Machitidwe oyambira-Stop. Zikugwira?
Njira imodzi yochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, yomwe imadziwika kwa zaka zambiri, ndiyo kuzimitsa injini ngakhale ikaima pang’ono. M'magalimoto amakono, makina a Start-Stop ali ndi udindo pa ntchitoyi.
Pakuyesa galimoto ku Germany m'ma 55 pa Audi LS yokhala ndi injini ya 0,35 kW, zidapezeka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osagwira ntchito ndi 1,87 cm5. XNUMX./s, ndipo koyambirira kwa XNUMX, onani XNUMX. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuzimitsa injini ndikuyimitsa kwa masekondi opitilira XNUMX kumapulumutsa mafuta.
Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, kuyesa kofananako kunachitika ndi opanga magalimoto ena. Kutha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta poyimitsa injini ngakhale kuyimitsidwa kwakanthawi kochepa ndikuyiyambitsanso kwapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zowongolera zomwe zimachita izi zokha. Yoyamba mwina inali Toyota, yomwe m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi awiri idagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chamagetsi mu Crown model yomwe inazimitsa injini poyimitsa kwa masekondi oposa 1,5. Kuyesedwa kwa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ku Tokyo kunawonetsa kuchepa kwamafuta ndi 10%. Njira yogwira ntchito yofananayo idayesedwa mu Fiat Regata ndi 1st Formel E Volkswagen Polo. Chipangizo chomwe chili m'galimoto yomaliza chimalola dalaivala kuyimitsa injini, kapena kungoyimitsa, kutengera liwiro, kutentha kwa injini, ndi malo a lever. Injini idayambikanso ndikuyatsa koyambira pomwe dalaivala adakankhira chowongolera chowongolera ndi clutch pedal atakhumudwa ndipo giya ya 2 kapena 5 idapangidwa. Liwiro lagalimoto litatsika pansi pa XNUMX km / h, makinawo adazimitsa injini, ndikutseka njira yopanda ntchito. Ngati injiniyo inali yozizira, kachipangizo ka kutentha kamene kamalepheretsa injiniyo kutsekedwa kuti achepetse kuvala koyambira, chifukwa injini yotentha imatenga nthawi yochepa kuti iyambe kusiyana ndi yozizira. Kuonjezera apo, dongosolo lolamulira, kuchepetsa katundu pa batri, linazimitsa zenera lakumbuyo lakumbuyo pamene galimotoyo idayimitsidwa.
Mayesero apamsewu awonetsa kuchepa kwamafuta mpaka 10% m'malo ovuta kuyendetsa. Kutulutsa kwa carbon monoxide kunatsikanso ndi 10%. Pang'ono kuposa 2 peresenti. Komano, zomwe zili mu nitrogen oxides ndi pafupifupi 5 hydrocarbons mu mipweya ya utsi zawonjezeka. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, panalibe zotsatira zoipa za dongosolo pa kulimba kwa sitata.
Njira zamakono zoyambira
Makina amakono oyimitsira injini amangoyimitsa injini ikayimitsidwa (nthawi zina) ndikuyiyambitsanso dalaivala atangotsitsa chopondapo kapena kutulutsa chonyamulira m'galimoto yotumizira. Izi zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta komanso kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni, koma m'maulendo akumatauni okha. Kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Start-Stop kumafuna zida zina zamagalimoto, monga choyambira kapena batire, kuti zizikhala nthawi yayitali ndikuteteza ena ku zotsatira za kuyimitsidwa kwa injini pafupipafupi.
Makina Oyambira Oyimitsa ali ndi zida zowongolera mphamvu zochulukirapo kapena zochepa. Ntchito zawo zazikulu ndikuwona momwe mabatire amayendera, kukonza zolandila pa basi ya data, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu komanso kupeza mphamvu yolipiritsa yomwe ili yoyenera pakali pano. Zonsezi pofuna kupewa kutulutsa kwakuya kwambiri kwa batri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti injini ikhoza kuyambitsidwa nthawi iliyonse. Mwa kuwunika nthawi zonse momwe batire ilili, woyang'anira dongosolo amayang'anira kutentha kwake, voteji, nthawi yamakono ndi yogwiritsira ntchito. Magawo awa amatsimikizira mphamvu yoyambira nthawi yomweyo komanso momwe akulipiritsa. Ngati makinawo awona batire yotsika, amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa olandila olandila molingana ndi dongosolo lotsekereza lokhazikitsidwa.
Machitidwe a Start-Stop akhoza kukhala okonzeka ndi ma braking energy recovery.
Magalimoto okhala ndi Start Stop amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a EFB kapena AGM. Mabatire amtundu wa EFB, mosiyana ndi akale, amakhala ndi mbale zabwino zokutira ndi zokutira za poliyesitala, zomwe zimawonjezera kukana kwa mbale zomwe zimagwira ntchito kuti zizitulutsa pafupipafupi komanso ndalama zambiri. Mabatire a AGM, komano, amakhala ndi ulusi wagalasi pakati pa mbale, zomwe zimatengera electrolyte. Palibe zotayika kuchokera pamenepo. Magetsi okwera pang'ono atha kupezeka pamaterminal amtundu wa batri. Amalimbananso kwambiri ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kutulutsa kwakuya.
