngati kufunafuna singano mumsipu wa udzu. Panthawiyo, palibe amene adawoneratu kubwera kwa radar, yomwe ingasinthiretu izi.

Mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 30, panali magulu awiri a omenyana ku UK: omenyana ndi dera ndi interceptor fighters. Oyambawo amayenera kuyang'anira chitetezo chamlengalenga cha malo enaake usana ndi usiku, ndipo zolemba zowonera zomwe zili m'gawo la Britain zimayenera kulunjika kwa iwo. Choncho, ndegezi zinali ndi mawailesi, komanso zinali ndi malire otsika kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino usiku.

Kumbali ina, womenya-interceptor anayenera kugwira ntchito pafupi ndi gombe, kuyang'ana pa zolinga za mpweya malinga ndi zisonyezo za zipangizo zomvetsera, ndiyeno kudzizindikira yekha zolingazi. Zimadziwika kuti izi zinali zotheka masana okha. Panalibenso zofunika kuti akhazikitse wailesi, popeza panalibe malo oonera panyanja. Womenyera-interceptor sanafune utali wautali, kudziwika kwa ndege za adani pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomvera sizinapitirire 50 km. M'malo mwake, ankafunika kukwera kwambiri komanso kukwera kwambiri kuti athe kumenyana ndi mabomba a adani ngakhale gombe lisanayambikeko omenyera nkhondo, nthawi zambiri kuseri kwa chinsalu chamoto chotsutsana ndi ndege chomwe chimayikidwa pamphepete mwa nyanja.

M'zaka za m'ma 30, Bristol Bulldog womenya nkhondo ankaonedwa ngati womenya dera, ndipo Hawker Fury monga interceptor womenya. Olemba ambiri pa ndege British musati kusiyanitsa magulu omenyana awa, kupereka kuganiza kuti United Kingdom, pazifukwa zina zosadziwika, ntchito mitundu ingapo ya omenyana mu kufanana.

Talemba zambiri za ziphunzitso izi nthawi zambiri, kotero tidaganiza zofotokoza nkhani ya Supermarine Spitfire womenya kuchokera mbali ina, kuyambira ndi anthu omwe adathandizira kwambiri pakupanga ndege yodabwitsayi.

Henry Royce wa Perfectionist

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za kupambana kwa Spitfire chinali malo ake opangira magetsi, injini ya Rolls-Royce Merlin, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mwa munthu wodziwika bwino monga Sir Henry Royce, yemwe, komabe, sanadikire kuti apambane. za "mwana" wake.

Frederick Henry Royce anabadwa mu 1863 m’mudzi wina wa ku England pafupi ndi Peterborough, pafupifupi makilomita 150 kumpoto kwa London. Bambo ake ankayendetsa mphero, koma atasowa ndalama, banjali linasamukira ku London kukafuna mkate. Kumeneko, mu 1872, atate a F. Henry Royce anamwalira, ndipo atangophunzira chaka chimodzi chokha, Henry wa zaka 9 anafunikira kupeza zofunika pamoyo wake. Anagulitsa nyuzipepala m’khwalala ndi kutumiza matelegalamu pamtengo wochepa. M’chaka cha 1878, ali ndi zaka 15, zinthu zinayamba kuyenda bwino pamene ankagwira ntchito yophunzira pamisonkhano ya sitima yapamtunda ya Great Northern Railway ku Peterborough ndipo, chifukwa cha thandizo la ndalama la azakhali ake, anabwerera kusukulu kwa zaka ziwiri. Ntchito m’misonkhano imeneyi inam’patsa chidziŵitso cha umakaniko, zimene zinamkondweretsa kwambiri. Umisiri wamakina unakhala chidwi chake. Atamaliza maphunziro ake, adayamba kugwira ntchito pafakitale ya zida ku Leeds asanabwerere ku London komwe adalumikizana ndi Electric Light and Power Company.

