Machitidwe oyambira. Letsani kapena ayi?

Ntchito yoyambira kuyimitsa ndikuyimitsa injini pamalo oimikapo magalimoto ndikuyiyambitsanso pomwe dalaivala akufuna kupitiliza kuyendetsa. Ndi chiyani, chimagwira ntchito bwanji ndipo chimagwira ntchito bwanji?

Lingaliro la kuyimitsa injini pakugwira ntchito kwake kopanda ntchito, ngakhale panjanji yofiyira yamagalimoto kapena panjira yapamsewu, lakhala likuchitika kwazaka makumi angapo. Toyota idapanga makina otere mu 1964 ndikuyesa pa Korona mpaka pakati pa 1,5s. Zamagetsi zimangozimitsa injini pambuyo pa masekondi 10 akungokhala. M'mayeso m'misewu ya Tokyo, kupulumutsa mafuta ndi XNUMX% akuti kudatheka, zomwe ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, komabe, kampani yaku Japan sinali m'gulu la omwe adayambitsa kupanga zida zotere.

M'zaka za m'ma 1985, luso loyimitsa injini poyimitsa linawonekera mu Fiat Regata ES (Energy Saving) ndi dongosolo la Citymatic lopangidwa kuchokera ku 1987 mpaka XNUMX. Dalaivalayo anaganiza zozimitsa injiniyo, ali ndi batani lapadera lomwe anali nalo. Kuti ayambitsenso injini, ankafunika kukanikiza chopondapo cha gasi. Chisankho chofananacho chinapangidwa ndi Volkswagen m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ndipo kampani yamagetsi yamagalimoto ya Hella idaganiza zozimitsa injiniyo ndi batani mumayendedwe ake.

Mtundu woyamba wopanga wokhala ndi makina oyambira omwe amangozimitsa injini nthawi zina anali Gofu wamtundu wachitatu mu mtundu wa Ecomatic, womwe unakhazikitsidwa pamsika kumapeto kwa 1993. Anagwiritsa ntchito zomwe adapeza pogwira ntchito pa Öko. - Gofu ya Prototype, kutengera m'badwo wachiwiri wa Gofu. Injini inazimitsidwa osati pambuyo masekondi 5 idling, komanso pamene akuyendetsa galimoto, pamene dalaivala sanali akanikizire pedal mpweya. Kukankhira pedal kachiwiri kunayatsanso dizilo yomwe mwachibadwa imalakalaka. Kuti ayambitse injiniyo, yosokonekera pamalo oimikapo magalimoto, zida zoyambira zidayenera kuphatikizidwa. Izi zidachitika osagwiritsa ntchito clutch chifukwa Golf Ecomatic inalibe imodzi (semi-automatic).

Uku sikusintha kokha kwaukadaulo kuchokera ku gofu yoyambira. Chotsatira chinali kuyambika kwa chiwongolero chamagetsi amagetsi, kuyika kwa "start-stop" switch pa dash, kuyika batire yayikulu ndi batire laling'ono lothandizira. Magalimoto ena a VW okhala ndi makina oyambira anali Lupo 3L ndi 2 Audi A3 1999L (mitundu yobiriwira yokhala ndi mafuta a 3 l/100 km).

Onaninso: Ndi magalimoto ati omwe angayendetse ndi layisensi yoyendetsa ya gulu B?

Volkswagen inali yoyamba kuchitapo kanthu pamalamulo atsopano omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito ku European Union pa Januware 1, 1996, ndipo opanga ena posakhalitsa adatsatira zomwezo. Kusintha kwa malamulowa ndi njira yatsopano yoyezera ya NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) poyang'ana momwe magalimoto onyamula anthu amagwiritsidwira ntchito, pomwe injiniyo inali ikugwira ntchito pafupifupi kotala la nthawi yomwe idayikidwa (kuyima pafupipafupi ndikuyambiranso). Ichi ndichifukwa chake njira zoyambira zoyambira zidapangidwa ku Europe. Ku US, zinthu zinali zosiyana kotheratu. Pamiyezo yaposachedwa ya US EPA, kupitilira pang'ono 10% ya nthawi yomwe idawonetsedwa idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimitsa injini. Chifukwa chake, kuyimitsa sikungakhudze zotsatira zomaliza kwambiri.

