Moyo wotsekemera wa chemist

Kukoma kumakhala ndi tanthauzo labwino. Kukoma kwa makhalidwe kumakopa anthu. Ana ang'onoang'ono ndi nyama "zokongola". Kupambana kumakoma, ndipo aliyense amafuna moyo wokoma - ngakhale tiyenera kusamala pamene wina "amatitsekemera" kwambiri. Panthawiyi, kupangidwa kwa maswiti ndi shuga wamba.

Asayansi sakanakhala okha ngati sanayang'ane lingaliro losamvetsetseka ili. Iwo anabwera nazo mu mawonekedwe a kachulukidwe kapena voliyumu kukomazomwe zimalongosola muyeso wa kukoma. Chofunika koposa, kuyeza kukoma ndikovomerezeka ngakhale m'ma labotale apanyumba.

Kodi kuyeza kukoma?

Palibe (panobe?) mita yokoma. Chifukwa chake ndizovuta kwambiri zamphamvu zamagetsi zoyambira: kulawa komanso kununkhira kogwirizana. Pankhani ya ang'onoang'ono kwambiri m'zigawo zachisinthiko zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zakuthupi (kuona, kumva, kukhudza), zida zofanana zinamangidwa - zinthu zowonongeka, maikolofoni, masensa okhudza. Pankhani ya kukoma, pali zowunika zochokera kumalingaliro omvera a oyankha, ndipo malirime a anthu ndi mphuno ndizo zida zoyezera.

10% yankho la shuga la chakudya, i.e. sucrose. Pachiŵerengero ichi, mtengo wokhazikika ndi 100 (m'malo ena ndi 1). Amatchedwa kukoma kwachibale, chosonyezedwa ndi chidule cha RS (Chingerezi). Muyesowu umakhala ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa yankho la chinthu choyezera kuti chithunzithunzi cha kutsekemera chomwe chimapanga chifanane ndi chomwe chikuwonetsa. Mwachitsanzo: ngati yankho la 5% lili ndi kukoma kofanana ndi yankho la 10% sucrose, chinthu choyezera chimakhala chotsekemera pa 200.

Sucrose ndiye chizindikiro cha kukoma.

Yakwana nthawi kuyeza kukoma.

Inu mukuzifuna izo kulemera. Mu labotale yakunyumba, thumba lachikwama lotsika mtengo ndilokwanira ma zloty khumi ndi awiri, okhala ndi mphamvu zokwana magalamu 200 ndikulemera kwake kwa 0,1 g (zidzathandiza pakuyesa kwina).

Tsopano kutsimikiziridwa mankhwala. Kubweza shuga wokhazikika wa tebulo. Gulukosi imapezeka ku golosale, imapezekanso komweko xylitol monga choloweza mmalo shuga. [glucose_xylitol] Pangani yang'anani pa shelufu yazakudya za odwala matenda ashuga pomwe lactose amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira moŵa m'nyumba.

Timakonzekera mayankho okhala ndi zoyikapo kuyambira 5 mpaka 25% ndikuzilemba m'njira yodziwika (yankho la chinthu chilichonse m'magulu angapo). Kumbukirani kuti izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimayenera kudyedwa, choncho onetsetsani kuti mukuyang'anitsitsa. malamulo aukhondo.

Yang'anani oyesera pakati pa abale anu ndi anzanu. Mayesero okoma amachitidwa pansi pamikhalidwe yofanana ndi kulawa kununkhira kwa vinyo ndi khofi, lilime lokha limanyowetsedwa ndi njira zochepa (popanda kumeza) ndipo m'kamwa mumatsukidwa bwino ndi madzi oyera musanalawe. yankho lotsatira.

Osati nthawi zonse shuga wokoma

Shuga	RS
fructose	180
shuga	75
mannose	30
galactose	32
sucrose	100
lactose	25
nseru	30

Zosakaniza zoyesedwa zinali ndi shuga (kupatula xylitol). MU desiki ali ndi mfundo zofananira za RS. Shuga wosavuta (shuga, fructose, mannose, galactose) nthawi zambiri amakhala okoma kuposa ma disaccharides (sucrose ndi shuga wotsekemera wokhawokha wokoma kwambiri). Shuga wokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono (wowuma, cellulose) sizotsekemera konse. Kuti mumve kukoma, ndikofunikira kuti molekyulu ndi cholandilira kukoma zigwirizane. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kukula kwa molekyulu, yomwe imafotokoza kutsekemera kwakukulu kwa shuga wokhala ndi mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono. Kutsekemera kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa shuga mwa iwo - mwachitsanzo, uchi (pafupifupi 100 rupees) uli ndi fructose yambiri.