Kodi zimawononga injini?
Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, ankakhulupirira kuti injini iliyonse imayamba imawonjezera mtunda wake ndi makilomita mazana angapo. Zikadakhala choncho, ndiye kuti Start-Stop system, yomwe imagwira ntchito m'galimoto yomwe imangoyendetsa magalimoto mumzinda, iyenera kumaliza injini mwachangu kwambiri. Kuyimitsa ndi kuzimitsa mwina sizomwe injini zimakonda kwambiri. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kuyenera kuganiziridwa, mwachitsanzo pankhani yamafuta. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo la Start-Stop limafunikira chitetezo chokwanira cha machitidwe osiyanasiyana, makamaka injini, ku zotsatira za kutseka pafupipafupi. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito, mwa zina, kuwonetsetsa kuti turbocharger iwonjezeredwa mokakamizidwa
Starter mu Start-Stop system
M'makina ambiri oyambira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, injini imayamba kugwiritsa ntchito choyambira chachikhalidwe. Komabe, chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa magwiridwe antchito, zawonjezeka kukhazikika. Choyambira chimakhala champhamvu kwambiri komanso chimakhala ndi maburashi osamva kuvala. Makina a clutch ali ndi clutch yokonzedwanso njira imodzi ndipo giya ili ndi mawonekedwe okonzedwa a dzino. Izi zimapangitsa kuti injini iyambe kugwira ntchito mwakachetechete, yomwe ndiyofunikira pakuyendetsa galimoto nthawi zambiri injini ikayamba.
Jenereta yosinthika
Chipangizo choterocho chotchedwa STARS (Starter Alternator Reversible System) chinapangidwa ndi Valeo kwa machitidwe a Start-Stop. Dongosololi limakhazikitsidwa ndi makina osinthika amagetsi, omwe amaphatikiza ntchito zoyambira ndi zosinthira. M'malo mwa jenereta yachikale, mukhoza kukhazikitsa jenereta yosinthika mosavuta.
Chipangizochi chimapereka chiyambi chosalala kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi choyambira wamba, palibe njira yolumikizira pano. Poyambira, stator yokhotakhota ya alternator yosinthika, yomwe panthawiyi imakhala galimoto yamagetsi, iyenera kuperekedwa ndi magetsi osinthasintha, ndi kuzungulira kwa rotor ndi voteji mwachindunji. Kupeza magetsi a AC kuchokera pa batire yomwe ili mkati kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chotchedwa inverter. Kuphatikiza apo, ma windings a stator sayenera kuperekedwa ndi magetsi osinthika kudzera pa voltage stabilizer ndi milatho ya diode. Ma voltage regulator ndi milatho ya diode iyenera kuchotsedwa pamayendedwe a stator panthawiyi. Panthawi yoyambira, jenereta yosinthika imakhala injini yamagetsi yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 2 - 2,5 kW, ndikupanga torque ya 40 Nm. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi woyambitsa injini mkati mwa 350-400 ms.
Injini ikangoyamba, voteji ya AC kuchokera ku inverter imasiya kuyenda, jenereta yosinthika imakhala alternator kachiwiri ndi ma diode olumikizidwa ndi ma stator windings ndi chowongolera voteji kuti apereke voteji ya DC kumagetsi agalimoto.
M'mayankho ena, kuwonjezera pa jenereta yosinthika, injiniyo ilinso ndi choyambira chachikhalidwe, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira koyamba pakatha nthawi yayitali osagwira ntchito.
Energy Accumulator
M'mayankho ena a Start-Stop system, kuwonjezera pa batri wamba, palinso otchedwa. mphamvu accumulator. Ntchito yake ndi kudziunjikira magetsi kuti atsogolere chiyambi injini ndi kuyambiransoko mu "Start-Stop" mode. Amakhala ndi ma capacitor awiri olumikizidwa mndandanda wokhala ndi ma farad mazana angapo. Panthawi yotulutsidwa, imatha kuthandizira dongosolo loyambira ndi ma amperes mazana angapo.
Machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito
Kugwira ntchito kwa Start-Stop system kumatheka kokha pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, payenera kukhala mphamvu zokwanira mu batire kuti kuyambitsanso injini. Kuphatikiza apo, incl. liwiro lagalimoto kuyambira koyambirira liyenera kupitilira mtengo wina (mwachitsanzo, 10 km / h). Nthawi yapakati pa kuyimitsidwa kuwiri kotsatizana kwa galimoto ndi yayikulu kuposa yocheperako yokhazikitsidwa ndi pulogalamuyo. Kutentha kwamafuta, alternator ndi batire kuli mkati mwazomwe zafotokozedwa. Chiwerengero cha maimidwe sichinapitirire malire mumphindi yomaliza yoyendetsa galimoto. Injini ndi pa kutentha akadakwanitsira ntchito.
Izi ndi zina mwazofunikira zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa kuti dongosololi ligwire ntchito.
