Kupanga Nyimbo. Kuphunzira - Gawo 2

Ndinalemba zakuti kuchita bwino pakupanga nyimbo ndi gawo lomaliza kuchokera ku lingaliro la nyimbo mpaka kukapereka kwa wolandira m'nkhani yapitayi. Tayang'anitsitsanso zomvera zojambulidwa pa digito, koma sindinakambiranebe momwe mawuwa, osinthidwa kukhala ma AC voltage converters, amasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe a binary.

1. Phokoso lililonse lovuta, ngakhale lapamwamba kwambiri, limakhala ndi mawu ambiri osavuta a sinusoidal.

Ndinamaliza nkhani yapitayi ndi funso, zingatheke bwanji kuti mumayendedwe osasunthika (1) nyimbo zonse zimasungidwa, ngakhale tikukamba za zida zambiri zomwe zimayimba ma polyphonic? Nayi yankho: izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti phokoso lililonse lovuta, ngakhale lovuta kwambiri, ndilowona imakhala ndi mawu ambiri osavuta a sinusoidal.

Mawonekedwe a sinusoidal a mawonekedwe osavutawa amasiyanasiyana ndi nthawi komanso matalikidwe, mafundewa amadutsana, kuwonjezera, kuchotsa, kusinthana wina ndi mzake ndipo potero amayamba kupanga phokoso lachida chilichonse kenako ndikumaliza kusakaniza ndi kujambula.

Zomwe tikuwona mu chithunzi 2 ndi ma atomu ena, mamolekyu omwe amapanga mawu athu, koma ngati chizindikiro cha analogi palibe maatomu otero - pali mzere umodzi, wopanda madontho omwe amalemba zowerengera zotsatila (kusiyana kumawoneka mu chithunzicho ngati masitepe, omwe amayerekezedwa kuti apeze zotsatira zofananira).

Komabe, popeza kuseweredwa kwa nyimbo zojambulidwa kuchokera ku analogi kapena magwero a digito kuyenera kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira chamagetsi chamagetsi monga cholankhulira kapena chosinthira chomvera pamutu, kusiyana pakati pa ma audio a analogi ndi ma audio osinthidwa ndi digito kumakhala kokulirapo nthawi zambiri. Pa siteji yomaliza, i.e. pomvetsera, nyimbo zimatifikira mofanana ndi kugwedezeka kwa tinthu ta mpweya chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa diaphragm mu transducer.

2. Mamolekyu omwe amapanga zinthu zathu zabwino

nambala ya analogi

Kodi pali kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa mawu omveka bwino a analogi (mwachitsanzo, analogi ojambulidwa pa tepi yojambulira, yosakanikirana ndi cholembera cha analogi, choponderezedwa pa disc ya analogi, kuseweredwanso pa sewero la analogi ndi amplifier yokulitsa ya analog) ndi mawu a digito - osinthidwa kuchokera ku analoji kupita ku digito, yokonzedwa ndikusakanikirana ndi digito ndikusinthidwanso ku mawonekedwe a analogi, kodi ndiko kutsogolo kwa amp kapena kwenikweni mu wokamba nkhaniyo?

Nthaŵi zambiri, osati, ngakhale kuti tikajambula nyimbo zofanana m’njira zonse ziŵirizo ndiyeno n’kuziseweranso mobwerezabwereza, kusiyanako kukanakhaladi kumveka. Komabe, izi zidzakhala chifukwa cha momwe zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito munjirazi, mawonekedwe awo, katundu wawo, komanso zolephera nthawi zambiri, kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa analogi kapena digito.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, timaganiza kuti kubweretsa phokoso ku mawonekedwe a digito, i.e. kuti momveka atomized, sizimakhudza kwambiri kujambula ndi processing ndondomeko palokha, makamaka popeza zitsanzo zimenezi zimachitika pafupipafupi kuti - osachepera theoretically - ndi kupyola malire chapamwamba mafunde timamva, ndipo chotero graininess yeniyeni ya phokoso anatembenuka. ku mawonekedwe a digito, ndi yosawoneka kwa ife. Komabe, pankhani ya kudziŵa bwino mawu omveka, n’kofunika kwambiri, ndipo tidzakambirana pambuyo pake.

