Kapangidwe ndi cholinga cha kondomu dongosolo injini galimoto

Gawo lamakina la mota yagalimoto, kupatula mayunitsi okwera, nthawi zambiri limakhala lopanda ma fani. Mfundo yopaka mafuta othamanga awiriawiri amatengera kuwapatsa mafuta amadzimadzi pansi pa kukakamizidwa kapena kugwira ntchito pansi pa zomwe zimatchedwa nkhungu yamafuta, pamene madontho omwe amaimitsidwa mu mpweya wa crankcase amaperekedwa pamwamba.

Zida zopangira mafuta

Mafuta osungira amasungidwa mu crankcase ya injini, pomwe ayenera kukwezedwa ndikuperekedwa kumagulu onse opaka mafuta. Kwa izi, njira zotsatirazi ndi tsatanetsatane zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• pampu yamafuta yoyendetsedwa ndi crankshaft;
• unyolo, giya kapena mwachindunji mafuta pampu galimoto;
• Zosefera zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino zamafuta, posachedwa ntchito zawo zaphatikizidwa muzosefera zodzaza, ndipo mauna achitsulo amayikidwa panjira ya wolandila mafuta kuti atseke tinthu tating'onoting'ono;
• bypass ndi kuthamanga kuchepetsa mavavu omwe amawongolera kuthamanga kwa mpope;
• ngalande ndi mizere yoperekera mafuta ku ma friction pairs;
• mabowo owonjezera omwe amapanga mafuta m'malo ofunikira;
• zipsepse zoziziritsa za crankcase kapena zoziziritsa kusiyanitsa zamafuta mumainjini odzaza kwambiri.

Ma motors angapo amagwiritsanso ntchito mafuta ngati hydraulic fluid. Imawongolera ma valve clearance hydraulic compensators, mitundu yonse ya ma tensioners ndi owongolera. Ntchito ya mpope imakula molingana.

Mitundu ya machitidwe

Pakukulitsidwa, njira zonse zopangira zida zitha kugawidwa m'machitidwe okhala ndi sump youma komanso osamba mafuta. Kwa magalimoto wamba, ndikokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito kuyendetsa ngati poto yamafuta a injini. Mafuta omwe akwaniritsa ntchito zake amayenda pamenepo, amakhazikika pang'ono kenako amakweranso kudzera pa wolandila mafuta kulowanso pampu.

Koma dongosololi lili ndi zovuta zingapo. Galimoto si nthawi zonse momveka bwino lolunjika wachibale ndi vekitala yokoka, makamaka dynamics. Mafuta amatha kuwaza pamabampu, kuchoka papampu pomwe thupi limapendekeka kapena kuchulukitsitsa kumachitika panthawi yothamanga, mabuleki, kapena kutembenukira chakuthwa. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonekera kwa gridi ndi kugwidwa kwa mpweya wa crankcase ndi mpope, ndiko kuti, kuwulutsa kwa mizere. Mpweya uli ndi mphamvu, kotero kuthamanga kumakhala kosakhazikika, pakhoza kukhala zosokoneza zomwe zilipo, zomwe sizovomerezeka. Mabomba a ma shafts onse akuluakulu, makamaka ma turbines a injini zacharged, adzatentha kwambiri ndikugwa.

Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kukhazikitsa dry sump system. Siwouma m'lingaliro lenileni la mawuwo, mafuta okha omwe amafika kumeneko amatengedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi mapampu, omwe angakhale angapo, omasulidwa ku gasi ophatikizidwa, amasonkhanitsidwa mosiyana ndipo amapita mosasunthika kumayendedwe. Dongosolo loterolo ndizovuta kwambiri, zokwera mtengo, koma palibe njira ina yotulukira pamasewera kapena injini zokakamiza.

Njira zoperekera mafuta ku node

Pali kusiyana pakati pa feed pressure ndi splash lubrication. Payokha, sagwiritsidwa ntchito, kotero tikhoza kulankhula za njira yophatikizira.

Zigawo zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira kudzoza kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi crankshaft, camshaft ndi balancer shaft bearings, komanso kuyendetsa kwa zida zowonjezera, makamaka pampu yamafuta yokha. Miyendo imazungulira m'mabedi opangidwa ndi kunyowa kwa zinthu zamtundu wa injini, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kugundana kochepa komanso kusasunthika, zomangira zosinthika zopangidwa ndi antifriction zimakhala pakati pa shaft ndi bedi. Mafuta amapopedwa kudzera munjira kulowa mumipata ya gawo lolinganizidwa, lomwe limasunga mitsinje mumikhalidwe yakukangana kwamadzi.

Mipata pakati pa ma pistoni ndi masilinda amakongoletsedwa ndi kuwaza, nthawi zambiri kudzera m'milomo yosiyana, koma nthawi zina pobowola mu ndodo zolumikizira kapena ndi nkhungu yamafuta a crankcase. M'magawo omaliza, kuvala kudzakhala kwakukulu, scuffing ndizotheka.

Kutchulidwa kwapadera kuyenera kunenedwa za zokometsera za mayendedwe a turbine. Uwu ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa pamenepo kutsinde kumazungulira mwachangu kwambiri, kumayandama m'mafuta opopa. Apa, kutentha kumachotsedwa ku cartridge yotentha kwambiri chifukwa cha kufalikira kwamafuta ambiri. Kuchedwa pang'ono kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwanthawi yomweyo.

