Supermarine Seafire ch.1

NAS 899 yokwera HMS Indomitable pokonzekera Operation Husky; Scapa Flow, June 1943. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chikepe chokulirapo, chomwe chinalola kuti sitimayo ikwere ndege ndi mapiko osapinda.

The Seafire inali imodzi mwa mitundu ingapo yomenyera nkhondo yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi FAA (Fleet Air Arm) m'zombo zonyamula ndege za Royal Navy pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Mbiri yamuweruza motsutsa kwambiri. Kodi ndi koyenera?

Kuwunika kwa Seafire mosakayikira kudakhudzidwa ndi mfundo yakuti palibe wankhondo wina wa FAA yemwe amayenera kukhala wopambana ngati ndegeyo, yomwe m'mawonekedwe apachiyambi inali njira yosavuta yosinthira Spitfire yodziwika bwino. Ubwino ndi kutchuka kwa omalizawo, makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Britain mu 1940, zinali zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti Seafire ankawoneka kuti "ayenera kuchita bwino". Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, zinapezeka kuti ndege, amene ali bwino kwambiri pansi-yochokera interceptor, si ntchito pang'ono utumiki pa zonyamulira ndege, chifukwa kamangidwe kake sanali kuganizira zofunika za omenyana ndege. Zinthu zoyamba…

phunzirani ku zolakwa

Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Laku Britain linapita kunkhondo ndi malingaliro olakwika okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ndege zake zandege. Onyamula ndege za Royal Navy amayenera kugwira ntchito kutali kwambiri ndi mabwalo a ndege a adani kuti asakhale pagulu la ndege zawo zambiri. M'malo mwake, omenyera a FAA amayembekezeredwa kuti atseke mabwato owuluka, kapena mwina ndege zazitali zazitali, zomwe zimayesa kutsata mayendedwe a zombo za Royal Navy.

Zinkawoneka kuti pamene tiyang'anizana ndi mdani woteroyo, kuthamanga kwambiri, kusuntha kapena kukwera kwambiri kunali chinthu chapamwamba chosafunikira. Ndege zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali youluka, zomwe zinapangitsa kulondera kosalekeza kwa maola angapo pafupi ndi zombo. Komabe, zinadziwika kuti woyendetsa panyanja n'kofunika, kulemetsa womenyayo ndi membala wachiwiri ogwira (American ndi Japanese zinachitikira pankhaniyi anatsimikizira British kuti womenyana ndege akhoza kuyenda yekha). Monga ngati zimenezo sizinali zokwanira, malingaliro enanso aŵiri olakwika kotheratu anagwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Malinga ndi woyamba, amene zotsatira zake anali Blackburn Roc ndege, womenya sanafunikire zida zowongoka, popeza turret wokwera kumbuyo kwake amapereka mwayi waukulu2. Malinga ndi lingaliro lachiwiri, lomwe linayambitsa ndege ya Blackburn Skua, womenyana ndi ndege akhoza kukhala "wapadziko lonse", ndiko kuti, akhoza kuchitanso ntchito yoponya mabomba.

Mitundu yonse iwiri ya ndegeyi sinapambane konse ngati omenyera nkhondo, makamaka chifukwa cha kusachita bwino kwawo - pankhani ya Skua, zotsatira za kusagwirizana kwambiri3. Admiralty adazindikira izi pomwe, pa 26 Seputembara 1939, Skua zisanu ndi zinayi kuchokera ku chonyamulira ndege Ark Royal idawombana ndi mabwato atatu aku Germany Dornier Do 18 ku North Sea. Ndipo pamene chaka chotsatira (June 18, 13) mkati mwa ndawala ya ku Norway, Skua anadutsa pa Trondheim kukaphulitsa mabomba pa sitima yankhondo ya Scharnhorst ndi kuphunthwa pa omenyera nkhondo a Luftwaffe kumeneko, oyendetsa ndege Achijeremani anawombera asanu ndi atatu a iwo popanda kutayika.

