Panzerkampfwagen IV (PzKpfw IV, also Pz. IV), Sd.Kfz.161
Kupanga thanki iyi, analengedwa ndi Krupp, anayamba mu 1937 ndipo anapitiriza mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse.
Monga thanki ya T-III (Pz.III), malo opangira magetsi ali kumbuyo, ndipo mawilo oyendetsa magetsi ndi magudumu ali kutsogolo. M'chipinda choyang'anira munkakhala dalaivala ndi woyendetsa wailesi ya mfuti, kuwombera kuchokera pamfuti yamakina yoyikidwa pa bere la mpira. Chipinda chomenyerapo nkhondo chinali pakati pa bwalo. Chinsanja chowotcherera chamitundumitundu chinayikidwa pano, momwe anthu atatu ogwira ntchito adalandilidwa ndikuyika zida.
Matanki a T-IV adapangidwa ndi zida zotsatirazi:
zosinthidwa AF, thanki yowukira yokhala ndi 75-mm howitzer;
kusinthidwa G, thanki ndi mizinga 75 mm ndi mbiya kutalika 43 caliber;
Zosintha za N-K, tanki yokhala ndi cannon 75 mm yokhala ndi migolo ya 48 calibers.
Chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa makulidwe a zida zankhondo, kulemera kwa galimoto pakupanga kunakula kuchokera ku matani 17,1 (kusinthidwa A) mpaka matani 24,6 (kusinthidwa H-K). Kuyambira 1943, kuti ateteze zida zankhondo, zida zotchingira zida zidayikidwa m'mbali mwa chombo ndi turret. Mfuti yakutali yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pakusintha kwa G, HK idalola kuti T-IV ipirire akasinja olemera ofanana (75-mm sub-caliber projectile yomwe idapyoza zida za 1000 mm pamtunda wa mita 110), koma kuthekera kwake, makamaka. za zosintha zaposachedwa zonenepa kwambiri, sizinali zokhutiritsa. Pazonse, pafupifupi 9500 akasinja a T-IV a zosintha zonse adapangidwa m'zaka zankhondo.
Pamene kunalibe thanki ya Pz.IV
Tanki PzKpfw IV. Mbiri ya chilengedwe.
M'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30, chiphunzitso cha kugwiritsa ntchito asilikali opangidwa ndi makina, makamaka akasinja, chinapangidwa ndi mayesero ndi zolakwika, malingaliro a theorists anasintha nthawi zambiri. Othandizira ambiri akasinja amakhulupirira kuti mawonekedwe a magalimoto okhala ndi zida angapangitse kuti nkhondo yomenyera nkhondo ya 1914-1917 ikhale yosatheka kuchokera pamalingaliro anzeru. Momwemonso, a ku France adadalira pomanga malo otetezedwa bwino a nthawi yayitali, monga Maginot Line. Akatswiri angapo ankakhulupirira kuti zida zazikulu za thanki ziyenera kukhala mfuti ya makina, ndipo ntchito yaikulu ya magalimoto onyamula zida ndi kulimbana ndi asilikali oyenda pansi ndi zida za mdani, oimira oganiza kwambiri a sukuluyi amaona kuti nkhondo yapakati pa akasinja ndi nkhondo. kukhala opanda pake, popeza, akuti, palibe mbali yomwe ingawononge imzake. Panali lingaliro lakuti mbali yomwe ingawononge chiwerengero chachikulu cha akasinja a adani chidzapambana nkhondoyo. Monga njira zazikulu zomenyera akasinja, zida zapadera zokhala ndi zipolopolo zapadera zimaganiziridwa - mfuti zotsutsana ndi tanki zokhala ndi zipolopolo zoboola zida. Ndipotu palibe amene ankadziwa kuti nkhondoyo idzakhala yotani pankhondo ya m’tsogolo. Zomwe zidachitika pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Spain sizinafotokozere bwino zomwe zikuchitika.
Pangano la Versailles linaletsa Germany kukhala ndi magalimoto othamangitsidwa kumenyana, koma sakanatha kuletsa akatswiri a ku Germany kuti ayambe kuphunzira ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana za kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto onyamula zida, komanso kupanga akasinja kunachitika mwachinsinsi ndi Ajeremani. Pamene mu March 1935 Hitler anasiya zoletsa Versailles, wamng'ono "Panzerwaffe" kale maphunziro ongopeka m'munda wa ntchito ndi dongosolo la bungwe la regiments thanki.
