Mphekesera zakufufuza zakuthambo ndizokokomeza kwambiri.

Pamene galimoto ya Russian Progress M-5M inaima bwinobwino pamalo otchedwa International Space Station (28) pa July 1, ndikupatsa ogwira ntchito zinthu zofunika kwambiri, omwe anali ndi nkhawa ndi tsogolo lake adatsika kugunda kwa mtima. Komabe, nkhawa yokhudzana ndi tsogolo la kufufuza malo idatsalira - zikuwoneka kuti tili ndi mavuto ndi maulendo oyendayenda "okhazikika" opita ku orbit.

1. Sitimayo "Progress" idakwera ku ISS

Panali katundu woposa matani atatu m'bwalo la Progress. Sitimayo inatenga, mwa zina, 3 kg ya propellant kusintha kanjira siteshoni, makilogalamu 520 madzi, 420 kg mpweya ndi mpweya, ndi zina 48 makilogalamu youma katundu, kuphatikizapo chakudya, zipangizo, mabatire, consumables (kuphatikizapo mankhwala). ) ndi zida zosinthira. Katunduyo adasangalatsa ogwira nawo ntchito, chifukwa zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa kugwa kwa roketi ya Falcon 1393 yokhala ndi capsule ya Dragon yodzaza ndi katundu (9) inali yachisoni.

Mautumiki amtunduwu akhala akuchitika kwa zaka zambiri. Pakadali pano, kuwonongeka kwa roketi yachinsinsi ya Falcon 9 komanso zovuta zam'mbuyomu ndi kapisozi waku Russia zidatanthawuza kuti nkhani yopereka Malo apadziko lonse lapansi (ISS) mwadzidzidzi idakhala yodabwitsa. Ntchito ya Progress idatchedwanso yovuta, chifukwa zolephera zingapo pamayendedwe operekera zida zidakakamiza oyenda mumlengalenga kuthawa.

Panalibe miyezi yoposa itatu kapena inayi m’bwalo la ISS sitima yapamadzi ya ku Russia isanafike. Kukachitika kulephera kwa mayendedwe aku Russia, mzinga wa H-16B udayenera kunyamuka ndi sitima yapamadzi yaku Japan HTV-2 pa Ogasiti 5, koma iyi inali ndege yomaliza posachedwa. Ndege zopita ku ISS sizikuyembekezeka kuyambiranso mu Disembala Kapisozi wa Swan.

2 Falcon 9 Kuwonongeka kwa Misisi

Pambuyo popereka bwino katundu ndi Kupita patsogolo kwa Russia - malinga ngati katunduyo anaperekedwa pa nthawi yake mu August ndi sitima ya ku Japan ya HTV-5 - kukhalapo kwa anthu pa siteshoni kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa kumapeto kwa chaka chino. Komabe, mafunso ovuta samatha. Kodi zidachitika bwanji ndiukadaulo wathu wamumlengalenga? Anthu, akuwulukira ku mwezi pafupifupi theka la zaka zapitazo, tsopano akutaya mphamvu yonyamula katundu wamba munjira?!

Musk: Sitikudziwa zomwe zinachitika

Mu Meyi 2015, a Russia adasiya kulumikizana ndi M-27M yowulukira ku ISS, yomwe idagwa pa Earth patatha masiku angapo. Pamenepa, mavuto anayamba pamwamba pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi. Zinali zosatheka kulamulira ngalawayo. Mwinamwake, chifukwa cha ngoziyi chinali kugundana ndi gawo lachitatu la rocket yake, ngakhale kuti Roscosmos sanaperekebe zambiri za zifukwazo. Zimadziwika, komabe, kuti preorbital inali yosakwanira, ndipo Kupititsa patsogolo, poyambitsa, kunayamba kuyendayenda popanda kuyambiranso, makamaka chifukwa cha kugunda ndi gawo lachitatu la rocket. Mfundo yotsirizirayi idzasonyezedwa ndi mtambo wa zinyalala, pafupifupi maelementi 40, pafupi ndi ngalawayo.

3. Kuwonongeka kwa roketi ku Antares mu Okutobala 2014.

Komabe, kulephera kwapang'onopang'ono pakupereka zinthu ku masiteshoni a ISS kudayamba kale, kumapeto kwa Okutobala 2014. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito ya CRS-3/OrB-3 ndi sitima yapamadzi Cygnus, injini zoyambira zidaphulika. Rockets Antares (3). Mpaka pano, chomwe chinayambitsa ngozi sichinadziwike.