Kulowererapo kwa Churchill

Kufunika kopeza mwachangu m'malo mwa ndege ya Roc ndi Skua kudapangitsa kusintha kwa bomba la ndege la P.4 / 34, lokanidwa ndi RAF, pazosowa za FAA. Choncho, Fairey Fulmar anabadwa. Inali ndi zomangamanga zolimba (zomwe zimakhala zofunika kwambiri paulendo wa pandege) komanso nthawi yabwino yowuluka kwa omenyera nthawi imeneyo (oposa maola anayi). Kuonjezera apo, anali ndi mfuti zisanu ndi zitatu zowongoka zokhala ndi mphamvu zowirikiza kawiri mphamvu ya mphepo yamkuntho, chifukwa chakuti ankatha ngakhale kumenyana kangapo paulendo umodzi wautali. Komabe, inali msilikali wa mipando iwiri yochokera ku Fairey Battle light bomber design, kotero kuthamanga kwapamwamba, denga, kuyendetsa bwino ndi kukwera kwake sikunalinso kofanana ndi omenyera mpando umodzi.

Poganizira izi, kumayambiriro kwa December 1939, FAA inayandikira Supermarine ndi pempho loti Spitfire isinthe kuti ikhale yoyendetsa ndege. Kenako, mu February 1940, Admiralty adapempha chilolezo ku Unduna wa Zamlengalenga kuti amange "Spitfire" 50. Komabe, nthawi ya izi inali yomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Nkhondoyo idapitilira ndipo RAF sinathe kuchepetsa kuperekera kwa womenya bwino kwambiri. Panthawiyi, zinkaganiziridwa kuti chitukuko ndi kupanga omenyana ndi 50 awa a FAA, chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo ovuta (mapiko opindika), angachepetse kupanga kwa Spitfires ndi makope a 200. Pomalizira pake, kumapeto kwa March 1940, Winston Churchill, yemwe panthaŵiyo anali Mbuye Woyamba wa Asilikali, anakakamizika kusiya ntchito.

kuchokera ku polojekitiyi.

Pofika nthawi yomwe a Fulmarians adalowa muutumiki m'chaka cha 1940, FAA inali italandira asilikali angapo a Nyanja ya Gladiator biplane. Komabe, iwo, monga mawonekedwe awo akale omwe ali pamtunda, anali ndi kuthekera kochepa komenya nkhondo. Udindo wa ndege za Royal Navy zinakula kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Martlets", monga momwe a British poyamba ankatcha American-made Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters, ndipo pakati pa 1941 "nyanja" ya Hurricane. Komabe, FAA sinasiye kuyesa kupeza "Spitfire" yawo.

Woyamba wa Seafire - Mk IB (BL676) - wojambulidwa mu Epulo 1942.

Sifire IB

Kufunika kwa Royal Navy kukhala ndi womenya nkhondo mwachangu m'bwalo kunatsimikizira, ngakhale mochedwa, koma mwanjira zonse ndizoyenera. Panthawi yogwira ntchito ku Mediterranean, zombo za ku Britain zinali pakati pa oponya mabomba ndi torpedo mabomba a Luftwaffe ndi Regia Aeronautica, zomwe omenyana ndi FAA a nthawi imeneyo nthawi zambiri sankatha kuzipeza!

Pomaliza, kumapeto kwa 1941, Admiralty adagulitsa 250 Spitfires ku Utumiki wa Air, kuphatikizapo 48 mu VB zosiyana ndi 202 VC. Mu Januware 1942, Spitfire Mk VB (BL676) yoyamba yosinthidwa, yokhala ndi mbedza yolumikizira mabuleki ndi mbedza zokwezera ndegeyo, idakwera maulendo angapo ndikutera mu Illustrias. chonyamulira ndege pa nangula ku Firth of Clyde pagombe la Scotland. Ndege yatsopanoyi idatchedwa "Seafire", yofupikitsidwa "Sea Spitfire" kuti apewe kusagwirizana.

