Fananizani zotengera zokha: zotsatizana, ziwiri zowalamulira, CVT

Kutumiza kwamagetsi kukukula kwambiri pakati pa eni magalimoto. Ndi mitundu iti ikuluikulu yopatsirana ngati imeneyi ndipo ubwino ndi kuipa kwake ndi chiyani?

USA imawerengedwa kuti ndi komwe kumachokera kutengerako. Kalelo mu 1904, kampani ya Boston idapereka makina othamanga awiri. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa makinawa kunali kosadalirika, koma lingalirolo linapeza nthaka yachonde ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa zida zodziwikiratu inayamba kuonekera ku United States.

Komabe, kufala koyamba zodziwikiratu, ofanana mu kapangidwe ndi ntchito kufala masiku ano, anaonekera pamaso pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Anali kufalitsa kwa Hydra-Matic komwe kunapangidwa ndi General Motors.

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Kutumiza kwa hayidiroliki

Pakati pa zotumiza zokha, zofala kwambiri (mpaka pano) ndi ma hydraulic transmissions. Uwu ndi makina ovuta omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chosinthira ma torque kapena chosinthira ma torque chokhala ndi magiya angapo a mapulaneti.

Magiya omwe ali m'magiya a mapulaneti amalumikizidwa kapena kutsekedwa ndi zingwe zoyenera zolimbana ndi ma multi-disc (multi-disc) kapena mabuleki a band. Pankhaniyi, chinthu chofunikira cha kufala kwa hydraulic ndi mafuta, omwe amatsanuliridwa mu gearbox.

Kusintha kwa magiya kumachitika ndikutsekereza ma seti osiyanasiyana a ma giya adzuwa omwe amalumikizana ndi ma freewheel, ma disc clutches (kawirikawiri ma multi-disc), mabuleki a band ndi zinthu zina zokangana zoyendetsedwa ndi ma hydraulic drive.

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Kupanga mapangidwe a ma hydraulic transmissions ndi ma hydroelectric transmissions (momwe, mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya magiya owonjezera, otchedwa kickdown) komanso ma transmission oyendetsedwa ndimagetsi. Pankhaniyi, gearbox akhoza kukhala modes angapo ntchito, mwachitsanzo, masewera kapena chitonthozo.

Komanso kuonjezera chiwerengero cha magiya. Makina oyamba a hydraulic anali ndi magiya atatu. Pakalipano, magiya asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi ndi ofanana, koma pali mapangidwe omwe ali ndi zisanu ndi zinayi.

Kupatsirana kwapadera kwapadera ndi njira yotsatsira (yomwe imatchedwanso semi-automatic transmission). Mu makina amtunduwu, magiya amatha kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito lever yomwe imangopita kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo ndikusunthira mmwamba kapena pansi pa giya imodzi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zopalasa zomwe zili pachiwongolero.

Njira iyi ndi yotheka chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito microprocessor yamagetsi yomwe imayendetsa ntchito ya gearbox. Ma gearbox otsatizana amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto a Fomula 1, ndipo amapezeka m'magalimoto opanga, kuphatikiza Audi, BMW, Ferrari.  

Malinga ndi katswiriyu

Vitold Rogovsky, ProfiAuto network:

- Ubwino wa ma hydraulic automatic transmissions, koposa zonse, kuyendetsa bwino, i.e. palibe chifukwa chosinthira magiya pamanja. Kuphatikiza apo, kufalitsa kwamtunduwu kumateteza injini kuti isachuluke, pokhapokha ngati kufalikira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera. Bokosi la gear limasintha liwiro la injini ndikusankha zida zoyenera. Komabe, drawback yaikulu ya limagwirira ake ndi mkulu mafuta. Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi ndi kwakukulu komanso kolemetsa, kotero kumakhala koyenera injini zazikulu zamphamvu, zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Kuipa kwina kwa zotumizirazi ndi chakuti kopi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ikhoza kupezeka pamsika wachiwiri.

Ma Gearbox Osiyanasiyana Osasintha

Kupatsirana kosalekeza kosinthika ndi mtundu wamagetsi odziwikiratu, koma ndi chipangizo chodziwika bwino. Pali njira ziwiri - gearbox yachikhalidwe ya pulaneti ndi gearbox yodziwika kwambiri ya CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission).

Poyamba, zida zapaplaneti zimayang'anira kusintha kwa zida. Kapangidwe kameneka kamakumbutsa kachitidwe ka dzuwa kakang'ono. Kuti asankhe magiya, amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagulu, zazikulu zomwe zimakhala ndi ma meshing amkati (omwe amatchedwa giya). Kumbali ina, pali gudumu lapakati (lotchedwa dzuwa) mkati, lolumikizidwa ndi shaft yaikulu ya gearbox, ndi zida zina (ie satellites) kuzungulira izo. Magiya amasinthidwa ndikutsekereza ndi kutengera zinthu zapadziko lapansi.