Panthawi yomwe Progress M-27M yoyipa idathetsa moyo wake m'mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi mozungulira dziko lapansi koyambirira kwa Meyi, ntchito yopambana ya CRS-6 / SpX-6 yotsogozedwa ndi SpaceX inali kuchitika. pa siteshoni ya ISS. Kupereka katundu wofunika kwambiri ku siteshoni ya ISS mu June pa ntchito ina ya SpaceX, CRS-7/SpX-7, idawonedwa ngati yofunika kwambiri. SpaceX - Dragon - idawonedwa kale ngati "yodalirika" komanso yankho lodalirika, mosiyana ndi kudalirika kokayikitsa kwa zombo zaku Russia (zomwe kutenga nawo gawo muutumwi ku ISS kumakhala kocheperako komanso kochepera pazandale).

Choncho, zomwe zinachitika pa June 28, pamene roketi ya Dragon's Falcon 9 inaphulika mu mphindi yachitatu ya kuthawa, inali yopweteka kwa Achimereka ndi Kumadzulo, ndikuyika ambiri m'maganizo ogonja. Malingaliro oyambirira a pambuyo pa ngozi amasonyeza kuti izi zinayambika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa kuthamanga mu gawo lachiwiri LOX tank. Roketi iyi yamamita 63 idapangapo kale maulendo khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu opambana kuyambira pomwe idayamba mu 2010.

Elon Musk (4), SpaceX CEO, pokambirana ndi atolankhani masiku angapo ngozi itachitika, iye adavomereza kuti deta yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa ndi yovuta kutanthauzira ndipo chifukwa chake chikuwoneka chovuta: "Chilichonse chomwe chinachitika kumeneko, palibe chomwe chinali chowonekera komanso chophweka. (…) Palibe chiphunzitso chogwirizana chofotokozera zonse zomwe zachitika. ” Akatswiri akuyamba kufufuza kuti mwina zina mwazo siziri zoona: "Dziwani ngati deta iliyonse ili ndi zolakwika, kapena tikhoza kufotokoza momveka bwino."

Kugonjetsedwa motsutsana ndi maziko a ndale

Zingakhale bwino kwa SpaceX ndi pulogalamu yonse ya mlengalenga ya US ngati zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi zitapezeka mwamsanga. Makampani wamba ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro a NASA. Pofika chaka cha 2017, mayendedwe a anthu kupita ku International Space Station akuyenera kulandidwa ndi iwo, omwe ndi SpaceX ndi Boeing. Pafupifupi $ 7 biliyoni yamakontrakitala a NASA asintha ma shuttles omwe adachotsedwa mu 2011.

Kusankhidwa kwa SpaceX ndi Elon Musk, kampani yomwe yakhala ikupereka maroketi ndi zombo zonyamula katundu pamalopo kuyambira 2012, sizinadabwe. Mapangidwe ake a DragonX V2 (5) opangidwa ndi kapisozi, opangidwa kuti azikhalamo anthu asanu ndi awiri, ndi otchuka kwambiri. Mayesero ndi ndege yoyamba yoyendetsedwa ndi munthu idakonzedwa mpaka 2017. Koma zambiri za $ 6,8 biliyoni zidzapita ku Boeing (SpaceX ikuyembekezeka kulandira "okha" $ 2,6 biliyoni), yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi Amazon-found rocket company Blue Origin LLC. bwana Jeff Bezos. Boeing Development kapisozi - (CST) -100 - idzatenganso anthu asanu ndi awiri. Boeing atha kugwiritsa ntchito maroketi a Blue Origin's BE-3 kapena SpaceX's Falcons.

5. Manned capsule DragonX V2

Inde, pali mfundo zandale zamphamvu m'nkhani yonseyi, popeza Achimerika akufuna kudzimasula okha ku kudalira Kupita patsogolo kwa Russia ndi Soyuz mu maulendo a orbital logistics, ndiko kuti, popereka anthu ndi katundu ku ISS. Anthu a ku Russia nawonso akufuna kupitiriza kuchita zimenezi, osati chifukwa cha ndalama zokha. Komabe, iwo eniwo adalemba zolephera zingapo m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo kutayika kwaposachedwa kwa Progress M-27M sikulinso kulephera kochititsa chidwi kwambiri.

Chilimwe chatha, atangokhazikitsidwa ku Baikonur Cosmodrome, galimoto yaku Russia ya Proton-M (150) idagwa pafupifupi 6 km kuchokera padziko lapansi, ntchito yomwe inali kuyambitsa satellite ya Express-AM4R yolumikizirana munjira. Vutoli lidayamba patatha mphindi zisanu ndi zinayi zakuthawa pakukhazikitsa gawo lachitatu la rocket. Kutalika kwa dongosolo linagwa, ndipo zidutswa zake zinagwera ku Siberia, Far East ndi Pacific Ocean. Rocket "Proton-M" inalepheranso.