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe chizindikiro cha analogi chimasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe adijito, omwe ndi zero-one, i.e. imodzi yomwe voteji imatha kukhala ndi magawo awiri okha: gawo la digito, kutanthauza voliyumu, ndi mulingo wa zero wa digito, i.e. kusamvana uku kulibe. Chilichonse m'dziko la digito ndi chimodzi kapena ziro, palibe zapakatikati. Zachidziwikire, palinso zomwe zimatchedwa logic yosamveka, pomwe pali maiko apakati pakati pa "on" kapena "off", koma sizigwira ntchito pamakina omvera a digito.

3. Kugwedezeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mpweya chifukwa cha gwero la mawu kumayendetsa mawonekedwe opepuka kwambiri a nembanemba.

Kusintha Gawo Loyamba

Chizindikiro chilichonse choyimba, kaya ndi mawu, gitala kapena ng'oma, chimatumizidwa ku kompyuta mu mawonekedwe a digito, imayenera kusinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi chosinthira. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi ma maikolofoni momwe kugwedezeka kwa tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya chifukwa cha gwero lamawu kumayendetsa mawonekedwe opepuka a diaphragm (3). Ichi chingakhale diaphragm yomwe ili mu kapisozi wa condenser, bandi yachitsulo yachitsulo mu maikolofoni ya riboni, kapena diaphragm yokhala ndi koyilo yolumikizidwa ndi maikolofoni yamphamvu.

Pazochitika zonsezi chizindikiro chamagetsi chofooka kwambiri, chozungulira chikuwonekera pakupanga maikolofonizomwe pamlingo waukulu kapena wocheperako zimasunga kuchuluka kwa ma frequency ndi mulingo wolingana ndi magawo omwewo a tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya. Chifukwa chake, iyi ndi mtundu wa analogue yamagetsi, yomwe imatha kukonzedwanso pazida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chosinthira magetsi.

Poyamba chizindikiro cha maikolofoni chiyenera kukulitsidwachifukwa ndi chofooka kwambiri kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito mwanjira iliyonse. Mphamvu yamagetsi yotulutsa maikolofoni imakhala mu dongosolo la masauzande a volt, owonetsedwa mu millivolts, ndipo nthawi zambiri mu ma microvolts kapena mamiliyoni a volt. Poyerekeza, tiyeni tiwonjezere kuti batire yamtundu wa chala imapanga voliyumu ya 1,5 V, ndipo iyi ndi magetsi osasunthika omwe sangasinthe, kutanthauza kuti sapereka chidziwitso chilichonse cha mawu.

Komabe, magetsi a DC amafunikira pamagetsi aliwonse kuti akhale gwero la mphamvu, zomwe zimasintha chizindikiro cha AC. Zoyeretsa komanso zogwira mtima kwambiri mphamvuzi, ndizochepa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi katundu wamakono ndi zosokoneza, zotsukirazo zidzakhala chizindikiro cha AC chokonzedwa ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. Ndicho chifukwa chake magetsi, omwe ndi magetsi, ndi ofunika kwambiri pamtundu uliwonse wa audio analogi.

4. Maikolofoni amplifier, omwe amadziwikanso kuti preamplifier kapena preamplifier

Ma maikolofoni amplifiers, omwe amadziwikanso kuti preamplifiers kapena preamplifiers, adapangidwa kuti akweze chizindikiro kuchokera ku maikolofoni (4). Ntchito yawo ndi kukulitsa chizindikiro, nthawi zambiri ngakhale ndi ma decibel makumi angapo, kutanthauza kuti awonjezere mlingo wawo ndi mazana kapena kuposa. Chifukwa chake, pakutulutsa kwa preamplifier, timapeza voliyumu yosinthira molingana ndi voliyumu yolowera, koma kupitilira nthawi mazana ambiri, i.e. pamlingo kuchokera ku tizigawo kupita ku mayunitsi a volts. Mulingo wazizindikirowu watsimikizika mzere mzere ndipo uwu ndiye mulingo wogwirizira pazida zomvera.