Mayesero oyambilira omwe adakwera adavumbulutsa zovuta zodziwikiratu za Seafire - kusawoneka bwino kuchokera kwa cockpit kupita patsogolo. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha mphuno yayitali ya ndegeyo yomwe idaphimba sitimayo, komanso DLCO4 pakutera "magawo atatu" (kulumikizana munthawi yomweyo mawilo onse atatu okwera). Ndi njira yoyenera yotera, woyendetsa ndegeyo sanawone sitimayo pamtunda wa mamita 50 otsiriza - ngati atatero, zikutanthauza kuti mchira wa ndegeyo unali wokwera kwambiri ndipo mbedza sichingagwire chingwe. Pachifukwa ichi, oyendetsa ndege adalangizidwa kuti azingoyenda mosalekeza. Mwa njira, oyendetsa ndege a FAA pambuyo pake "adasokoneza" omenyera nkhondo zazikulu komanso zolemera kwambiri za Vought F4U Corsair, zomwe Achimerika sakanatha kupirira nazo.

Kuphatikiza pa kukhazikitsa zingwe zokwerera ndi kukweza (ndi kulimbikitsa ma airframe m'malo awa), kutembenuka kwa Spitfire Mk VB kupita ku Seafire Mk IB kunaphatikizanso m'malo mwa wailesi, komanso kukhazikitsa njira yozindikiritsa boma. transponder ndi wolandila zizindikiro zowongolera kuchokera ku ma bekoni a Type 72 omwe amayikidwa pa zonyamulira ndege za Royal Navy. Chifukwa cha kusintha kumeneku, kulemera kwa ndege kumawonjezeka ndi 5% yokha, yomwe, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya, kunachititsa kuti kuchepa kwa liwiro lalikulu ndi 8-9 km / h. Potsirizira pake 166 Mk VB Spitfires anamangidwanso kwa FAA.

Woyamba wa Seafire Mk IB adalandiridwa ku FAA yekha pa June 15, 1942. Poyambirira, ndege zamtunduwu, chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo ndi digiri ya utumiki, zinayenera kukhalabe m'mayunitsi ophunzitsira - ambiri a iwo anali atamangidwanso kukhala Mk VB wokhazikika kuchokera ku Mk I Spitfires ngakhale wamkulu! Komabe, panthawiyo, chosowa cha Royal Navy chofuna omenyana ndi ndege chinali chachikulu kwambiri - kupatulapo maulendo, tsiku lofika kumpoto kwa Africa (Opaleshoni Torch) likuyandikira - kuti gulu lonse la 801st NAS (Naval Air Squadron) linali ndi Seafire Mk IB, yomwe inayikidwa pa ndege yonyamula mkwiyo. Kusowa kwa mapiko opindika ndi zomata zida sikunali vuto, chifukwa Furious inali ndi zokwezera zazikulu zokhala ngati T, koma zidazo zinalibe.

Chaka chotsatira, pamene ambiri atsopano a Seafires anatumizidwa kuti akafike ku Salerno, theka la khumi ndi awiri a Mk IBs anatengedwa kuchokera kumagulu a sukulu. Iwo anaperekedwa kwa zosowa za 842 US Division, ataima pa kuperekeza ndege chonyamulira Fencer, amene anaphimba convoys mu North Atlantic ndi mu USSR.

Zida za Mk IB zinali zofanana ndi za Spitfire Mk VB: mizinga iwiri ya 20 mm Hispano Mk II yokhala ndi ng'oma yozungulira 60 iliyonse ndi mfuti zinayi za 7,7 mm Browning zokhala ndi zipolopolo za 350. Pansi pa fuselage zinali zotheka kupachika thanki yowonjezera mafuta ndi mphamvu ya malita 136. Ma Speedometer a panyanja amawunikidwa kuti awonetse liwiro mu mfundo, osati mailosi pa ola.

Sapphire IIC

Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi kutembenuka kwa Mk VB Spitfire kukhala Royal Navy, mtundu wina wa Seafire wochokera ku Spitfire Mk VC unayamba kupanga. Kutumiza kwa Mk IIC woyamba kunayamba m'chilimwe cha 1942, nthawi yomweyo monga Mk IBs woyamba.

