Chemistry yakale mumitundu yatsopano
Kumapeto kwa Seputembara 2020, ammonia (1) woyamba padziko lonse lapansi adatumizidwa kuchokera ku Saudi Arabia kupita ku Japan, ndipo malinga ndi malipoti a atolankhani, adayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opanga magetsi popanda kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide. Kwa osadziwa, izi zingawoneke ngati zosamveka. Kodi pali mafuta atsopano ozizwitsa?
Saudi Aramco, kumbuyo kwa mayendedwe, idapangidwa mafuta ndi kutembenuka kwa hydrocarbon (i.e. zopangidwa ndi petroleum) kupita ku haidrojeni ndikusinthira mankhwalawo kukhala ammonia, kutenga mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide. Choncho, ammonia amasunga hydrogen, yomwe imatchedwanso "blue" haidrojeni, kusiyana ndi "green" haidrojeni, yomwe imachokera kuzinthu zongowonjezedwanso osati mafuta oyaka. Itha kuwotchedwanso ngati mafuta m'mafakitale opangira magetsi, makamaka popanda mpweya wa carbon dioxide.
Chifukwa chiyani kuli bwino kusunga amanyamula hydrogen womangidwa mu ammonia kuposa wa hydrogen weniweni? "Amonia ndiyosavuta kusungunuka - imakhazikika pa madigiri 33 Celsius - ndipo imakhala ndi 1,7 nthawi zambiri za haidrojeni pa kiyubiki mita kuposa hydrogen yamadzimadzi," malinga ndi kafukufuku wa banki ya HSBC yochirikiza ukadaulo watsopano.
Saudi Arabia, kampani yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yogulitsa mafuta kunja, ikuika ndalama pazaumisiri kuti ichotse haidrojeni ku mafuta oyaka mafuta ndikusintha mafutawo kukhala ammonia. Kampani yaku America Air Products & Chemicals Inc. m'chilimwe anasaina pangano ndi Saudi kampani ACWA Mphamvu Mayiko ndi mabungwe udindo ntchito yomanga tsogolo futuristic mzinda wa Neom (2), amene ufumu akufuna kumanga pa gombe Red Sea. Pansi pa mgwirizanowu, chomera cha ammonia cha $ XNUMX biliyoni chidzamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zowonjezera.
2. Chimodzi mwazithunzi za mzinda wa Saudi wa Neom wamtsogolo.
Hydrogen imadziwika kuti ndi mafuta oyera omwe, akawotchedwa, satulutsa chilichonse koma nthunzi wamadzi. Nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati gwero lalikulu la mphamvu zobiriwira. Komabe, zenizeni ndizovuta kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa haidrojeni ndi woyera mofanana ndi mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Poganizira kuchuluka kwa utsi, mitundu ya gasi monga green hydrogen, blue hydrogen ndi gray hydrogen imatulutsidwa. Green haidrojeni amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso komanso zopanda mpweya. Gray hydrogen, mtundu wofala kwambiri wa haidrojeni pazachuma, umapangidwa kuchokera kumafuta oyambira, kutanthauza kuti mpweya wochepa wa haidrojeni umachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi kupanga. Blue hydrogen ndi dzina loperekedwa ku haidrojeni lochokera ku mpweya wokhawokha, umene umatulutsa mpweya wochepa wa carbon dioxide ndipo ndi woyeretsa kuposa utsi wambiri wamafuta.
Ammonia ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi mamolekyu atatu a haidrojeni ndi molekyu imodzi ya nayitrogeni. M'lingaliro limeneli, "amasunga" haidrojeni ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya chopangira "hydrogen yokhazikika". Ammonia mwiniwake, mofanana ndi hydrogen, satulutsa mpweya woipa akawotchedwa pafakitale yopangira magetsi. Mtundu wa buluu m'dzina umatanthauza kuti umapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito gasi (ndipo nthawi zina, malasha). Imaonedwa ngati wobiriwira mawonekedwe a mphamvu kupanga komanso chifukwa cha luso analanda ndi sequester mpweya woipa (CCS) pa ndondomeko kutembenuka. Osachepera ndi zomwe kampani ya Aramco, yomwe imapanga izi, imatsimikizira.