Kusintha gawo lachiwiri

Chizindikiro cha analogi cha mulingo uwu chikhoza kuperekedwa kale ndondomeko ya digito. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zotchedwa analogi-to-digital converters kapena transducers (5). The kutembenuka ndondomeko tingachipeze powerenga PCM mode, i.e. Pulse Width Modulation, yomwe ndi njira yotchuka kwambiri yosinthira, imatanthauzidwa ndi magawo awiri: mlingo wa zitsanzo ndi kuya pang'ono. Monga mukukayikira molondola, kuchuluka kwa magawowa, kutembenuka kwabwinoko komanso chizindikiro cholondola chidzaperekedwa ku kompyuta mu mawonekedwe a digito.

5. Converter kapena analogi-to-digital converter.

Lamulo lalikulu la mtundu uwu wa kutembenuka zitsanzo, ndiko kuti, kutenga zitsanzo za zinthu za analogi ndikupanga chithunzithunzi chake cha digito. Apa, mtengo wanthawi yomweyo wamagetsi mu siginecha ya analogi umatanthauziridwa ndipo mulingo wake umayimiridwa ndi digito mu binary system (6).

Apa, komabe, ndikofunikira kukumbukira mwachidule zoyambira za masamu, malinga ndi momwe nambala iliyonse ingaimirire. nambala iliyonse. M’mbiri yonse ya anthu, njira zosiyanasiyana za manambala zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo zikugwiritsidwabe ntchitobe. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo monga khumi ndi awiri (12 zidutswa) kapena khobidi (12 dozen, zidutswa 144) zimachokera ku dongosolo la duodecimal.

6. Mtengo wamagetsi mu siginecha ya analogi ndi kuyimira mulingo wake mu mawonekedwe a digito mu dongosolo la binary

Kwa nthawi, timagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe osakanikirana - sexagesimal kwa masekondi, mphindi ndi maola, chotengera cha duodecimal kwa masiku ndi masiku, dongosolo lachisanu ndi chiwiri la masiku a sabata, dongosolo la quad (komanso zokhudzana ndi duodecimal ndi sexagesimal system) kwa masabata pamwezi, dongosolo la duodecimal. kusonyeza miyezi ya chaka, ndiyeno timapita ku ndondomeko ya decimal, kumene zaka zambiri, zaka ndi zaka zikuwonekera. Ndikuganiza kuti chitsanzo chogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe osiyanasiyana kufotokoza nthawi ya nthawi bwino kwambiri chimasonyeza chikhalidwe cha kachitidwe manambala ndipo adzakulolani kuti muyende bwino nkhani zokhudza kutembenuka.

Pankhani ya kutembenuka kwa analogi kupita ku digito, tidzakhala ambiri sinthani ma decimal kukhala ma binary. Decimal chifukwa muyeso wa chitsanzo chilichonse nthawi zambiri umawonetsedwa mu ma microvolts, millivolts ndi volts. Ndiye mtengo uwu udzawonetsedwa mu ndondomeko ya binary, i.e. kugwiritsa ntchito ma bits awiri omwe akugwira ntchito mmenemo - 0 ndi 1, zomwe zikutanthawuza zigawo ziwiri: palibe magetsi kapena kupezeka kwake, kuzimitsa kapena kuyatsa, zamakono kapena ayi, ndi zina zotero. zomwe zimatchedwa kusintha kwa ma algorithms omwe tikuchita nawo, mwachitsanzo, pokhudzana ndi zolumikizira kapena mapurosesa ena a digito.

Ndiwe zero; kapena mmodzi

Ndi manambala awiriwa, ziro ndi amodzi, mutha kufotokoza Nambala iliyonsemosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani nambala 10. Chinsinsi chomvetsetsa kutembenuka kwa decimal-to-binary ndikuti nambala 1 mu binary, monga momwe zilili ndi decimal, zimadalira malo ake mu chingwe cha nambala.

