Makina ojambulira dizilo. Kupanga, ubwino ndi kuipa
Mosiyana ndi injini za petulo, injini za dizilo zinali ndi jekeseni wamafuta kuyambira pachiyambi. Ma jakisoni okhawo, zopangira ndi kukakamiza kwamafuta operekedwa ku masilindala adasintha.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya injini ya dizilo, yomwe imadziwika kuti injini ya dizilo, ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndi injini yamafuta. M'magalimoto amafuta, kusakaniza kwa mpweya wamafuta kumalowa m'chipinda choyaka moto pamwamba pa pistoni. Pambuyo pa kupanikizana, kusakaniza kumayaka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi pamagetsi a spark plug. Ichi ndichifukwa chake injini zamafuta zimatchedwanso injini za spark ignition (SI).
Mu injini za dizilo pisitoni mu chipinda choyaka moto compresses yekha mpweya, amene, mchikakamizo cha kupsyinjika kwakukulu (osachepera 40 mipiringidzo - choncho dzina "high pressure") ndi mkangano kutentha kwa 600-800 ° C. Jekeseni wamafuta mumpweya wotentha wotere umapangitsa kuti mafutawo aziwotcha nthawi yomweyo muchipinda choyaka. Pachifukwa ichi, dizilo powertrains amatchedwanso kuti compression poyatsira (CI) injini. Kuyambira pachiyambi, iwo amaperekedwa ndi jekeseni mafuta mu chipinda choyaka moto, osati mu manifold intake, amene amapereka mpweya kwa injini. Kutengera ngati chipinda choyaka moto chidagawanika kapena ayi, injini za dizilo zidagawidwa m'magawo amphamvu ndi jekeseni wosalunjika kapena wolunjika.
Jekeseni wosalunjika
Dizilo, ngakhale idayamba ndi jakisoni wachindunji, sinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwanthawi yayitali. Yankholi lidadzetsa mavuto ambiri ndipo m'makampani amagalimoto adasinthidwa ndi jakisoni wosalunjika wovomerezeka mu 1909. Jekeseni wachindunji adakhalabe m'mainjini akulu osasunthika komanso apamadzi, komanso m'magalimoto ena. Okonza magalimoto onyamula anthu ankakonda ma dizilo a jakisoni wosalunjika, woyenda bwino komanso wopanda phokoso.
Mawu akuti "osalunjika" mu injini za dizilo amatanthauza chinthu chosiyana kwambiri ndi injini zamafuta, pomwe jekeseni wosalunjika ndi jekeseni wamafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya muzobweza zambiri. Mu injini za dizilo zosalunjika, monga momwe zimapangidwira mwachindunji, mafuta opangidwa ndi jekeseni amalowanso m'chipinda choyaka. Ndizoti zimagawidwa m'magawo awiri - gawo lothandizira, momwe mafuta amabadwira, ndipo gawo lalikulu, i.e. danga molunjika pamwamba pa pisitoni momwe njira yayikulu yowotcha mafuta imachitika. Zipindazo zimalumikizidwa ndi njira kapena njira. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe ndi ntchito, zipindazo zimagawidwa kukhala zoyambira, vortex ndi zosungira mpweya.
Zomalizazi sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito, chifukwa kupanga kwawo kwatha. Pankhani ya prechambers ndi swirl chambers, nozzle imayikidwa pafupi ndi chipinda chothandizira ndikulowetsamo mafuta. Kumeneko, kuyatsa kumachitika, ndiye mafuta oyaka pang'ono amalowa m'chipinda chachikulu ndikuyaka kunja uko. Madizilo okhala ndi prechamber kapena swirl chamber amayenda bwino ndipo amatha kukhala ndi makina opepuka opepuka. Sazindikira mtundu wamafuta ndipo amatha kukhala ndi ma nozzles osavuta. Komabe, sizothandiza kwambiri kuposa ma dizilo ojambulira mwachindunji, zimadya mafuta ambiri, ndipo zimakhala ndi vuto loyambitsa injini yozizira. Masiku ano, injini za dizilo zosalunjika m'magalimoto onyamula anthu ndi zakale ndipo sizimapangidwanso. Sapezeka kawirikawiri m'magalimoto amakono pamsika lero. Iwo angapezeke mu mapangidwe monga Indian Hindustan ndi Tata, Russian UAZ, m'badwo wakale Mitsubishi Pajero anagulitsa mu Brazil, kapena Volkswagen Polo anapereka ku Argentina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukirachulukira m'magalimoto am'mbuyo.
Jekeseni mwachindunji
Zonse zinayamba ndi iye. Komabe, ubwino wa jekeseni wolunjika sunagwiritsidwe ntchito poyamba. Kufunika kwa kugwedezeka koyenera kwa mafuta sikunadziwike ndipo kuyaka kwake sikunali koyenera. Mafuta apezeka, zomwe zinathandizira kupanga mwaye. Njira za pisitoni zinapita mofulumira kwambiri, injini zinagwira ntchito mwakhama, kuwononga mwamsanga kunyamula crankshaft. Pachifukwa ichi, jekeseni wachindunji adasiyidwa, ndikusankha jekeseni wosalunjika.