Panali mitundu iwiri ya akasinja opepuka okhala ndi zida PzKpfw I ndi PzKpfw II popanga misala motengera "mathirakitala aulimi".
Tanki ya PzKpfw I idawonedwa ngati galimoto yophunzitsira, pomwe PzKpfw II idapangidwa kuti idziwitsidwenso, koma zidapezeka kuti "ziwiri" zidakhalabe tanki yayikulu kwambiri yamagawidwe a panzer mpaka idasinthidwa ndi akasinja apakati PzKpfw III, okhala ndi 37. -mm mizinga ndi mfuti zitatu zamakina.
Chiyambi cha chitukuko cha thanki ya PzKpfw IV idayamba mu Januwale 1934, pamene gulu lankhondo linapatsa makampaniwo chidziwitso cha thanki yatsopano yothandizira moto yolemera matani osapitirira 24, galimoto yamtsogolo inalandira dzina lakuti Gesch.Kpfw. (75 mm) (Vskfz.618). M'miyezi yotsatira ya 18, akatswiri ochokera ku Rheinmetall-Borzing, Krupp ndi MAN adagwira ntchito zitatu zopikisana pagalimoto ya wamkulu wa battalion ("battalionführerswagnen" chidule cha BW). Ntchito ya VK 2001/K, yoperekedwa ndi Krupp, idadziwika kuti ndiyo yabwino kwambiri, mawonekedwe a turret ndi hull ali pafupi ndi tanki ya PzKpfw III.
Komabe, makina a VK 2001 / K sanalowe mu mndandanda, chifukwa asilikali sanakhutire ndi mayendedwe asanu ndi limodzi othandizira ndi mawilo apakati-m'mimba mwake pa kuyimitsidwa kasupe, anafunika kusinthidwa ndi bar torsion. Kuyimitsidwa kwa torsion bar, poyerekeza ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa kasupe, kunapereka kayendedwe kabwino ka thanki ndipo kunali ndi maulendo okwera kwambiri a mawilo a pamsewu. Mainjiniya a Krupp, limodzi ndi oimira a Arms Procurement Directorate, adagwirizana za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito kuyimitsidwa kwa kasupe pa thanki ndi mawilo asanu ndi atatu ang'onoang'ono amsewu. Komabe, Krupp adayenera kuwunikiranso kwambiri mapangidwe omwe adapangidwawo. M'mawu omaliza, PzKpfw IV inali kuphatikiza kwa hull ndi turret ya VK 2001 / K galimoto yokhala ndi chassis yomwe idapangidwa kumene ndi Krupp.
Pamene kunalibe thanki ya Pz.IV
Tanki ya PzKpfw IV idapangidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba okhala ndi injini yakumbuyo. Malo a mtsogoleri anali pafupi ndi nsanja ya nsanja mwachindunji pansi pa kapu ya mkulu, wowomberayo anali kumanzere kwa phokoso la mfuti, wonyamula mfuti anali kumanja. M'chipinda chowongolera, chomwe chili kutsogolo kwa thanki, panali ntchito kwa dalaivala (kumanzere kwa olamulira agalimoto) ndi wowombera wailesi (kumanja). Pakati pa mpando wa dalaivala ndi muvi kunali kupatsirana. Chochititsa chidwi cha mapangidwe a thanki chinali kusamutsidwa kwa nsanja ndi pafupifupi 8 cm kumanzere kwa olamulira aatali agalimoto, ndi injini - ndi 15 cm kumanja kuti adutse shaft yolumikiza injini ndi kufalitsa. Njira yothandiza yotereyi inachititsa kuti awonjezere voliyumu yosungidwa mkati kumanja kwa hull kuti akhazikitse kuwombera koyamba, komwe wonyamula katundu angapeze mosavuta. Tower turn drive ndi yamagetsi.
Kuyimitsidwa ndi kaboti kakang'ono kunali mawilo asanu ndi atatu amisewu ang'onoang'ono ophatikizidwa m'ngolo zamawiro awiri oimitsidwa pa akasupe a masamba, mawilo oyendetsa omwe amaikidwa kumbuyo kwa thanki ya sloth ndi zogudubuza zinayi zothandizira mbozi. M'mbiri yonse ya ntchito ya akasinja PzKpfw IV, undercarriage awo sanasinthe, kusintha pang'ono okha anayamba. Chitsanzo cha thankicho chinapangidwa ku Krupp chomera ku Essen ndikuyesedwa mu 1935-36.
