Copy and paste - sitepe imodzi yopita ku mapangidwe aumunthu

M'zaka za m'ma 30, Aldous Huxley, m'buku lake lodziwika bwino la Brave New World, adalongosola zomwe zimatchedwa kuti chibadwa cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'tsogolomu - anthu enieni, malinga ndi chinsinsi cha majini, adzapatsidwa ntchito zina zamagulu.

Huxley analemba za "degumming" ya ana omwe ali ndi makhalidwe omwe amafunidwa m'mawonekedwe ndi khalidwe, poganizira zamasiku obadwa okha komanso zomwe adazolowera moyo m'gulu labwino.

“Kupanga anthu kukhala abwinoko kuyenera kukhala bizinesi yaikulu kwambiri m’zaka za zana la XNUMX,” iye akulosera motero. Yuval Kharary, wolemba buku lofalitsidwa posachedwapa Homo Deus. Monga wolemba mbiri waku Israeli, ziwalo zathu zimagwirabe ntchito mofananamo 200 XNUMX iliyonse. zaka zambiri zapitazo. Komabe, akuwonjezera kuti munthu wolimba amatha kuwononga ndalama zambiri, zomwe zingabweretse kusiyana pakati pa anthu pamlingo wina watsopano. Harari analemba kuti: “Kwa nthawi yoyamba m’mbiri ya anthu, kusalingana kwachuma kungatanthauzenso kusagwirizana kwachilengedwe.

Maloto akale a olemba zopeka za sayansi ndikupanga njira yofulumira komanso yolunjika "kukweza" chidziwitso ndi luso muubongo. Zikuoneka kuti DARPA yakhazikitsa ntchito yofufuza yomwe ikufuna kuchita zomwezo. Pulogalamuyi idayitanira Maphunziro Okhazikika a Neuroplasticity (TNT) ikufuna kufulumizitsa njira yopezera chidziwitso chatsopano ndi malingaliro pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zimapezerapo mwayi pa synaptic plasticity. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti mwa ma neurostimulating synapses, amatha kusinthidwa kukhala njira yokhazikika komanso yadongosolo kuti apange kulumikizana komwe kuli kofunikira pa sayansi.

Kuyimira chitsanzo cha maphunziro omwe akuyembekezeredwa a neuroplastic

CRISPR ngati MS Word

Ngakhale kuti pakali pano izi zikuwoneka ngati zosadalirika kwa ife, pali malipoti ochokera ku dziko la sayansi kuti mapeto a imfa ali pafupi. Ngakhale zotupa. Immunotherapy, popanga maselo a chitetezo chamthupi cha wodwalayo ndi mamolekyu "ofanana" ndi khansa, yakhala yopambana kwambiri. Pa kafukufuku, mu 94% (!) odwala pachimake lymphoblastic khansa ya m'magazi, zizindikiro mbisoweka. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a chotupa m'magazi, izi ndi 80%.

Ndipo ichi ndi chiyambi chabe, chifukwa ichi ndi kugunda kwenikweni kwa miyezi yaposachedwa. Njira yosinthira jini ya CRISPR. Izi zokha zimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa ma gene kukhale chinthu chomwe ena amafanizira ndikusintha zolemba mu MS Word - ntchito yabwino komanso yosavuta.

CRISPR imayimira liwu lachingerezi ("kuphatikiza kubwereza kwakanthawi kosokoneza palindromic"). Njirayi imakhala ndikusintha kachidindo ka DNA (kudula zidutswa zosweka, kuzisintha ndi zatsopano, kapena kuwonjezera zidutswa za DNA code, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma processor a mawu) kuti abwezeretse maselo omwe akhudzidwa ndi khansa, komanso kuwononga kwathunthu khansa, kuthetsa kuchokera ku maselo. CRISPR akuti imatsanzira chilengedwe, makamaka njira yomwe mabakiteriya amagwiritsa ntchito kuti adziteteze ku ma virus. Komabe, mosiyana ndi ma GMO, kusintha kwa majini sikubweretsa majini amitundu ina.

