Alliance Ground Surveillance System
Dongosolo la AGS lapangidwa kuti lichite ntchito zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha malire a maiko a NATO (pansi ndi nyanja), chitetezo cha asitikali ndi anthu wamba, komanso kuyang'anira zovuta komanso thandizo lothandizira anthu.
Pa Novembara 21 chaka chatha, Northrop Grumman adalengeza zakuyenda bwino kwa ndege yoyamba yopanda munthu (UAV) RQ-4D, yomwe posachedwapa idzachita ntchito zowunikiranso North Atlantic Alliance. Ichi ndi choyamba mwa magalimoto asanu omwe anakonzedwa osayendetsedwa ku Ulaya kuti akwaniritse zosowa za NATO AGS airborne ground surveillance system.
Ndege ya RQ-4D yopanda munthu inanyamuka pa Novembara 20, 2019 kuchokera ku Palmdale, California, ndipo pafupifupi maola 22 pambuyo pake, pa Novembara 21, idafika ku Italy Air Force Base Sigonella. UAV yomangidwa ndi US imakwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo chamtundu wankhondo kuti munthu aziyenda yekhayekha mumlengalenga ku Europe zoperekedwa ndi European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). RQ-4D ndi mtundu wa Global Hawk wopanda munthu yemwe wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi US Air Force kwa zaka zambiri. Magalimoto osayendetsedwa ndi ndege ogulidwa ndi North Atlantic Alliance amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zake, azichita zinthu zowunikira komanso kuwongolera munthawi yamtendere, zovuta komanso nthawi yankhondo.
Dongosolo la NATO AGS limaphatikizapo magalimoto osayendetsedwa ndi ndege okhala ndi makina apamwamba a radar, zida zapansi ndi chithandizo. Chowongolera chachikulu ndi Main Operating Base (MOB), yomwe ili ku Sigonella, Sicily. Magalimoto apamtunda a NATO AGS osayendetsedwa adzanyamuka pano. Ndege ziwiri zidzagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi, ndipo deta yochokera ku SAR-GMTI radars yoyikidwa pazitsulo zawo idzawunikidwa ndi magulu awiri a akatswiri. Pulogalamu ya AGS NATO yakhala yofunika kwambiri kwa mayiko a North Atlantic Alliance kwa zaka zambiri, koma sichinakwaniritsidwebe. Komabe, masitepe ang'onoang'ono okha adatsalira mpaka kukonzekera kwathunthu. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Force (NAEW & CF), yomwe yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi anayi.
Dongosolo la AGS lili ndi zigawo ziwiri: mpweya ndi nthaka, zomwe sizidzangopereka ntchito zowunikira komanso chithandizo chaukadaulo pa ntchitoyi, komanso kuchititsa maphunziro a anthu ogwira ntchito.
Cholinga cha dongosolo la NATO AGS chidzakhala kudzaza kusiyana mu luso lanzeru la North Atlantic Alliance. Si gulu la NATO lokha lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi kupambana kwa ntchitoyi. Kupambana kwa ndalamazi mu chitetezo kumadalira kwambiri kwa onse omwe amadziwa kuti kokha kupeza mphamvu zatsopano kungatithandize kukhalabe otetezeka ku Ulaya ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito yofunikayi ndikuwunika nthawi zonse zonse zomwe zimachitika pamtunda komanso panyanja, kuphatikiza patali kuchokera kudera la North Atlantic Alliance, usana ndi usiku, nyengo zonse. Ntchito yofunikira ndikupereka luso lamakono lanzeru pazanzeru, kuyang'anira ndi kuzindikira kuthekera kwa RNR (Nzeru, Kuwunika ndi Kuzindikira).
Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za kukwera ndi kutsika, potsiriza, gulu la mayiko a 15 linagwirizana kuti likhale ndi luso lofunika kwambiri pa gawo la NATO AGS, i.e. kumanga dongosolo lophatikizika lomwe lili ndi zinthu zitatu: mpweya, nthaka ndi chithandizo. Gawo la NATO AGS Air Segment lidzakhala ndi ma RQ-4D Global Hawk UAV asanu opanda zida. Chida ichi cha ku America, chodziwika bwino chomwe sichinayendetsedwe ndi ndege chimachokera pamapangidwe a ndege ya Global Hawk Block 40 yopangidwa ndi Northrop Grumman Corporation, yokhala ndi radar yomangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito luso la MP-RTIP (Multi Platform - Radar Technology Insertion Program), komanso ulalo wolankhulirana mkati mwa mzere wowonera komanso kupitilira mzere wakuwona, wokhala ndi utali wautali kwambiri wolumikizana ndi data ya Broadband.