Ma Seafires atsopano sanapangidwe kuchokera pakumanganso ndege zomalizidwa, monga momwe zinalili ndi Mk IB, koma adasiya sitolo kale pakukonzekera komaliza. Koma analibe mapiko opinda - amasiyana ndi Mk IB makamaka m'mapiko a catapult. Zachidziwikire, analinso ndi mawonekedwe onse a Spitfire Mk VC - anali ndi zida zankhondo ndipo anali ndi mapiko omwe adasinthidwa kuti akhazikitse mfuti yachiwiri (yomwe imatchedwa mapiko amtundu wa C), yokhala ndi zida zolimbikitsira kunyamula mabomba. Pazifukwa zomwezo, Spitfire Mk VC chassis idalimbikitsidwa, yomwe idakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha Seafire, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito matanki amafuta okhala ndi malita a 205.

pa 1,5 koloko.

Kumbali ina, Mk IB anali opepuka kuposa Mk IIC - kulemera kwawo kunali 2681 ndi 2768 kg, motsatana. Kuphatikiza apo, Mk IIC ili ndi zida zotsutsana ndi kukana. Popeza ndege zonsezo zinali ndi magetsi omwewo (Rolls-Royce Merlin 45/46), otsirizawa anali ndi ntchito yoipitsitsa. Pamphepete mwa nyanja, Seafire Mk IB inali ndi liwiro la 475 km / h, pamene Mk IIC inangofika ku 451 km / h. Kutsika kofananako kunawoneka pamlingo wa kukwera - 823 m ndi 686 m pamphindi, motero. Ngakhale kuti Mk IB ikhoza kufika kutalika kwa mamita 6096 mu mphindi zisanu ndi zitatu, Mk IIC inatenga zoposa khumi.

Kutsika kodziwika kumeneku kudapangitsa kuti Admiralty asiye monyinyirika kuthekera kobwezeretsanso Mk IIC ndi mfuti ziwiri. Mtundu wa chipukuta misozi unali kuyambika kwamtsogolo kwa kudyetsa mfuti kuchokera pa tepi, osati kuchokera ku ng'oma, zomwe zinawonjezera zida zankhondo kwa iwo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ma injini a Seafire Mk IB ndi IIC adakulitsa kuthamanga kwawo mpaka 1,13 atm, kuthamanga pang'ono pakuwuluka ndikukwera.

Mwa njira, kuchokera ku nozzles ejection, yomwe inachepetsa kuthamanga kwa Mk IIC ndi 11 km / h, poyamba panalibe nzeru. Zonyamulira ndege zaku Britain panthawiyo, kupatula zatsopano kwambiri (monga Illustrious), zinalibe zida zotere, ndipo zida zonyamula ndege zonyamula ndege zopangidwa ku America (zotumizidwa ku Britain pansi pa mgwirizano wa Lend-Lease) sizinali zogwirizana. ndi zomata za Seafire.

Kuyesera kunapangidwa kuti athetse vuto la kuchepetsa kuukira mwa kuyesa kuyika zomwe zimatchedwa. RATOG (chida chotengera ndege). Maroketi olimba anaikidwa awiriawiri m’mitsuko yokhazikika m’munsi mwa mapiko onsewo.

Dongosololi lidakhala lovuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso lowopsa - ndizosavuta kulingalira zotsatira za kuwombera mzinga kuchokera mbali imodzi yokha. Pamapeto pake, yankho losavuta kwambiri linasankhidwa. The Seafire, monga Spitfire, inali ndi malo awiri okha olowera pansi: opotoka (pafupifupi pa ngodya yolondola) kuti atsike kapena kubweza. Kuti akhazikike pamalo abwino kwambiri oti anyamuke ndi madigiri 18, zitsulo zamatabwa zinkayikidwa pakati pa mapiko ndi mapiko, zomwe woyendetsa ndegeyo adaziponya m'nyanja atanyamuka, ndikutsitsa kwa kanthawi.