Mbiri ya njira ya CRISPR imayamba mu 1987. Gulu la ofufuza a ku Japan ndiye linapeza zidutswa zingapo zomwe sizinali zodziwika bwino mu genome ya bakiteriya. Anali m’machitidwe asanu otsatizana ofanana, olekanitsidwa ndi zigawo zosiyana kotheratu. Asayansi sanamvetse izi. Mlanduwu udangolandira chidwi chochulukirapo pomwe ma DNA amatsatizana adapezeka mumitundu ina ya mabakiteriya. Choncho, m’maselo ankayenera kutumikira chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Mu 2002 Ruud Jansen kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Utrecht ku Netherlands adaganiza zotcha zotsatirazi CRISPR. Gulu la Jansen lidapezanso kuti zotsatizanazi nthawi zonse zimatsatiridwa ndi jini yolemba enzyme yotchedwa. Cas9zomwe zimatha kudula chingwe cha DNA.

Patapita zaka zingapo, asayansi anazindikira kuti ntchito ya ndandanda imeneyi ndi chiyani. Kachilombo kakalimbana ndi bakiteriya, enzyme ya Cas9 imagwira DNA yake, kuidula, ndikuiyika pakati pa mindandanda yofananira ya CRISPR mu genome ya bakiteriya. Template iyi idzathandiza pamene mabakiteriya agwidwanso ndi mtundu womwewo wa kachilombo. Ndiye mabakiteriya adzazindikira nthawi yomweyo ndikuwononga. Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wazaka zambiri, asayansi apeza kuti CRISPR, kuphatikiza ndi enzyme ya Cas9, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusokoneza DNA mu labotale. Magulu ofufuza Jennifer Doudna kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Berkeley ku USA ndi Emmanuelle Charpentier kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Umeå ku Sweden adalengeza mu 2012 kuti dongosolo la bakiteriya, likasinthidwa, limalola kukonza chidutswa chilichonse cha DNA: mukhoza kudula majini, kuika majini atsopano, kuyatsa kapena kuzimitsa.

Njira yokhayo, yotchedwa CRISPR-case.9, imagwira ntchito pozindikira DNA yakunja kudzera mRNA, yomwe ili ndi udindo wonyamula chidziwitso cha majini. Mndandanda wonse wa CRISPR umagawidwa kukhala zidutswa zazifupi (crRNA) zomwe zimakhala ndi kachilombo ka DNA fragment ndi ndondomeko ya CRISPR. Malingana ndi chidziwitso ichi chomwe chili mu ndondomeko ya CRISPR, tracrRNA imapangidwa, yomwe imamangiriridwa ku crRNA yopangidwa pamodzi ndi gRNA, yomwe ndi mbiri yeniyeni ya kachilomboka, siginecha yake imakumbukiridwa ndi selo ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi kachilomboka.

Kukachitika matenda, gRNA, yomwe ndi chitsanzo cha kachilombo koyambitsa matendawa, imamanga ku enzyme ya Cas9 ndikudula wowukirayo mzidutswa, kuwapanga kukhala osavulaza konse. Zidutswazo zimawonjezedwa pamndandanda wa CRISPR, nkhokwe yapadera yowopseza. M'kupita patsogolo kwa njirayo, zidapezeka kuti munthu amatha kupanga gRNA, yomwe imakulolani kusokoneza majini, kuwasintha kapena kudula zidutswa zoopsa.