Chisinthiko chomwe chimachititsa kuti shuga adziwike kuti ndi wokoma (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azidya zakudya zomwe zili ndi iwo) ndizomwe zimakhala zosavuta komanso zopatsa mphamvu zama calorie ambiri. Kotero iwo ndi magwero abwino a mphamvu, "mafuta" a maselo a thupi lathu. Komabe, kusintha kwa thupi komwe kunali kofunikira kuti apulumuke m'nthawi ya anthu asanakhale munthu m'nthawi yopeza chakudya mosavuta kumabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa zambiri paumoyo.

Sikuti shuga ndi wotsekemera

Amakomanso kukoma zosakaniza zopanda shuga. Xylitol yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale poyesa kudziwa kutsekemera kwa zinthu. Ndiwochokera kumtundu wina wa shuga wocheperako ndipo RS yake ndi yofanana ndi sucrose. Ndiwotsekemera wovomerezeka (code E967) ndipo umagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuwongolera kukoma kwa mankhwala otsukira mano ndi kutafuna chingamu. Mankhwala ogwirizana ali ndi ntchito zofanana: mannitol E421 i sorbitol E420.

Mtundu wa mamolekyulu a shuga wina: shuga (pamwamba kumanzere), fructose (kumanja), sucrose (pansi).

Glycerin (E422, zotsekemera zoledzeretsa komanso kusunga chinyezi) ndi amino acid glycine (E640, flavor enhancer) ndi zinthu zotsekemera zotsekemera. Mayina amitundu yonse (komanso glucose ndi ena) amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lotanthauza "wotsekemera". Glycerin ndi glycine angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa kutsekemera (malinga ngati ali oyera, opezeka, mwachitsanzo, ku pharmacy). Koma tisayese kukoma kwa mankhwala ena aliwonse!

Mapuloteni otengedwa ku zomera zina zachilendo amakhalanso otsekemera. Ku Ulaya amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Thaumatin E957. RS yake ndi pafupifupi 3k. nthawi zambiri kuposa sucrose. Pali maubwenzi osangalatsa zozizwitsaNgakhale sichimakoma pachokha, imatha kusinthiratu momwe zolandilira lilime zimagwirira ntchito. Ngakhale madzi a mandimu amakoma kwambiri atamwa!

Zina za shuga steviosides, kutanthauza kuti, zinthu zotengedwa ku zomera za ku South America. Zinthu izi zimakhala zotsekemera nthawi 100-150 kuposa sucrose. Steviosides avomerezedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera chazakudya pansi pa code E960. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekemera zakumwa, jamu, kutafuna chingamu, komanso monga zotsekemera m'maswiti olimba. Amatha kudyedwa ndi odwala matenda ashuga.

Pazinthu zodziwika bwino za inorganic, zimakhala ndi kukoma kokoma. solnce beryl (poyambirira chinthu ichi chimatchedwa glucin ndipo chinali ndi chizindikiro cha Gl) ndi Zitsogozo. Ndiwowopsa kwambiri - makamaka lead (II) acetate Pb (CH₃Chief operational officer)₂, otchedwa kale shuga wopangidwa ndi alchemists. Palibe vuto tisayesere ubalewu!

Kutsekemera kochokera ku labu

Chakudya chikuchulukirachulukira ndi maswiti osati kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, koma molunjika kuchokera ku chemistry lab. ndizodziwikadi zotsekemeraRS yomwe ili makumi komanso nthawi zambiri kuposa ya sucrose. Chotsatira chake, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuchokera pa mlingo wocheperako kuyenera kuthetsedwa. Zinthu zikapanda kutenthedwa m'thupi, zimakhala ndi "0 calories". Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

• saccharin E954 - zotsekemera zakale kwambiri (zopezeka mu 1879);
• sodium cyclamate E952;
• aspartame E951 - imodzi mwazotsekemera zotchuka kwambiri. M'thupi, mankhwalawa amawonongeka kukhala ma amino acid (aspartic acid ndi phenylalanine) ndi mowa methanol, chifukwa chake zakudya zotsekemera ndi aspartame zimakhala ndi chenjezo pamapaketi a anthu omwe ali ndi phenylketonuria (matenda a chibadwa a phenylalanine metabolism). Madandaulo ambiri okhudza aspartame ndi kutulutsidwa kwa methanol, yomwe ndi mankhwala oopsa. Komabe, mlingo wamba wa aspartame (ukamamwa osaposa gilamu imodzi patsiku) umatulutsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi okha a gramu ya methanol, yomwe siili yokhudzana ndi thupi (zambiri zimapangidwa ndi kagayidwe kachilengedwe);
• Acesulfame K E950;
• sucralose E955 - chochokera ku sucrose, momwe maatomu a klorini amayambitsidwa. "Nzeru" yamankhwala imeneyi idalepheretsa thupi kuti lisagwiritse ntchito.