Kufotokozera kwa thanki ya PzKpfw IV
chitetezo cha zida.
Mu 1942, akatswiri akatswiri Mertz ndi McLillan anafufuza mwatsatanetsatane thanki ya PzKpfw IV Ausf.E yomwe inagwidwa, makamaka, anaphunzira mosamala zida zake.
- Ma mbale angapo a zida adayesedwa kuti akhale olimba, onse anali opangidwa ndi makina. Kulimba kwa mbale za zida zankhondo kunja ndi mkati kunali 300-460 Brinell.
- Zovala zankhondo zam'mwamba 20 mm wandiweyani, zomwe zidalimbitsa zida zam'mbali zam'mbali, zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chofanana ndipo zimakhala zolimba za 370 Brinell. Zida zam'mbali zolimbitsidwa sizitha "kugwira" ma 2-pound projectiles othamangitsidwa kuchokera ku mayadi 1000.
Kumbali ina, kuukira kwa thanki ku Middle East mu June 1941 kunasonyeza kuti mtunda wa mayadi 500 (457 m) ukhoza kuonedwa ngati malire a PzKpfw IV yogwira ntchito ndi mfuti ya 2-pounder. Lipoti limene linakonzedwa ku Woolwich pa kafukufuku woteteza zida zankhondo ku thanki ya ku Germany linati “zida zankhondo n’zabwinoko ndi 10 peresenti kuposa Chingelezi chopangidwa ndi makina ofanana, ndipo m’njira zina n’chabwino kwambiri kuposa mmene zilili.”
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, njira yolumikizira mbale zankhondo inadzudzulidwa, katswiri wina wa Leyland Motors anathirira ndemanga pa kafukufuku wake motere: “Ubwino wa kuwotcherera ndi woipa, zowotcherera ziŵiri mwa mbale zitatu za zida za m’dera limene zitsulo zowotcherera sizili bwino. projectile inagunda projectile inasiyana. "
Kusintha kapangidwe ka gawo lakutsogolo la thanki
Ausf.A
Mtundu B
Ausf.D
Ausf.E
Power Point.
Injini ya Maybach idapangidwa kuti izigwira ntchito munyengo yanyengo, pomwe magwiridwe ake ndi abwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'madera otentha kapena fumbi lalitali, limasweka ndipo limakonda kutentha kwambiri. Anzeru aku Britain, ataphunzira tanki ya PzKpfw IV yomwe idagwidwa mu 1942, adatsimikiza kuti kulephera kwa injini kudachitika chifukwa cha mchenga kulowa mumafuta, wogawa, dynamo ndi woyambira; zosefera mpweya ndi zosakwanira. Panali nthawi zambiri mchenga wolowa mu carburetor.
Buku la injini ya Maybach limafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a petulo kokha ndi mlingo wa octane wa 74 ndi kusintha kwathunthu kwa mafuta pambuyo pa 200, 500, 1000 ndi 2000 km. Analimbikitsa liwiro la injini pazikhalidwe zoyendetsera ntchito ndi 2600 rpm, koma m'malo otentha (kum'mwera kwa USSR ndi North Africa), liwiro ili silimapereka kuzirala kwabwinobwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito injini ngati brake ndikololedwa pa 2200-2400 rpm, pa liwiro la 2600-3000 mode iyi iyenera kupewedwa.
Zigawo zazikulu za dongosolo loziziritsa zinali ma radiator awiri omwe adayikidwa pakona ya madigiri 25 kupita kuchizimezime. Ma radiatorwo adaziziritsidwa ndi mpweya wokakamizidwa ndi mafani awiri; fan drive - lamba woyendetsedwa kuchokera ku shaft yayikulu yamagalimoto. Kuzungulira kwa madzi mu dongosolo lozizira kunaperekedwa ndi pampu ya centrifuge. Mpweya udalowa muchipinda cha injiniyo kudzera pabowo lotsekedwa ndi chotsekera chankhondo kuchokera kumanja kwa chombocho ndikuponyedwa kunja kudzera pabowo lomwelo kumanzere.