Seafire L.IIC ndi LR.IIC

The kuwonekera koyamba kugulu nkhondo Sifires, umene unachitika mu Nyanja Mediterranean kumapeto kwa 1942, anatsimikizira kufunika kwachangu kusintha ntchito yawo. The Junkers Ju 88, mdani woopsa kwambiri wa Royal Navy, anali ndi liwiro lofanana (470 km / h) monga Seafire Mk IB ndipo analidi mofulumira kuposa Mk IIC. Kuti zinthu ziipireipire, mapangidwe a Spitfire (ndipo motero Seafire) anali osinthika kwambiri moti mobwerezabwereza "zovuta" zimatera pa chonyamulira cha ndege zinayambitsa mapindikidwe a mapanelo a injini za cowling ndi zophimba za zida za zida, zida zamakono, ndi zina zotero. zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwina kwa magwiridwe antchito.

Nyali za m'nyanja ndi injini ya Merlin 45 zinapanga liwiro lalikulu la mamita 5902, ndipo zombo zokhala ndi injini ya Merlin 46 pamtunda wa mamita 6096. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nkhondo zambiri zapanyanja zapamadzi zinkachitika pansi pa mamita 3000. Admiralty anachita chidwi ndi injini Merlin 32, amene akufotokozera mphamvu pazipita okwera 1942 m. mpaka 1,27 HP Kuti aigwiritse ntchito mokwanira, anaikamo chopalasa chazitsulo zinayi.

Zotsatira zake zinali zochititsa chidwi. Seafire yatsopano, yosankhidwa kuti L.IIC, ikhoza kufika pa liwiro la 508 km / h pamtunda wa nyanja. Atadzuka pa liwiro la 1006 m pa mphindi, mu mphindi 1524 okha anafika mamita 1,7. Pa msinkhu mulingo woyenera kwambiri kwa iye, akhoza imathandizira 539 Km / h. Pakuthamanga kwathunthu, kuchuluka kwa kukwera kunakwera kufika mamita 1402 pamphindi. Kuphatikiza apo, L.IIC inali ndi gombe lalifupi pansi ngakhale popanda zotchingira zotalikirapo kuposa ma Seafire am'mbuyomu okhala ndi ma degree 18 otalikira. Choncho, chigamulo chinapangidwa kuti chilowe m'malo mwa injini zonse za Merlin 46 mu Seafire Mk IIC ndi Merlin 32. Kusintha kwa mlingo wa L.IIC kunayamba kumayambiriro kwa March 1943. Gulu loyamba (807th NAS) linalandira gulu la ndege za mtundu watsopano mkatikati mwa Meyi.

Potsatira chitsanzo cha RAF, yomwe inachotsa nsonga za mapiko a Mk VC Spitfires, angapo a L.IIC Seafires adasinthidwa mofananamo. Ubwino wa njira iyi unali liwiro la mpukutu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso kuthamanga pang'ono (ndi 8 km / h) pakuthawira kwamtunda. Kumbali ina, ndege zochotsedwa nsonga za mapiko, makamaka zokhala ndi zida zonse ndi thanki yamafuta akunja, zinali zolimba ku chiwongolero ndi kusakhazikika mumlengalenga, zomwe zinali zotopetsa kwambiri kuwuluka. Popeza kuti kusinthidwa kumeneku kungathe kuchitidwa mosavuta ndi ogwira ntchito pansi, chisankho chowuluka ndi kapena popanda nsonga chinasiyidwa kwa atsogoleri a asilikali.

Ndege zokwana 372 za Seafire IIC ndi L.IIC zidamangidwa - Vickers-Armstrong (Supermarine) adapanga mayunitsi 262 ndi Westland Aircraft mayunitsi 110. Ma IIC okhazikika adakhalabe akugwira ntchito mpaka Marichi 1944, ndi ma IIC wamba mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka chimenecho. Pafupifupi 30 Seafire L.IICs adakwezedwa ndi makamera awiri a F.24 (oyikidwa mu fuselage, imodzi yoyimirira, ina ya diagonally), kupanga chithunzi chojambula zithunzi, chosankhidwa LR.IIC.