Kuipa kwa zotsekemera zina ndizomwe zimawonongeka panthawi yokonza chakudya (mwachitsanzo, kuphika). Pachifukwa ichi, ndizoyenera kutsekemera zakudya zokonzedwa bwino zomwe sizidzatentha.

Ngakhale kukopa kwa zotsekemera (kutsekemera popanda zopatsa mphamvu!), Zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsutsana. Ma receptors okoma amwazikana m'ziwalo zambiri zathupi lathu, kuphatikiza matumbo. Zotsekemera zimalimbikitsa zolandilira m'matumbo kutumiza chizindikiro "chatsopano". Thupi limauza kapamba kuti apange insulini, yomwe imathandiza kusuntha shuga kuchokera m'magazi kupita ku maselo. Komabe, zotsekemera zikagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa shuga, palibe chomwe chingalowe m'malo mwa shuga wotuluka m'matumbo, ndende yake imachepa ndipo ubongo umatumiza zizindikiro za njala. Ngakhale kuti amadya chakudya chokwanira, thupi silimakhutabe, ngakhale kuti zinthu zopanda shuga zili ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, zotsekemera zimalepheretsa thupi kuyerekeza moyenera ma calorie a chakudya, zomwe zimapangitsa kumva njala komwe kumalimbikitsa kudya kwambiri.

Physiology ndi psychology ya kukoma

Nthawi yowonera zina.

Timayika kristalo wamkulu wa shuga (shuga wa ayezi) pa lilime ndikuyamwa pang'onopang'ono. Muzimutsuka mkamwa mwako ndi madzi ndiyeno fumbi lilime lanu ndi uzitsine wa shuga wothira (kapena shuga wokhazikika wosalala). Tiyeni tifanizire malingaliro azinthu zonsezi. Shuga wabwino wa crystalline amawoneka wotsekemera kuposa shuga wa ayezi. Chifukwa chake ndi kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka kwa sucrose, komwe kumadalira pamwamba pa makhiristo (ndipo izi, zonse, ndizochepa pang'ono kusiyana ndi chidutswa chimodzi chachikulu cholemera chomwecho). Kusungunuka kwachangu kumapangitsa kuti lirime likhale lotseguka mwachangu komanso kuti limve kukoma kwambiri.

wokoma kwambiri

Chotsekemera chodziwika bwino ndi mankhwala otchedwa Lugduname, yopezedwa ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala achifalansa ochokera ku Lyon (m’Chilatini). RS ya chinthucho ikuyerekeza 30.000.000 300 20 (ndiko kutsekemera ka XNUMX kuposa sucrose)! Pali zolumikizana zingapo zofananira ndi Rs XNUMX miliyoni.

M’mabuku akale a biology munali mapu a kukhudzika kwa lilime pa zokonda za munthu aliyense. Malingana ndi iye, mapeto a chiwalo chathu chokoma ayenera kuti anali omvera maswiti. Moisten ndodo yaukhondo ndi yankho la shuga ndikukhudza lilime m'malo osiyanasiyana: kumapeto, m'munsi, pakati ndi m'mbali. Mwachidziwikire, sipadzakhala kusiyana kwakukulu momwe madera osiyanasiyana amachitira ndi kukoma. Kugawa kwa zolandilira pazokonda zoyambira kumakhala kofanana m'lilime lonse, ndipo kusiyana kwa kukhudzika kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.

Pomaliza, chinachake kuchokera psychology ya kukoma. Timakonzekera mayankho a shuga amtundu womwewo, koma aliyense wamitundu yosiyana: ofiira, achikasu ndi obiriwira (timapanga utoto, ndithudi, ndi mitundu yazakudya). Timayesa kutsekemera kwa omwe timawadziwa omwe sakudziwa momwe mayankho ake adapangidwira. Adzapeza kuti njira zofiira ndi zachikasu ndizotsekemera kuposa zobiriwira. Chotsatira cha mayeserowa chimakhalanso chotsalira cha kusinthika kwaumunthu - zipatso zofiira ndi zachikasu zapsa ndipo zimakhala ndi shuga wambiri, mosiyana ndi zipatso zobiriwira zosapsa.