Kapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa antifreeze madzi
Zamkatimu
Kodi anti-freeze imakhala ndi chiyani?
Mowa
Pofuna kupewa kuzizira kwa galasi m'nyengo yozizira, m'pofunika kuchepetsa kutentha kwa madzi kwa crystallization. Ma alphatic alcohols osavuta kwambiri ndi zinthu zomveka zothetsera vutoli. Mitundu itatu ya mowa wa monohydric imagwiritsidwa ntchito, onse osakaniza komanso mu mono:
- Ethanol
Osati chakupha; kristalo pa -114 °C. Idagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 2006, komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo komanso nthawi zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito pakamwa ngati mawonekedwe a surrogates, idachotsedwa pakulemba.
- Isopropanol
Mosiyana ndi ethanol, mowa wa isopropyl ndi wotsika mtengo, koma umakhala ndi poizoni komanso fungo la acetone.
- Methanol
Zimasiyana ndi zizindikiro zabwino kwambiri za thupi ndi mankhwala. Komabe, ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo amaletsedwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko angapo.
Zomwe zili m'ma alcohols aukadaulo mu antifreeze zimasiyana 25 mpaka 75%. Pamene ndende ikuwonjezeka, kuzizira kwa osakaniza kumachepa. Chifukwa chake, kuphatikiza kwa anti-freeze mpaka -30 ° C chisanu kumaphatikizapo 50% isopropyl mowa.
Zotsukira
Ntchito yotsatira yamadzimadzi a antifreeze ndikuchotsa dothi ndi mikwingwirima. Anionic surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zotsukira, zomwe zimagwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za kutentha. Komanso, ma surfactants amathandizira kusakanikirana kwa zinthu zomwe sizisungunuka bwino komanso ma alcohols ndi madzi. Peresenti - mpaka 1%.
Zosinthidwa
Pofuna kuthana ndi kuyamwa kwa madzi ochapira, zowonjezera zapadera zokhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa zimayambitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri, pyridine, phthalic acid esters, kapena palafini wamba amawonjezeredwa. Zosakaniza zoterezi zimakhala ndi fungo lonyansa ndipo sizimalekanitsidwa bwino ndi mowa. Gawo lazowonjezera za denaturing ndi 0,1-0,5%.
Olimbitsa
Kuti asunge magwiridwe antchito, poizoni wa ethylene glycol kapena propylene glycol wopanda vuto amawonjezeredwa ku anti-freeze. Zosakaniza zoterezi zimawonjezera kusungunuka kwa zigawo za organic, kuwonjezera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, komanso kusunga madzi amadzimadzi. Zomwe zili ndi zosakwana 5%.
Zonunkhira
Kuchotsa fungo la "acetone", oyeretsa magalasi opangidwa ndi isopropanol amagwiritsa ntchito zonunkhira - zinthu zonunkhira zokhala ndi fungo lokoma. Gawo lagawoli ndi pafupifupi 0,5%.
Utoto
Kupaka utoto kumagwira ntchito yokongoletsa, komanso kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mowa. Kawirikawiri pali anti-freezes ndi mtundu wa bluish, womwe umafanana ndi 25% ya isopropanol. Kuchuluka kwa utoto kumabweretsa kupanga mpweya. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zili mkati mwake siziyenera kupitilira 0,001%.
Madzi
Madzi a deionized amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda zonyansa. The amadzimadzi distillate amachita monga chonyamulira kutentha, zosungunulira, komanso kuchotsa zoipitsa pamodzi ndi surfactant. Kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi 20-70% kutengera mowa.
Zolemba za Anti-freeze malinga ndi GOST
Pakali pano ku Russia palibe zikalata zoyendetsedwa pakupanga ndi kupanga madzi amadzi ochapira mawaya. Komabe, zigawo zamtundu uliwonse zimatengera zofunikira pakuwongolera molingana ndi chitetezo ndi mphamvu yakugwiritsa ntchito. Pafupifupi mawonekedwe amadzimadzi ochapira ma windshield ndi chizindikiro cha PCT molingana ndi muyezo wapakati (GOST):
- demineralized madzi: osachepera 30%;
- isopropanol: oposa 30%;
- Zowonjezera: mpaka 5%;
- stabilizer propylene glycol: 5%;
- chigawo chochotsa madzi dothi: 1%;
- wothandizira buffer: 1%;
- zokometsera: 5%;
- utoto: 5%.
Zofunikira pakuwongolera kwa kapangidwe
Chitsimikizo chazinthu zimatengera kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Choncho, makina ochapira ma windshield ayenera kulimbana bwino ndi kuipitsa m'nyengo yozizira, osati kupanga mizere, mawanga omwe amalepheretsa dalaivala kuona. Zomwe zili muzolembazo ziyenera kukhala zopanda chidwi ndi magalasi a fiberglass ndi zitsulo. Poizoni mankhwala zikuchokera odana ndi amaundana m`malo ndi zoipa analogues: methanol - isopropanol, chakupha ethylene glycol - ndale propylene glycol.
