Stuletnia Kommuna
Sitima yopulumutsa ya sitima zapamadzi "Commune" pampando wa mbendera. Chithunzi chamakono. Chithunzi ndi Vitaly Vladimirovich Kostrichenko
Mwezi wa Julayi uno unali wokumbukira zaka 100 za kutumizidwa kwa sitima yapamadzi yapadera yotchedwa Commune, yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti Volkhov. Nkhani yake ndi yodabwitsa m'njira zambiri - adapulumuka nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse, Cold War, ndi kugwa kwa ufumu wa tsarist ndi wolowa m'malo mwake, Soviet Union. Mosiyana ndi zombo zambiri zaposachedwa kwambiri, zidathamangitsidwa mwachangu, msirikali wakaleyu akadali ndiutumiki, kukhala gawo lokhalo lothandizira la zombo za Tsarist. Palibe zombo zonse padziko lapansi zomwe zingadzitamande kuti zili ndi chinthu choterocho.
Kuchoka kwa France ku magulu ankhondo a NATO mu 1966 kunathandizira zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ufulu wodziyimira pawokha poteteza dzikolo ku nkhondo ya USSR. Pakadali pano, kale mu 1956, ntchito yopangira zida za nyukiliya idakulitsidwa, yochitidwa ndi anthu wamba Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA - komiti yamphamvu ya atomiki yomwe yakhalapo kuyambira 1945). Zotsatira zake zinali kuphulika bwino kwa "chipangizo" cha nyukiliya cha Gerboise Bleue ku Algiers mu 1960. M'chaka chomwecho, Purezidenti General Charles de Gaulle adaganiza zopanga Force de Frappe (kwenikweni, gulu lomenyera nkhondo, lomwe liyenera kumveka ngati mphamvu yolepheretsa). Cholinga chawo chinali kupeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku mfundo zotsatiridwa ndi NATO. Mu 1962, pulogalamu ya Coelacanthe idakhazikitsidwa, cholinga chake chinali kupanga sitima yapamadzi yoponya mizinga yotchedwa Sous-marin Nucléaire Lanceur d'Engins (SNLE). Magawo oterowo adayenera kukhala maziko a nthambi yatsopano yankhondo, Force Océanique Stratégique, kapena Strategic Ocean Force, yomwe inali gawo lofunikira la Force de Frappe. Chipatso cha Coelacanthe chinali Le Redoutable chotchulidwa pachiyambi. Komabe, izi zisanachitike, zida zopangira sitima yapamadzi ya nyukiliya zidapangidwa ku France.
Mu 1954, mapangidwe a sitima yoyamba yomenyana ndi magetsi (SNA - Sous-marin Nucleaire d'Attaque) inayamba. Ankayenera kukhala ndi kutalika kwa mamita 120 ndi kusamuka kwa matani pafupifupi 4000. Pa January 2, 1955, kumanga kwake kunayambika ku Arsenal ku Cherbourg pansi pa dzina la Q 244. Komabe, ntchito pa riyakitala inapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Kusatheka kupeza uranium wolemeretsa kudapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito makina olemera amadzi pa uranium yachilengedwe. Komabe, yankho ili linali losavomerezeka chifukwa cha miyeso ya kukhazikitsa, yomwe inaposa mphamvu ya mlanduwo. Kukambitsirana ndi Amereka kuti apeze teknoloji yoyenera, kapena ngakhale uranium yolemeretsedwa kwambiri, sizinaphule kanthu. Munthawi imeneyi, mu Marichi 1958, ntchitoyo "inayimitsidwa". Pokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamu yomwe tatchulayi ya Coelacanthe, adaganiza zomaliza Q 244 ngati njira yoyesera yoyesera zida zoponya. Dongosolo loyendetsa wamba lidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mawonekedwe apamwamba adayikidwa pakati pa zida zowulutsira roketi zinayi, ziwiri zomwe zidapangidwa ku Le Redoutable. Ntchito inayambiranso mu 1963 pansi pa dzina latsopano Q 251. Keel inayikidwa pa 17 March. Gymnot idakhazikitsidwa chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, pa Marichi 17, 1964. Idatumizidwa pa Okutobala 17, 1966, idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa zida za M-1, M-2, M-20 ndi rocket yoyamba yamagawo atatu a m'badwo watsopano. zoponya - M-4.
Kupambana kwa Le Redouable kunakhazikitsidwa, mwa zina, pakukula koyambirira kwa chowongolera chamadzi chokhazikika chapamtunda chokhala ndi mayendedwe apamadzi. Chitsanzo chake cha PAT 1 (Prototype Terre 1) chinapangidwa chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa akatswiri a CEA ndi Marine Nationale pamalo oyesera a Cadarache pafupi ndi Marseille. Ntchito inayamba kukhazikitsidwa kwa Coelacanthe kusanamalizidwe mu April 1962, ndipo pasanathe chaka chimodzi, PAT 1 analandira misonkhano yamafuta. Kuyamba koyamba kwa kukhazikitsa kunachitika pakati pa 1964. Pakati pa mwezi wa October mpaka December, dongosololi linagwira ntchito mosalekeza, lomwe linkafanana ndi kuthamanga kwa 10 km. mm muzochitika zenizeni. Kuyesa kopambana kwa RAT 1 ndi zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga cholumikizira chandamale ndipo motero zidatsegula njira yopangira SNLE yoyamba, kenako SNS. Komanso, iye anathandiza kuphunzitsa akatswiri ntchito za nyukiliya zomera zombo.