Kuchuluka kwa mafuta a injini

Kuzungulira kumayamba ndi kumwa kwamadzi kuchokera ku crankcase kapena kusonkhanitsa mafuta omwe amalowa pamenepo ndi mapampu amtundu wa "youma". Pamalo olowera mafuta, pali kuyeretsa koyamba kwa zinthu zazikulu zakunja zomwe zidafika kumeneko m'njira zosiyanasiyana chifukwa chakuphwanya ukadaulo wokonza, kuwonongeka kwa injini kapena kuvala kwamafuta opaka okha. Pakuchulukirachulukira kwa dothi lotere, kutsekeka kwa ma mesh owoneka bwino komanso njala yamafuta polowera pampope ndizotheka.

Kupanikizika sikuyendetsedwa ndi pampu yamafuta yokha, kotero imatha kupitilira mtengo wovomerezeka. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kupatuka kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe. Choncho, valavu yochepetsera kuthamanga imayikidwa mofanana ndi makina ake, omwe amataya mochulukira mu crankcase pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.

Kenako, madzi amalowa zonse otaya bwino fyuluta, kumene pores ndi micron kukula. Pali kusefera kokwanira kotero kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa zokopa kuti tisalowe m'mipata. Fyulutayo ikadzadzadzadza, pali ngozi ya kuphulika kwa nsalu yotchinga yake, kotero imakhala ndi valve yodutsa yomwe imayendetsa kuyenda mozungulira fyuluta. Izi ndizovuta, koma zimatsitsa pang'ono dothi lomwe lasonkhana mu fyuluta.

Kupyolera mu misewu yambirimbiri, zosefera zosefedwa zimalunjikitsidwa ku ma injini onse. Ndi chitetezo cha mipata yowerengedwera, kutsika kwapakati kumayendetsedwa, kukula kwawo kumapereka kugwedezeka koyenera kwa kuyenda. Njira yamafuta imathera ndi kutuluka kwake m'mbuyo mu crankcase, komwe imakhazikika pang'ono ndikukonzekanso kugwira ntchito. Nthawi zina amadutsa mu chozizira chamafuta, pomwe gawo la kutentha limatulutsidwa mumlengalenga, kapena kudzera mu chotenthetsera kutentha kulowa munjira yozizirira injini. Izi zimasunga kukhuthala kovomerezeka, komwe kumadalira kwambiri kutentha, komanso kumachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa okosijeni.

Mawonekedwe a mafuta a dizilo ndi injini zodzaza kwambiri

Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli muzinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa zamafuta. Pali zinthu zingapo zofunika zamalonda:

• mamasukidwe akayendedwe, makamaka kudalira kwake kutentha;
• kukhazikika pakusunga katundu, ndiko kuti, kukhazikika;
• detergent ndi dispersant katundu, kuthekera kulekanitsa zoipitsa zinthu ndi kuwasunga mwatsatanetsatane;
• acidity ndi kukana dzimbiri, makamaka mafuta akamakalamba;
• kukhalapo kwa zinthu zovulaza, makamaka sulfure;
• mkati kukangana zotayika, mphamvu yopulumutsa mphamvu.

Ma dizilo amafunikira kwambiri kukana kuipitsidwa.Kuthamanga kwamafuta olemera omwe ali ndi chiŵerengero cha kuponderezana kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti mwaye ndi sulfuric acid mu crankcase muchuluke. Zinthu zimakulitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa turbocharging mu injini iliyonse ya dizilo yokwera. Chifukwa chake malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito mafuta apadera, pomwe izi zimaganiziridwa mu phukusi lowonjezera. Kuphatikizanso kusinthidwa pafupipafupi monga kung'ambika ndi misozi sikungapeweke.

Mafutawa amakhala ndi maziko oyambira komanso phukusi lowonjezera. Ndi mwambo kuweruza ubwino wa malonda a malonda ndi maziko ake. Ikhoza kukhala mineral kapena synthetic. Ndi zosakaniza zosakanikirana, mafutawa amatchedwa semi-synthetic, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri ndi "madzi amchere" ophweka omwe ali ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera. Nthano ina ndi mwayi mtheradi wa synthetics. Ngakhale zimachokera kosiyana, zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa bajeti zimapangidwa kuchokera kumafuta omwewo ndi hydrocracking.

Kufunika kosunga mafuta oyenera m'dongosolo

Kwa machitidwe okhala ndi mafuta osambira mu crankcase, mulingo uyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa malire okhwima. Kuphatikizika kwa injini ndi zofunika pakugwiritsa ntchito mwachuma kwa zinthu zamtengo wapatali sizimalola kupanga ma pallets ochuluka. Ndipo kupitilira mulingowo kumadzaza ndi kukhudza ma crankshaft ndi galasi losambira lamafuta, zomwe zingayambitse kutulutsa thovu ndi kutaya katundu. Ngati mulingowo ndi wotsika kwambiri, ndiye kuti kuchulukitsitsa kwapambuyo kapena kuthamangitsa kwakutali kudzatsogolera kuwonekera kwa wolandila mafuta.

Ma motors amakono amakonda kudya mafuta, omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masiketi ofupikitsidwa a pistoni, mphete zowonda zopulumutsa mphamvu komanso kukhalapo kwa turbocharger. Chifukwa chake, amafunikira kuyang'aniridwa pafupipafupi ndi dipstick yamafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, masensa amasinthidwe amayikidwa.

Injini iliyonse ili ndi malire ogwiritsira ntchito mafuta, omwe amayezedwa mu malita kapena ma kilogalamu pa kilomita chikwi. Kuposa chizindikiro ichi kumatanthauza mavuto ndi kuvala kwa masilindala, mphete za pistoni kapena zosindikizira zamafuta amtundu wa valve. Utsi wodziwika kuchokera ku utsi wautsi umayamba, kuipitsidwa kwa otembenuza othandizira komanso kupanga mwaye m'zipinda zoyaka. Injini iyenera kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa. Kuwotcha mafuta ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za mkhalidwe wa injini.