Kutumiza kwa synchro-mechanical kunakhala kothandiza, ngakhale kuti mphamvu yokoka m'magiya apamwamba inali yochepa, kotero zida za 6 zinkangogwiritsidwa ntchito pamsewu waukulu. Ma shafts otulutsa amaphatikizidwa ndi braking ndikusintha makina kukhala chipangizo chimodzi. Kuti kuziziritsa chipangizochi, chofanizira chinayikidwa kumanzere kwa bokosi la clutch. Kuyimitsidwa munthawi yomweyo kwa zowongolera zowongolera kutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mabuleki oimika magalimoto.
Pa akasinja amitundu ina, kuyimitsidwa kwa kasupe kwa mawilo amsewu kunali kodzaza kwambiri, koma kuchotsa bogi ya mawilo awiri owonongeka kumawoneka ngati ntchito yosavuta. Kulimba mtima kwa mbozi kunkayendetsedwa ndi kaimidwe ka kanyama kamene kanakwera pa eccentric. Ku Eastern Front, owonjezera njanji apadera, otchedwa "Ostketten" adagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti akasinja azikhala bwino m'miyezi yozizira ya chaka.
Chipangizo chosavuta koma chothandiza kwambiri choveketsa mbozi yodumphira chinayesedwa pa tanki yoyesera ya PzKpfw IV. Inali tepi yopangidwa ndi fakitale yomwe inali ndi m'lifupi mwake ngati njanji ndi kuphulika kwa chinkhoswe ndi giya la gudumu loyendetsa. . Mapeto amodzi a tepiyo adalumikizidwa ku njanji yomwe idatuluka, inayo, itadutsa pa zodzigudubuza, kupita ku gudumu loyendetsa. Galimotoyo idayatsidwa, gudumu loyendetsa galimotoyo lidayamba kuzungulira, kukoka tepiyo ndipo mayendedwe adamangirirapo mpaka nthiti za gudumu loyendetsa zidalowa m'mipata panjira. Opaleshoni yonseyo inatenga mphindi zingapo.
Injini idayambitsidwa ndi choyambira chamagetsi cha 24-volt. Popeza jenereta yothandizira yamagetsi idapulumutsa mphamvu ya batri, zinali zotheka kuyesa injini nthawi zambiri pa "60" kuposa tanki ya PzKpfw III. Pakachitika kulephera koyambira, kapena mafuta atakhuthala mu chisanu champhamvu, choyambira choyambira chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, cholumikizira chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi shaft ya injini kudzera pabowo la mbale ya zida za aft. Chogwiririracho chinatembenuzidwa ndi anthu awiri nthawi imodzi, chiwerengero chochepa cha kutembenuka kwa chogwirira chomwe chiyenera kuyambitsa injini chinali 50 rpm. Kuyambitsa injini kuchokera ku inertial starter kwakhala kofala m'nyengo yozizira ya ku Russia. Kutentha kochepa kwa injini, komwe kunayamba kugwira ntchito bwino, kunali t = 2000 ° C pamene kutsinde kumazungulira XNUMX rpm.
Kuti athandizire kuyambitsa injini m'nyengo yozizira ya Eastern Front, njira yapadera idapangidwa, yotchedwa "Kuhlwasserubertragung" - chotenthetsera madzi ozizira. Injini ya thanki imodzi itayambika ndikutenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwanthawi zonse, madzi ofunda amawapopera munjira yozizira ya thanki yotsatira, ndipo madzi ozizira adaperekedwa ku injini yomwe idayamba kale - panali kusinthana kwa mafiriji pakati pa ogwira ntchito. ndi injini zopanda pake. Madzi ofunda atatenthetsa injini pang'ono, zinali zotheka kuyesa kuyambitsa injini ndi choyambira chamagetsi. Dongosolo la "Kuhlwasserubertragung" linkafuna kusinthidwa pang'ono paziziziritsa za thanki.
Injini ya Maybach idapangidwa kuti izigwira ntchito munyengo yanyengo, pomwe magwiridwe ake ndi abwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'madera otentha kapena fumbi lalitali, limasweka ndipo limakonda kutentha kwambiri. Anzeru aku Britain, ataphunzira tanki ya PzKpfw IV yomwe idagwidwa mu 1942, adatsimikiza kuti kulephera kwa injini kudachitika chifukwa cha mchenga kulowa mumafuta, wogawa, dynamo ndi woyambira; zosefera mpweya ndi zosakwanira. Panali nthawi zambiri mchenga wolowa mu carburetor.