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CVT, Komano, ndi CVT ndi mosalekeza variable kufala. Ili ndi mawilo awiri a bevel omwe amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake ndi lamba wa V kapena unyolo wamitundu yambiri. Malingana ndi liwiro la injini, ma cones amayandikirana, i.e. m'mimba mwake momwe lamba amayendera ndi chosinthika. Izi zimasintha kuchuluka kwa zida.

Malinga ndi katswiriyu

Vitold Rogovsky, ProfiAuto network:

- Ma CVT, chifukwa cha miyeso yaying'ono komanso yocheperako, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto ang'onoang'ono komanso amtawuni okhala ndi injini zazing'ono. Ubwino wa zotumizirazi ndikuti ndizosakonza. Ngakhale kusintha kwa mafuta sikuvomerezeka ndipo amatha kupirira mtunda womwewo ngati injini. Kuphatikiza apo, mphindi yosinthira zida imakhala yosawoneka bwino. Iwo sali okwera mtengo ngati mabokosi a hydraulic ndipo samawonjezera zambiri pamtengo wagalimoto. Kumbali ina, drawback yaikulu ndi kuchedwa kwakukulu pakuchita kukanikiza chopondapo cha gasi, i.e. kutaya mphamvu. Zimagwirizanitsidwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta. Kutumiza kwa CVT sikoyenera kumainjini a turbo.

Kwa zingwe ziwiri

Kutumiza kwapawiri clutch kwakhala kukupanga ntchito kwazaka zingapo tsopano. Gearbox yotereyi idawonekera koyamba pamsika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino m'magalimoto a Volkswagen, ngakhale idapezeka kale m'magalimoto ochitira misonkhano ndi mitundu yothamanga ya Porsche. Iyi ndi gearbox ya DSG (Direct Shift Gearbox). Pakadali pano, opanga ambiri ali kale ndi mabokosi otere, kuphatikiza. m'magalimoto a Volkswagen Gulu komanso BMW kapena Mercedes AMG kapena Renault (mwachitsanzo Megane ndi Scenic).

The wapawiri zowalamulira kufala ndi osakaniza Buku ndi zodziwikiratu kufala. Ma gearbox amatha kugwira ntchito zonse zodziwikiratu komanso ndi ntchito ya gearshift.

Chofunikira kwambiri chojambula chopatsirana ndi zingwe ziwiri, i.e. ma clutch discs, omwe amatha kukhala owuma (mainjini ofooka) kapena onyowa, akuyenda mumafuta osamba (mainjini amphamvu kwambiri). Clutch imodzi imayang'anira magiya osamvetseka komanso magiya obwerera kumbuyo, clutch ina imakhala ndi magiya ngakhale. Pachifukwa ichi, tikhoza kulankhula za mabokosi awiri ofanana omwe ali m'nyumba wamba.

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Kuphatikiza pa zingwe ziwirizi, palinso ma clutch shafts ndi ma shaft akulu awiri. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe awa, zida zapamwamba zotsatila zikadali zokonzeka kuchita nawo nthawi yomweyo. Mwachitsanzo, galimoto akuthamanga giya lachitatu, ndi chachinayi anasankha kale koma sanagwire ntchito. Pamene torque yabwino yosinthira ikafika, clutch yosamvetseka ya giya lachitatu imatsegulidwa ndipo clutch yotseka imatseka giya lachinayi, kotero mawilo oyendetsa axle amapitilira kulandira torque kuchokera ku injini. Kusinthana kumatenga pafupifupi mazana anayi a sekondi imodzi, yomwe imakhala yochepa poyerekeza ndi kuphethira kwa chikope.

Pafupifupi onse awiri zowalamulira transmissions okonzeka ndi zina opaleshoni modes monga "Sport".

Malinga ndi katswiriyu

Vitold Rogovsky, ProfiAuto network:

- Palibe kusokonezedwa kwa torque pamayendedwe apawiri clutch. Chifukwa cha izi, galimotoyo ili ndi mathamangitsidwe abwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, injiniyo imagwira ntchito mumtundu wabwino kwambiri wa torque. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso mwayi wina - kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotsika kuposa momwe zimakhalira pamakina amanja. Pomaliza, ma gearbox awiri a clutch ndi olimba kwambiri. Ngati wosuta amatsatira kusintha kwa mafuta makilomita 60 aliwonse, samasweka. Komabe, mumsika wachiwiri pali magalimoto omwe mita yatulukira ndipo pamenepa zimakhala zovuta kusunga moyo wabwino wautumiki wamtunduwu. Mwanjira ina, mutha kukumananso ndi magalimoto omwe macheke awa sanachitidwe ndipo gearbox yatha. Kuwonongeka kwa ma flywheel amtundu wapawiri kumakhalanso pachiwopsezo pamafayilo awa, chifukwa ndiye kuti kugwedezeka kosafunika kumatumizidwa ku makina a gearbox. Kuipa kwa maulendo apawiri clutch ndi mtengo wawo wapamwamba. 

Wojciech Frölichowski