Gawo lapansi la NATO AGS, lomwe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa dongosolo latsopanoli, lili ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimathandizira ntchito yowunikiranso magalimoto amtundu wa AGS MOB osayendetsedwa ndi masiteshoni angapo omangidwa m'ma foni am'manja, onyamula komanso osunthika omwe amatha kuphatikiza. ndi kukonza deta ndi luso logwira ntchito. Zipangizozi zili ndi zolumikizira zomwe zimapereka kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri. Malinga ndi NATO, gawo la pansi la dongosololi lidzayimira mawonekedwe ofunikira kwambiri pakati pa dongosolo lalikulu la NATO AGS ndi mitundu yambiri ya C2ISR (Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance) machitidwe olamulira, kulamulira, nzeru, kuyang'anira ndi kuzindikira. . . Gawo lapansi lidzalumikizana ndi machitidwe ambiri omwe alipo kale. Idzagwira ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito angapo komanso imagwira ntchito kutali ndi malo owonera ndege.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa madera ambiri a NATO AGS kudzachitika kuti nthawi zonse azidziwitsa anthu za zochitika m'bwalo la zochitika zofunikira, kuphatikizapo olamulira omwe ali m'madera a chitukuko cha mphamvu. Kuonjezera apo, dongosolo la AGS lidzatha kuthandizira ntchito zambiri zomwe zimapita kutali ndi nzeru zamakono kapena zanzeru. Ndi zida zosinthika izi, zidzatheka kukhazikitsa: kutetezedwa kwa anthu wamba, kuwongolera malire ndi chitetezo cham'madzi, mishoni zolimbana ndi uchigawenga, kuthandizira njira yoyendetsera zovuta komanso thandizo lothandizira pakagwa masoka achilengedwe, kuthandizira kufufuza ndi kupulumutsa ntchito.
Mbiri ya NATO's AGS airborne surveillance system ndi yayitali komanso yovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri imafunikira kunyengerera. Mu 1992, mwayi wopeza limodzi mphamvu zatsopano ndi chuma ndi mayiko a NATO unatsimikiziridwa pamaziko a kusanthula kwachuma komwe kumachitika chaka chilichonse ku NATO ndi Komiti Yopanga Zachitetezo. Zinkaganiziridwa panthawiyo kuti Mgwirizanowu uyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chofuna kulimbikitsa mphamvu zoyang'anira mlengalenga, zomwe zimagwirizana ngati zingatheke ndi machitidwe ena omwe akugwira ntchito kale komanso oyendetsa ndege omwe amatha kugwirizanitsa ndi machitidwe atsopano ophatikizika omwe ali ndi mayiko angapo.
Kuyambira pachiyambi, zinkayembekezeredwa kuti, chifukwa cha kukwera kwa kukula kwachuma, dongosolo la NATO AGS loyang'anira pansi lidzadalira mitundu ingapo ya machitidwe oyang'anira pansi. Machitidwe onse omwe alipo omwe angathe kuyang'anira momwe zinthu zilili zikuganiziridwa. Malingaliro omanga mtundu waku America wa TIPS system (Transatlantic Industrial Proposed Solution) kapena mtundu waku Europe wozikidwa pakupanga radar yatsopano yoyendetsedwa ndi ndege amaganiziridwa; Ntchito yaku Europe imatchedwa SOSTAR (Stand off Surveillance Target Acquisition Radar). Komabe, kuyesayesa konseku kwa magulu a mayiko omwe ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pakupanga maluso atsopano sanalandire chithandizo chokwanira kuchokera ku North Atlantic Alliance kuti ayambe kukhazikitsidwa. Chifukwa chachikulu cha kusagwirizana kwa mayiko a NATO chinali kugawikana kwa mayiko omwe adathandizira lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya radar ya US TCAR (Transatlantic Cooperative Advanced Radar) ndi omwe anaumirira ku Ulaya (SOSTAR).