Machitidwe oyambira. Koma chifukwa chiyani?

Chifukwa chakuti opanga amazindikira ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito makina oyambira oyambira molingana ndi zotsatira za mayeso a muyeso, pali zokhumudwitsa zambiri pazochitika za galimoto. Sikuti aliyense ali wokondwa pamene kulipira owonjezera kwa galimoto galimoto dongosolo likusanduka zinyalala zopanda pake. "Start-stop" imapereka phindu lowoneka ngati kupulumutsa mafuta mukamayendetsa magalimoto ambiri mumzinda. Ngati nthawi yayitali kwambiri munthu amayenera kuyenda kuchokera pakati pa mzinda kupita kudera lakutali, ndiye kuti msewuwu utenga maola 1,5-2, pafupifupi m'misewu yosatha. M'mikhalidwe yotereyi, makinawo amaima kambirimbiri. Nthawi yonse ya kuyimitsidwa kwa injini imatha kufika mphindi zingapo. Poganizira kuti mafuta osagwira ntchito ndi, malingana ndi injini, kuchokera ku 0,5 mpaka 1 lita pa ola, ndipo galimoto imadutsa njira imeneyi kawiri pa tsiku, ndalama zosungira mafuta pamwezi zimatha kufika ngakhale malita angapo a mafuta, ndipo pafupifupi malita 120. M'mikhalidwe yotereyi, njira yoyambira kuyimitsa imakhala yomveka.

Ndi galimoto yomweyi, koma mutayendetsa maola 1,5-2 mumsewu wamba, nthawi yopuma idzakhala mphindi 2-3. Kupulumutsa malita 1,5-2 amafuta pamwezi ndi pafupifupi 20 malita amafuta pachaka sikungakhale kokwanira kuti muthe kulipira mopitilira muyeso woyambira kuyimitsa, ntchito yowonjezera yokonza kapena zovuta zamagalimoto, zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka. Pankhani ya magalimoto omwe nthawi zambiri amayendetsa mtunda wautali, phindu lomwe limabwera chifukwa chozimitsa injini pamalo oyimitsa ndi locheperapo.

Zochita zikuwonetsa kuti pagalimoto yamafuta apakati omwe amayendetsedwa mumayendedwe apakatikati pamayendedwe osiyanasiyana amsewu, nthawi yonse yomwe injini imayimitsidwa ndi makina oyambira ndi pafupifupi mphindi 8 pa 100 km iliyonse. Izi zimapereka 0,13 malita amafuta. Ndi mtunda wapachaka wa 50 km, ndalamazo zidzakhala malita 000. Koma machitidwe amasonyezanso kuti zotsatira zingakhale zosiyana kwambiri malinga ndi momwe ntchito ikugwirira ntchito ndi mtundu wa injini. Mu injini zazikulu za mafuta amatha kufika 65 l / 2 Km, mu turbodiesel ang'onoang'ono - zana limodzi la lita. Chifukwa chake - ngati mukuyenera kulipira zowonjezera pamayendedwe oyambira, muyenera kusanthula mosamala zonse zabwino ndi zoyipa.

Komabe, pakali pano, funso la kubwezeredwa kwa dongosolo loyambira ndi kufananitsa kwake kwachindunji ndi phindu lomwe lingakhalepo m'thumba la wogwiritsa ntchito silili lofunikanso. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti "chiyambi-kuyimitsa" wasiya kukhala mbali ya zipangizo zina, koma wakhala chigawo chanthawi zonse mabaibulo enieni injini. Choncho, posankha njira ya injini ndi dongosolo loyambira loyambira, mukhoza kuiwala momwe galimotoyo idzayendetsedwe. Sitiyenera kukhala ndi dongosolo loterolo.

Onaninso: Ndi magalimoto ati omwe angayendetse ndi layisensi yoyendetsa ya gulu B?