Kuyambira buluu mpaka wobiriwira
Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti njira yomwe tafotokozayi ndi njira yosinthira, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa kupanga bwino kwa ammonia wobiriwira. Inde, izi sizingasiyane ndi mankhwala, monga momwe buluu samasiyana ndi mankhwala ena ammonia. Mfundo ndi chabe kuti kupanga ndondomeko wobiriwira Baibulo adzakhala wopanda umuna ndipo sizidzakhudzana ndi mafuta oyaka. Izi zikhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, chomera chopangira hydrogen yowonjezera, yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala ammonia kuti ikhale yosavuta kusunga ndi kuyendetsa.
Mu Disembala 2018, lipoti lidasindikizidwa ndi British Energy Transition Commission, "mgwirizano wa atsogoleri abizinesi, azachuma ndi mabungwe aboma ochokera m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana omwe amapanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu." Ntchito Yotheka. Malinga ndi olemba, decarbonization wathunthu wa ammonia pofika 2050 ndi zotheka mwaukadaulo komanso mwachuma, koma ammonia abuluu sangakhale ndi kanthu pazaka makumi angapo. Potsirizira pake udzalamulira ammonia wobiriwira. Izi ndichifukwa cha mtengo wokwera wolanda 10-20% CO yomaliza, lipotilo likuti.2 mukupanga. Komabe, othirira ndemanga ena amanena kuti maulosi ameneŵa akuzikidwa pa mkhalidwe wamakono. Pakalipano, kafukufuku wa njira zatsopano zopangira ammonia akupitiriza.
Mwachitsanzo Matteo Masanti, injiniya ku Casale SA (membala wa Ammonia Energy Association), adayambitsa njira yatsopano yovomerezeka "yotembenuza gasi kukhala ammonia pamene kuchepetsa mpweya wa COXNUMX".2 kumlengalenga mpaka 80% pokhudzana ndi matekinoloje apamwamba kwambiri omwe alipo". Mwachidule, akufuna kuti alowe m'malo mwa CDR (carbon dioxide kuchotsa) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulanda mpweya woipa kuchokera ku mpweya wotayira pambuyo poyaka ndi "ndondomeko yowonongeka isanayambe".
Palinso malingaliro ena ambiri atsopano. Kampani ya ku America ya Monolith Materials imapereka "njira yatsopano yamagetsi yosinthira mpweya wachilengedwe kukhala kaboni ngati mwaye ndi hydrogen ndikuchita bwino kwambiri." Malasha sangowonongeka pano, koma chinthu chomwe chingathe kukhala ngati chinthu chamtengo wapatali chamalonda. Kampaniyo ikufuna kusunga haidrojeni osati mu mawonekedwe a ammonia, komanso, mwachitsanzo, mu methanol. Palinso eSMR, njira yopangidwa ndi Haldor Topsoe waku Denmark kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zongowonjezera monga gwero lina la kutentha kwa ndondomeko panthawi ya kusintha kwa nthunzi ya methane popanga haidrojeni pa chomera cha ammonia. Kuchepa kwa CO kutulutsa kumanenedweratu2 pakupanga ammonia pafupifupi 30%.
Monga mukudziwa, Orlen wathu akugwiranso ntchito yopanga haidrojeni. Adalankhula za kupanga ammonia wobiriwira ngati malo osungira mphamvu ku Poland Chemical Congress mu Seputembara 2020, i.e. kutangotsala masiku ochepa kuti mayendedwe omwe tawatchulawa anyamuke kupita ku Japan, Jacek Mendelevsky, membala wa board wa Anwil kuchokera ku gulu la PKN Orlen. Ndipotu, zinali choncho ammonia wa buluumalinga ndi zomwe zili pamwambazi. Sizikudziwika bwino kuchokera ku mawu awa kuti mankhwalawa amapangidwa kale ndi Anwil, koma tingaganize kuti pali mapulani ku Poland kuti apange osachepera buluu ammonia.
