Supercapacitors - wapamwamba komanso wapamwamba kwambiri

Nkhani ya mphamvu ya batri, liwiro, mphamvu ndi chitetezo tsopano ikukhala imodzi mwamavuto akulu padziko lonse lapansi. M'lingaliro lakuti kusatukuka m'derali kuopseza kusokoneza chitukuko chathu chonse chaumisiri.

Tidalemba posachedwa za kuphulika kwa mabatire a lithiamu-ion mumafoni. Kutha kwawo kosakwanira komanso kuyitanitsa pang'onopang'ono kwakwiyitsa Elon Musk kapena wina aliyense wokonda magalimoto amagetsi kangapo. Takhala tikumva zazatsopano zosiyanasiyana mderali kwa zaka zambiri, koma palibe zopambana zomwe zingapatse china chake chabwinoko pakugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe, kwa nthawi yayitali pakhala pali zokamba zambiri zakuti mabatire amatha kusinthidwa ndi ma capacitor othamangitsa mwachangu, kapena mtundu wawo "wopambana".

Chifukwa chiyani ma capacitor wamba sayembekezera kuti apambana? Yankho lake ndi losavuta. Kilogram ya petulo ndi pafupifupi 4. kilowatt-maola amphamvu. Batire mu mtundu wa Tesla ili ndi mphamvu zocheperako nthawi 30. Kulemera kwa kilogalamu ya capacitor ndi 0,1 kWh yokha. Palibe chifukwa chofotokozera chifukwa chake ma capacitor wamba sali oyenera pagawo latsopano. Mphamvu ya batire yamakono ya lithiamu-ion iyenera kukhala yayikulupo mazana angapo.

Supercapacitor kapena ultracapacitor ndi mtundu wa electrolytic capacitor yomwe, poyerekeza ndi classical electrolytic capacitors, imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yamagetsi (mwa dongosolo la ma farads masauzande angapo), yokhala ndi voteji ya 2-3 V. Ubwino waukulu wa supercapacitors ndi nthawi yaifupi kwambiri yolipirira ndi kutulutsa poyerekeza ndi zida zina zosungira mphamvu (monga mabatire). Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera magetsi ku 10 kW pa kilogalamu ya kulemera kwa capacitor.

Imodzi mwama ultracapacitor omwe amapezeka pamsika.

Zopambana mu ma laboratories

Miyezi yaposachedwa yabweretsa zambiri zamitundu yatsopano ya supercapacitor. Kumapeto kwa 2016, tinaphunzira, mwachitsanzo, kuti gulu la asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Central Florida linapanga njira yatsopano yopangira ma supercapacitor, kupulumutsa mphamvu zambiri ndikupirira zoposa 30 XNUMX. zozungulira / zotulutsa. Ngati titasintha mabatire ndi ma supercapacitors awa, sitingathe kulipira foni yamakono mumasekondi, koma zingakhale zokwanira kwa sabata imodzi yogwiritsira ntchito, Nitin Chowdhary, membala wa gulu lofufuza, adauza atolankhani. . Asayansi aku Florida amapanga ma supercapacitor kuchokera mamiliyoni a ma microwire omwe amakutidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri-dimensional. Zingwe za chingwe ndizoyendetsa bwino kwambiri zamagetsi, zomwe zimalola kuti azithamanga mofulumira ndi kutulutsa capacitor, ndipo zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimaphimba zimalola kusungirako mphamvu zambiri.

Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Tehran ku Iran, omwe amapanga zida zamkuwa za porous mu ammonia solutions monga electrode material, amatsatira mfundo yofanana. Anthu aku Britain nawonso amasankha ma gels ngati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma contact lens. Winawake adatenga ma polima kupita nawo kumalo ogwirira ntchito. Kafukufuku ndi malingaliro samatha padziko lonse lapansi.

Asayansi nawonso Pulogalamu ya ELECTROGRAPH (Graphene-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications), yothandizidwa ndi EU, yakhala ikugwira ntchito pakupanga zinthu zambiri za graphene elekitirodi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma elekitirodi amadzimadzi a ionic osagwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Asayansi amayembekezera zimenezo graphene idzalowa m'malo mwa carbon activated (AC) amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma electrodes a supercapacitors.

Ofufuzawa adapanga ma graphite oxides pano, kuwagawa m'mapepala a graphene, kenako ndikuyika mapepalawo mu supercapacitor. Poyerekeza ndi maelekitirodi a AC, ma elekitirodi a graphene ali ndi zomatira zabwinoko komanso mphamvu yayikulu yosungirako mphamvu.

Okwera - tramu ikulipira

Malo opangira kafukufuku akupanga kafukufuku ndi ma prototyping, ndipo aku China agwiritsa ntchito ma supercapacitor. Mzinda wa Zhuzhou, m’chigawo cha Hunan, posachedwapa wavumbulutsa tram yoyamba yopangidwa ku China yoyendetsedwa ndi ma supercapacitor (2), kutanthauza kuti simafunikira mzere wokwera. Sitimayi imayendetsedwa ndi ma pantographs omwe amaikidwa poyimitsa. Kulipira kwathunthu kumatenga pafupifupi masekondi 30, kotero kumachitika panthawi yokwera ndikutsika. Izi zimalola galimoto kuyenda 3-5 km popanda mphamvu yakunja, yomwe ndi yokwanira kuti ifike kumalo ena. Kuphatikiza apo, imachira mpaka 85% ya mphamvu ikamayendetsa.

Mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ma supercapacitor ndi ambiri - kuchokera kumagetsi amagetsi, ma cell amafuta, ma cell a solar kupita ku magalimoto amagetsi. Posachedwapa, chidwi cha akatswiri chakhudzidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma supercapacitor pamagalimoto amagetsi osakanizidwa. Selo yamafuta ya polymer diaphragm imatcha supercapacitor, yomwe imasunga mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira injini. Kuthamanga kwachangu / kutulutsa kwa SC kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kusalaza mphamvu yapamwamba yofunikira ya cell yamafuta, kupereka pafupifupi magwiridwe antchito ofanana.

Zikuwoneka kuti tili kale pachimake cha kusintha kwa supercapacitor. Zochitika zikuwonetsa, komabe, kuti ndi bwino kudziletsa kuchita chidwi kwambiri kuti musasokonezedwe komanso kuti musasiyidwe ndi batire yakale yotulutsidwa m'manja mwanu.