Koma kuwonjezera pa zovuta zachuma zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi makina oyambira, palinso zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi muyezo mu magalimoto amakono kuyambiransoko injini pambuyo chatsekedwa ndi dongosolo ndi kugwetsa zowalamulira. Ndipo apa pali mavuto, chifukwa nthawi zina kusokoneza nthawi imodzi ya clutch ndi "gasi" pedals, pamene dongosolo likufuna kuyambitsa injini, limatha ndi kusokoneza galimoto. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kuti makinawo azitha kuyambitsa injini yozimitsa kale (mwachangu kwambiri).

Ngakhale izi sizichitika pafupipafupi, zimatha kuyambitsa kudana ndi dongosolo loyambira. Madalaivala ambiri sakonda ngakhale popanda chifukwa. Kuzimitsa kwa injini kumangowakwiyitsa. Choncho, atangolowa m'galimoto, kapena pamene injini yazimitsidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba, amafika pa batani loyimitsa dongosolo. Gulu la okonda yankho la pro-chilengedweli mwina ndilokulirapo, ndipo kupezeka kwakukulu kwa dongosolo loyambira kuyimitsa monga muyezo kumawapangitsa kukhala osangalala. Komabe, chowonadi ndi chakuti muyenera kulipira izi pamtengo wagalimoto. Palibe amene amapereka kalikonse kwaulere, makamaka chinthu chomwe chikuwoneka chophweka kuchokera kumbali yaukadaulo.

Machitidwe oyambira. Ntchito yosavuta, yovuta kwambiri

Zingawoneke kuti kuyatsa ndi kuyimitsa injini ndi nkhani yaing'ono ndipo sikutanthauza njira zamakono. M'zochita zonse ndi zosiyana. Ngakhale m'machitidwe osavuta kwambiri otengera choyambira chachikhalidwe, ndikofunikira kuyambitsa machitidwe apadera owongolera mphamvu omwe samangowongolera kuchuluka kwa batri, kutentha ndi mphamvu yoyambira, komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa zida zina panthawi yoyambira ndikuwongolera pompopompo molingana ndi kuyitanitsa batire. Batire lokha liyenera kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosiyana kwambiri ndi wanthawi zonse kuti usavutike kuthamangitsidwa mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu, komanso kulipiritsa kwanthawi yayitali.

Dongosolo loyambira loyimitsa liyeneranso kulandira zidziwitso kuchokera pamagetsi apakompyuta za kutentha kwakunja kwa mpweya, kutentha kwamafuta (injini yozizira siyizimitsidwa) komanso kutentha kwa turbocharger m'mayunitsi a turbocharged. Ngati turbocharger ikufunika kuziziritsa pambuyo pokwera mwamphamvu, injini siyiyimanso. Mu njira zina zotsogola, turbocharger ili ndi dongosolo lodziyimira palokha lomwe limagwirabe ntchito ngakhale injini itazimitsidwa. Ngakhale choyambira choyambirira chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zida zamkati zamphamvu (monga maburashi ndi ma coupler) ndi zida zosinthidwa (kuchepetsa phokoso).

Mu machitidwe ovuta kwambiri komanso okwera mtengo oyambira oyambira, choyambira chachikhalidwe chimasinthidwa ndi makina amagetsi okhala ndi ntchentche kapena alternator yopangidwa mwapadera. Muzochitika zonsezi, tikuchita ndi chipangizo chomwe chingathe kukhala ngati choyambira ndi jenereta, malingana ndi kufunikira. Awa si mathero.

Zamagetsi ziyenera kuwerengera nthawi pakati pa kuyima kwa injini ndikuwona ngati galimoto yafika pa liwiro lolondola kuyambira pomwe idayamba. Pali masinthidwe ambiri pamakina oyambira. Zina zimagwirizana ndi ma braking energy recovery systems (kuchira), ena amagwiritsa ntchito ma capacitors apadera kuti asunge magetsi ndikuthandizira batri pamene mphamvu yake yoyambira ikuchepa. Palinso amene, pambuyo kuyimitsa injini, ma pistoni ake ndi mulingo woyenera kuyambiransoko. Panthawi yoyambira, ndikwanira kugwedeza choyambira. Mafuta amabayidwa ndi nozzle kokha mu silinda momwe pisitoni imakonzekera sitiroko ndipo injini imayamba kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso mwakachetechete. Izi ndi zomwe opanga amafuna kwambiri popanga makina oyambira - kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso kutsika kwaphokoso.