Mu 1884, adanyengerera bwenzi lake kuti atsegule limodzi msonkhano wokhazikitsa magetsi m'nyumba, ngakhale kuti anali ndi mapaundi 20 okha kuti agwiritse ntchito (panthawiyo zinali zambiri). Msonkhanowu, wolembetsedwa ngati FH Royce & Company ku Manchester, unayamba kukula bwino kwambiri. Posakhalitsa msonkhanowu unayamba kupanga ma dynamos a njinga ndi zida zina zamagetsi. Mu 1899, sikunalinso malo ochitira msonkhano, koma fakitale yaying'ono idatsegulidwa ku Manchester, yolembetsedwa ngati Royce Ltd. Inapanganso makina opangira magetsi ndi zida zina zamagetsi. Komabe, mpikisano wowonjezereka kuchokera ku makampani akunja unapangitsa Henry Royce kuti asinthe kuchoka ku mafakitale a magetsi kupita ku makampani opanga makina, omwe ankadziwa bwino. Kunali kutembenuka kwa injini ndi magalimoto, zomwe anthu anayamba kuganiza mozama kwambiri.

Mu 1902, Henry Royce anagula galimoto yaing'ono ya ku France yotchedwa Decauville kuti agwiritse ntchito yekha, yokhala ndi injini yoyaka mkati ya 2 hp 10-cylinder. Zoonadi, Royce anali ndi ndemanga zambiri pa galimoto imeneyi, choncho anaivula, kuipenda mosamalitsa, kuikonzanso ndi kuikamo ina zingapo zatsopano mogwirizana ndi lingaliro lake. Kuyambira mu 1903, pakona ya pansi pa fakitale, iye ndi omuthandizira aŵiri anamanga makina aŵiri ofanana osonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zigawo zokonzedwanso kuchokera ku Royce. Mmodzi wa iwo anasamutsidwa kwa Ernest Claremont yemwe anali mnzake wa Royce ndiponso mwini wake, ndipo winayo anagulidwa ndi mmodzi wa oyang’anira kampaniyo, Henry Edmunds. Anakondwera kwambiri ndi galimotoyo ndipo adaganiza zokumana ndi Henry Royce pamodzi ndi bwenzi lake, woyendetsa galimoto, wogulitsa magalimoto komanso wokonda ndege Charles Rolls. Msonkhanowo unachitika mu May 1904, ndipo mu December pangano linasainidwa kuti Charles Rolls azigulitsa magalimoto omangidwa ndi Henry Royce, malinga ndi lamulo lakuti Rolls-Royce.

Mu Marichi 1906, Rolls-Royce Limited (wodziyimira pawokha pa mabizinesi oyambilira a Royce and Company) idakhazikitsidwa, pomwe fakitale yatsopano idamangidwa ku Derby, pakati pa England. Mu 1908, mtundu watsopano, waukulu kwambiri wa Rolls-Royce 40/50, wotchedwa Silver Ghost. Zinali zopambana kwambiri kwa kampaniyo, ndipo makinawo, opukutidwa bwino ndi Henry Royce, adagulitsidwa bwino ngakhale kuti anali wokwera mtengo.

Wokonda ndege, Charles Rolls kangapo adaumirira kuti kampaniyo ipite kukapanga injini za ndege ndi ndege, koma wochita bwino kwambiri Henry Royce sanafune kusokonezedwa ndikuyang'ana injini zamagalimoto ndi magalimoto omangidwa pamaziko awo. Mlanduwo unatsekedwa pamene Charles Rolls anamwalira pa July 12, 1910 ali ndi zaka 32 zokha. Iye anali munthu woyamba wa Britain kumwalira pangozi ya ndege. Ngakhale atamwalira, kampaniyo idasungabe dzina la Rolls-Royce.

Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse itayamba mu 1914, boma linalamula Henry Royce kuti ayambe kupanga injini za ndege. State Royal Aircraft Factory idalamula injini ya 200 hp in-line kuchokera ku kampaniyo. Poyankha, Henry Royce adapanga injini ya Eagle, yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito khumi ndi awiri (V-twin m'malo mwa mzere) m'malo mwa masilinda asanu ndi limodzi, pogwiritsa ntchito mayankho ochokera ku injini yagalimoto ya Silver Ghost. Chifukwa cha mphamvu wagawo kuyambira pachiyambi anayamba 225 hp, kuposa zofunika, ndi kuwonjezera liwiro la injini kuchokera 1600 mpaka 2000 rpm, injini potsiriza anatulutsa 300 HP. Kupanga mphamvu ya unit iyi kunayamba mu theka lachiwiri la 1915, pamene mphamvu za injini zambiri za ndege sizinafikire ngakhale 100 hp! Zitangochitika izi, mtundu wocheperako wa omenyera adawonekera, wotchedwa Falcon, womwe unapanga 14 hp. ndi mphamvu ya malita 190. Ma injiniwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo opangira mphamvu wankhondo wotchuka wa Bristol F2B. Pamaziko a mphamvu unit analengedwa 6 yamphamvu mu mzere 7-lita injini mphamvu 105 HP. -Nkhawa. Mu 1918, mtundu wokulirapo, wa 35-lita wa Mphungu idapangidwa, kufikira mphamvu zomwe sizinachitikepo za 675 hp panthawiyo. Rolls-Royce anadzipeza yekha m'munda wa injini za ndege.

Panthawi ya nkhondo, Rolls-Royce, kuwonjezera pa kupanga magalimoto, anakhalabe mubizinesi yamagalimoto. Henry Royce sanangopanga njira zabwino zopangira injini zoyatsira mkati, komanso adaleranso opanga aluso amalingaliro ofanana. Mmodzi anali Ernest W. Hyves, yemwe, motsogozedwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi Henry Royce, adapanga injini za Eagle ndi zotumphukira mpaka ku banja la R, winayo anali A. Cyril Lawsey, wojambula wamkulu wa Merlin wotchuka. Anakwanitsanso kubweretsa injiniya Arthur J. Rowledge, injiniya wamkulu wa Napier Lion. Katswiri wa aluminium block die-cast adasemphana maganizo ndi oyang'anira a Napier ndipo adasamukira ku Rolls-Royce m'ma 20, komwe adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu popanga injini yodziwika bwino yamakampani m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30s, injini ya 12-cylinder V-twin. Kestrel . injini. Inali injini yoyamba ya Rolls-Royce kugwiritsa ntchito chipika cha aluminiyamu chofanana ndi masilinda asanu ndi limodzi motsatizana. Pambuyo pake, adathandiziranso kwambiri pakukula kwa banja la Merlin.

Kestrel anali injini mwapadera bwino - 12 yamphamvu 60 digiri V-amapasa injini ndi chipika zotayidwa yamphamvu, kusamutsidwa malita 21,5 ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 435, ndi mphamvu ya 700 hp. m'matembenuzidwe osinthidwa. Kestrel inali yowonjezereka kwambiri ndi siteji imodzi, compressor imodzi-liwiro, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, makina ake ozizira adakakamizidwa kuti awonjezere mphamvu, kotero kuti madzi pa kutentha mpaka 150 ° C sanasinthe kukhala nthunzi. Pamaziko ake, analengedwa buku la Buzzard, voliyumu ya malita 36,7 ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 520, zomwe zinapanga mphamvu ya 800 hp. Injiniyi sinali yopambana kwambiri ndipo idapangidwa ochepa. Komabe, pamaziko a Buzzard, injini zamtundu wa R zinapangidwa, zomwe zinapangidwira ndege zothamanga (R kwa Race). Pachifukwa ichi, awa anali ma powertrains enieni omwe ali ndi ma revs apamwamba, kuponderezana kwakukulu ndi ntchito yapamwamba, "yozungulira", koma chifukwa cha kukhazikika.