Ngati 1 ili kumapeto kwa chingwe cha binary, ndiye 1, ngati chachiwiri kuchokera kumapeto - ndiye 2, pachitatu - 4, ndi chachinayi - 8 - zonse mu decimal. Mu dongosolo la decimal, 1 yemweyo pamapeto ndi 10, penultimate 100, yachitatu 1000, yachinayi XNUMX ndi chitsanzo kuti mumvetse fanizolo.

Chifukwa chake, ngati tikufuna kuyimira 10 mu mawonekedwe a binary, tifunika kuyimilira 1 ndi 1, monga ndidanenera, zikhala 1010 pamalo achinayi ndi XNUMX pamphindi, yomwe ndi XNUMX.

Ngati tinkafunika kusintha ma voltages kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 10 volts popanda ziwerengero zamagulu, i.e. pogwiritsa ntchito manambala okha, chosinthira chomwe chimayimira 4-bit kutsatizana mu binary ndikwanira. 4-bit chifukwa kusinthaku kwa nambala ya binary kudzafunika manambala anayi. Pochita izo zidzawoneka motere:

0 0000

1 0001

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101

6 0110

7 0111

8 1000

9 1001

10 1010

Maziro omwe amatsogolera manambala 1 mpaka 7 amangoyendetsa chingwecho mpaka ma bits anayi kuti nambala iliyonse ya binary ikhale ndi mawu ofanana ndipo imatenga malo omwewo. M'mawonekedwe, kumasulira koteroko kwa manambala kuchokera ku decimal system kupita ku binary kukuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 7.

7. Sinthani Nambala Zokwanira mu Decimal System kukhala Binary System

Mafunde onse a pamwamba ndi apansi amaimira mfundo zofanana, kupatulapo kuti zoyambazo zimamveka bwino, mwachitsanzo, pazida za analogi, monga ma linear voltage level mamita, ndi yachiwiri ya zipangizo zamakono, kuphatikizapo makompyuta omwe amasanthula deta pachinenero choterocho. Mawonekedwe apansi awa amawoneka ngati mafunde osinthika-odzaza masikweya, i.e. chiŵerengero chosiyana chamtengo wapatali kufika pamtengo wocheperako pakapita nthawi. Zosinthazi zimayika mtengo wa binary wa chizindikirocho kuti chisinthidwe, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "pulse code modulation" - PCM.

Tsopano kubwerera ku kutembenuza chizindikiro chenicheni cha analogi. Tikudziwa kale kuti zitha kufotokozedwa ndi mzere womwe ukuwonetsa milingo yosinthika bwino, ndipo palibe chomwe chimayimira kulumpha kwa magawo awa. Komabe, pa zosowa za kutembenuka kwa analogi kupita ku digito, tiyenera kuyambitsa ndondomeko yotereyi kuti tithe kuyeza mlingo wa chizindikiro cha analogi nthawi ndi nthawi ndikuyimira chitsanzo chilichonse choyesedwa mu mawonekedwe a digito.

Zinkaganiziridwa kuti ma frequency omwe miyeso iyi ingapangidwe iyenera kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwapamwamba komwe munthu angamve, ndipo chifukwa ndi pafupifupi 20 kHz, chifukwa chake, nthawi yayitali kwambiri. 44,1kHz ikadali chitsanzo chodziwika bwino. Kuwerengera kwa sampuli kumayenderana ndi masamu ovuta kwambiri, omwe, panthawi ino ya chidziwitso chathu cha njira zosinthira, sizomveka.

Zambiri ndizabwinoko?

Chilichonse chomwe ndatchula pamwambapa chikhoza kusonyeza kuti kuchulukitsa kwa zitsanzo, i.e. kuyeza mulingo wa siginecha ya analogi pafupipafupi, kumapangitsa kutembenuka kwapamwamba, chifukwa ndi - osachepera mwanzeru - yolondola. Kodi ndi zoona? Tidzadziwa za izi m'mwezi umodzi.