Mu September 1999, dziko la Poland litangoyamba kumene kukhala m’gulu la mgwirizano wa mayiko a kumpoto kwa Atlantic, tinalowa m’gulu la mayiko a NATO amene anachirikiza nawo mgwirizano wofunika umenewu. Panthaŵiyo, mkangano wa ku mayiko a ku Balkan unapitirizabe, ndipo kunali kovuta kutsutsa kuti zinthu padziko lapansi sizidzakhalanso zovuta zina kapenanso nkhondo. Choncho, muzochitika izi, mwayi woterewu unkaonedwa kuti ndi wofunikira.
Mu 2001, kutsatira zigawenga ku United States, North Atlantic Council idaganiza zotsitsimutsa lingaliro lomanga dongosolo la NATO AGS poyambitsa pulogalamu yachitukuko yomwe ikupezeka kumayiko onse omwe ali mamembala. Mu 2004, NATO idaganiza zopanga chisankho, zomwe zikutanthauza kusamvana pakati pa maudindo a mayiko aku Europe ndi United States. Kutengera kunyengerera uku, lingaliro lidapangidwa kuti lipange limodzi gulu la magalimoto osakanikirana a NATO AGS okhala ndi anthu komanso osayendetsedwa. Gawo lamlengalenga la NATO AGS linali lokhala ndi ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi anthu aku Europe Airbus A321 ndikuzindikiranso magalimoto osayendetsedwa ndi ndege opangidwa ndi makampani aku America BSP RQ-4 Global Hawk. Gawo la pansi la NATO AGS linali loti likhale ndi malo osiyanasiyana osasunthika komanso oyendetsa mafoni omwe amatha kutumiza deta kuchokera ku dongosolo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito osankhidwa.
Mu 2007, chifukwa cha chitetezo chaching'ono cha chitetezo cha mayiko a ku Ulaya, mayiko a NATO adaganiza zosiya ntchito yowonjezereka pa kukhazikitsa mtundu wamtengo wapatali wa gulu la ndege za NATO AGS, ndipo m'malo mwake anaganiza zomanga nyumba zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta. dongosolo la NATO AGS momwe gawo la mpweya wa NATO AGS limayenera kukhazikitsidwa kokha pa ndege zotsimikizirika zosavomerezeka, i.e. m'kuchita, izi zikutanthauza kupeza American Global Hawk Block 40 UAV. Panthawi imeneyo, inali ndege yokhayo yopanda anthu yomwe imagwira ntchito mokwanira ku NATO ya mayiko omwe amadziwika kuti ndi gulu lalikulu lachitatu ku NATO, kuwonjezera pa High Altitude, Long Endurance (HALE). ) gulu ndi MP radar yogwirizana -RTIP (Multi Platform Radar Technology Insertion Program).
Malinga ndi wopanga, radar idatha kuzindikira ndikutsata zolinga zapansi panthaka, kupanga mapu a mtunda, komanso kuyang'anira zolinga zamlengalenga, kuphatikiza mizinga yotsika pamtunda, nyengo zonse, usana ndi usiku. Radar imachokera kuukadaulo wa AESA (Active Electronics Scanned Array).
Mu February 2009, mayiko omwe ali mamembala a NATO omwe akugwirabe nawo ntchitoyi (osati onse) anayamba ntchito yosayina NATO AGS PMOU (Programme Memorandum of Understanding) Memorandum of Understanding. Zinali chikalata chomwe chinagwirizana pakati pa mayiko a NATO (kuphatikiza Poland) omwe adaganiza zochirikiza ntchitoyi ndikutenga nawo gawo pakupeza zofunikira za dongosolo latsopano logwirizana.
Panthaŵiyo, dziko la Poland, poyang’anizana ndi mavuto azachuma amene anawopsyeza zotsatirapo zake m’ngululu ya chaka chimenecho, pomalizira pake anasankha kusaina chikalatachi ndipo mu April anachoka m’programu imeneyi, kusonyeza kuti pamene mkhalidwe wachuma unayenda bwino; ikhoza kubwereranso kukuthandizira mwachangu ntchito zofunikazi. Pomaliza, mu 2013, Poland idabwerera ku gulu la mayiko a NATO omwe adakali nawo pulogalamuyo ndipo, monga wakhumi ndi chisanu mwa iwo, adaganiza zomaliza limodzi ntchito yofunikayi ya North Atlantic Alliance. Pulogalamuyi inaphatikizapo mayiko otsatirawa: Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia ndi USA.