M'mbuyomu, mu July 2013, chitsanzo ichi chinagweranso, chifukwa chake anthu a ku Russia anataya ma satellites atatu oyendetsa maulendo okwana pafupifupi madola 200 miliyoni a US. Kenako Kazakhstan idakhazikitsa chiletso kwakanthawi kwa Proton-M m'gawo lake. Ngakhale kale, mu 2011, ntchito ya ku Russia inakhala yolephereka kwambiri. Kafukufuku Phobos-Mwachitsanzo pa umodzi mwa mwezi wa Mars.

6. Zidutswa zakugwa za roketi "Proton-M"

Bizinesi yam'mlengalenga yachinsinsi idavuta kwambiri

"Takulandirani ku kampu!" - izi ndi zomwe kampani yachinsinsi ya Orbital Sciences, onse a American NASA omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale ya masoka ndi zolephera, ndi mabungwe a zakuthambo aku Russia anganene. Kuphulika komwe kwatchulidwa kale kwa roketi ya Antares yokhala ndi kapisozi ya Cygnus yomwe idakwera inali chochitika choyamba chochititsa chidwi chokhudza bizinesi yapayekha (chachiwiri chinali nkhani ya Falcon 9 ndi Dragon mu June chaka chino). Malinga ndi zomwe zidawonekera pambuyo pake, roketiyo idaphulitsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito pomwe adazindikira kuti inali pachiwopsezo cha kulephera kwakukulu. Lingaliroli linali lochepetsa kuwononga komwe kungachitike padziko lapansi.

Ku Antares, palibe amene anamwalira ndipo palibe amene anavulazidwa. Roketiyo imayenera kutumiza chombo cha Cygnus ndi matani awiri azinthu ku International Space Station. NASA inanena kuti mwamsanga zomwe zimayambitsa chochitikachi zakhazikitsidwa, mgwirizano ndi Orbital Sciences udzapitirira. M'mbuyomu adasaina mgwirizano wa $ 1,9 biliyoni ndi NASA kuti apereke maulendo asanu ndi atatu a ISS, ndipo ntchito yotsatira idakonzedwa mu Disembala 2015.

Patangotha ​​​​masiku ochepa kuphulika kwa Antares, Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo (7) ndege yoyendera alendo idagwa. Malinga ndi chidziwitso choyamba, ngoziyi sinachitike chifukwa cha kulephera kwa injini, koma chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la aileron lomwe limayambitsa kutsika kwa dziko lapansi. Zinapangidwa nthawi isanakwane makinawo asanachedwe kupanga Mach 1,4. Komabe, ulendo uno mmodzi wa oyendetsa ndegewo anamwalira. Wachiwiri wovulalayo adapita naye kuchipatala.

Mtsogoleri wa Virgin Galactic, Richard Branson, adati kampani yake siisiya kugwira ntchito paulendo wapaulendo wapaulendo. Komabe, anthu omwe adagulapo kale matikiti adayamba kukana kusungitsa maulendo apandege otsika. Ena anapempha kuti abwezedwe.

Makampani apadera anali ndi mapulani akuluakulu. Roketi yake ya ISS isanaphulike, Space X inkafuna kuitengera pamlingo wina. Anayesa kubweza roketi yamtengo wapatali, yomwe, itatha kulowa munjira, imayenera kutera bwinobwino pamtunda wamtunda wotetezedwa ndi ma drive apadera. Palibe mwa zoyesayesa izi zomwe zidapambana, koma nthawi zonse, malinga ndi malipoti a boma, "zinali pafupi."

Tsopano malo oyambira "bizinesi" akukumana ndi zovuta zenizeni zakuyenda mumlengalenga. Zolepheretsa zobwera pambuyo pake zitha kubweretsa mafunso omwe adafunsidwa "chachetechete" ngati ndizotheka kuyenda mumlengalenga motsika mtengo monga momwe amaonera Musk kapena Branson amaganizira kuti akupita patsogolo.

Pakadali pano, makampani apadera akuwerengera zotayika zakuthupi zokha. Kupatulapo chimodzi, sadziwa zowawa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi imfa ya anthu ambiri mu ndege zamlengalenga, zomwe zimakumana ndi mabungwe a boma monga NASA kapena Russian (Soviet) malo ofufuza malo. Ndipo mulole iwo asamudziwe konse iye.