Kubwerera ku mizu, koma mu Baibulo lamakono, kunachitika kokha mu 1987, pamene Fiat Croma 1.9 TD analowa kupanga misa. Jekeseni wamafuta wamba amafunikira zida zojambulira bwino, kuthamanga kwambiri kwa jakisoni, mafuta abwino kwambiri, komanso cholumikizira champhamvu kwambiri (chotero cholemera). Komabe, imapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso kuyambitsa kosavuta kwa injini yozizira. Njira zamakono zamainjini a dizilo okhala ndi jakisoni wachindunji zimakhazikitsidwa makamaka pamitu yathyathyathya ndi ma pistoni okhala ndi zipinda zowoneka bwino (zobowo). Zipinda ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azigwedezeka bwino. Jakisoni wachindunji amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano m'mainjini a dizilo amagalimoto onyamula anthu.
Jekeseni Wachindunji - Majekeseni a Pampu
Mu injini za dizilo zachikhalidwe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapampu imayang'anira kupereka mafuta. M'nthawi ya upainiya, jekeseni wamafuta unkachitika ndi mpweya woponderezedwa; m'ma 20, izi zidachitika ndi mapampu amafuta okonzedwanso. M'zaka za m'ma 300, mapampu apadera opangira injini za dizilo anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Poyamba, idakhazikitsidwa pamapampu a serial omwe amapanga kutsika kochepa (mpaka 60 bar). Sizinafike mpaka zaka za m'ma 1000 pomwe mapampu ogwira mtima kwambiri okhala ndi axial distributor (pa bar 80) adawonekera. M'zaka zapakati pa makumi asanu ndi awiri adalandira jekeseni wamakina, ndipo chapakati pa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu adalandira mphamvu zamagetsi (BMW 524td, 1986).
Majekeseni opopera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto omwe kale anali m'zaka za m'ma 30 anali njira yosiyana kwambiri ya jekeseni wamafuta, ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto ndi Volkswagen nkhawa, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1998 (Passat B5 1.9 TDI). Mwachidule, jekeseni wa pampu ndi jekeseni yokhala ndi pampu yake, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi camshaft. Choncho, njira yonse yoponderezedwa ndi jekeseni mu silinda imangokhala pamutu wa silinda. Dongosololi ndi lophatikizana kwambiri, palibe mizere yamafuta yomwe imalumikiza pampu ndi ma injectors. Choncho, palibe nozzle pulsation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulamulira mlingo wa mafuta ndi kutayikira. Popeza mafuta amaphwera pang'ono m'chipinda chojambulira, nthawi ya jakisoni imatha kukhala yaying'ono (kuyambira kosavuta). Chofunika kwambiri, komabe, ndi kuthamanga kwambiri kwa jekeseni wa 2000-2200 bar. Mlingo wamafuta mu silinda umasakanikirana mwachangu ndi mpweya ndikuwotcha bwino kwambiri.
Kawirikawiri, dizilo yokhala ndi ma jekeseni a unit imadziwika ndi mphamvu zambiri, mafuta ochepa, kuthamanga kwambiri komanso mwayi wopeza mphamvu zambiri. Koma kupanga injini ya jekeseni ndi yokwera mtengo, makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta za mutu wa silinda. Ntchito yake ndi yolimba komanso yaphokoso. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma jekeseni a unit, palinso mavuto ndi poizoni wa utsi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti VW asiye yankho ili.
Jekeseni Wachindunji - Common Rail
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa jekeseni wa Common Rail ndi "Common Rail", mtundu wa thanki, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "pressurized fuel accumulator", momwe pampu imapopera mafuta a dizilo. Imalowa mu nozzles osati molunjika kuchokera ku mpope, koma kuchokera ku thanki, ndikusunga kupanikizika komweko kwa silinda iliyonse.
Mophiphiritsira, tinganene kuti jekeseni aliyense sadikirira gawo la mafuta kuchokera pampopu, koma amakhalabe ndi mafuta othamanga kwambiri. Mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito jekeseni ndizokwanira kupereka mafuta kuzipinda zoyaka. Dongosolo loterolo limakupatsani mwayi wopanga ma jakisoni amitundu yambiri (ngakhale magawo 8 pa jakisoni), zomwe zimatsogolera pakuyatsa kolondola kwamafuta ndikuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono. Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa jekeseni (1800 bar) kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito majekeseni okhala ndi ma orifices ang'onoang'ono omwe amapereka mafuta pafupifupi ngati nkhungu.
Zonsezi zimaphatikizidwa ndi mphamvu ya injini yapamwamba, kuyendetsa bwino komanso phokoso lochepa (ngakhale jekeseni mwachindunji), kuyendetsa bwino komanso kutulutsa mpweya wochepa. Komabe, injini za njanji wamba zimafuna mafuta apamwamba kwambiri komanso zosefera zabwino kwambiri. Zowonongeka mumafuta zimatha kuwononga ma jakisoni ndikuwononga zomwe zimakhala zodula kwambiri kukonza.