Chaka chatha, akatswiri a oncologists pa yunivesite ya Sichuan ku Chengdu anayamba kuyesa njira yosinthira majini pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya CRISPR-Cas9. Aka kanali koyamba kuti njira yosinthira iyi iyesedwe kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi khansa. Wodwala yemwe anali ndi khansa ya m'mapapo yoopsa analandira maselo okhala ndi majini osinthidwa kuti amuthandize kulimbana ndi matendawa. Anatenga maselo kwa iye, kuwadula kuti apange jini yomwe ingafooketse zochita za maselo ake omwe motsutsana ndi khansa, ndi kuwalowetsanso m'thupi mwa wodwalayo. Maselo osinthidwa otere ayenera kulimbana ndi khansa.

Njirayi, kuphatikizapo yotsika mtengo komanso yophweka, ili ndi ubwino wina waukulu: maselo osinthidwa akhoza kuyesedwa bwino asanayambe kuyambiranso. amasinthidwa kunja kwa wodwalayo. Amatenga magazi kuchokera kwa iye, amachita zosintha zoyenera, sankhani maselo oyenera ndikubaya jekeseni. Chitetezo nchokwera kwambiri kuposa ngati tidyetsa maselo oterowo mwachindunji ndikudikirira kuti tiwone zomwe zikuchitika.

i.e. mwana wopangidwa mwachibadwa

Kodi tingasinthire chiyani Genetic Engineering? Zimakhala zambiri. Pali malipoti okhudza njira imeneyi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha DNA ya zomera, njuchi, nkhumba, agalu, ngakhalenso miluza ya anthu. Tili ndi zambiri za mbewu zomwe zingadziteteze ku matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi, zamasamba zomwe zimakhala zatsopano kwanthawi yayitali, kapena za nyama zaulimi zomwe zimatetezedwa ku ma virus oopsa. CRISPR yathandizanso kuti ntchito yosintha udzudzu womwe umafalitsa malungo uchitike. Mothandizidwa ndi CRISPR, zinali zotheka kuyambitsa jini yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu DNA ya tizilombo. Ndipo m’njira yoti mbumba yawo yonse ikhale yolowa m’menemo, popanda kupatula.

Komabe, kumasuka kwa kusintha manambala a DNA kumadzutsa zovuta zambiri zamakhalidwe. Ngakhale kuti palibe kukayikira kuti njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza odwala khansa, imakhala yosiyana kwambiri tikaganizira kuigwiritsa ntchito pochiza kunenepa kwambiri kapena vuto la tsitsi la blonde. Poika malire a kusokoneza majini a anthu? Kusintha jini ya wodwalayo kungakhale kovomerezeka, koma kusintha jini m'miluza kudzaperekedwanso ku mbadwo wotsatira, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zabwino, komanso kuvulaza anthu.

Mu 2014, wofufuza waku America adalengeza kuti adasintha ma virus kuti abayire zinthu za CRISPR mu mbewa. Kumeneko, DNA inalengedwa inatsegulidwa, kuchititsa kusintha komwe kunayambitsa kufanana kwaumunthu ndi khansa ya m'mapapo ... Mofananamo, munthu amatha kupanga DNA yachilengedwe yomwe imayambitsa khansa mwa anthu. Mu 2015, ofufuza aku China adanenanso kuti adagwiritsa ntchito CRISPR kusintha majini m'miluza ya anthu yomwe masinthidwe ake amatsogolera ku matenda obadwa nawo otchedwa thalassemia. Chithandizo chakhala chotsutsana. Magazini awiri ofunika kwambiri a sayansi padziko lonse, Nature ndi Science, anakana kufalitsa ntchito za anthu a ku China. Pomaliza adawonekera mu Protein & Cell magazine. Mwa njira, pali zambiri zoti magulu ena ofufuza anayi ku China akugwiranso ntchito yosintha ma genetic a miluza ya anthu. Zotsatira zoyamba za maphunzirowa zimadziwika kale - asayansi ayika mu DNA ya mwana wosabadwayo jini yomwe imapereka chitetezo ku HIV.

Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kubadwa kwa mwana yemwe ali ndi majini osinthidwa mwachisawawa ndi nkhani ya nthawi.