Synchronous motor test drive: zikutanthauza chiyani?

Magalimoto amagetsi akadalikiratu chifukwa cha kukula kwa batri

Kukula mwachangu kwa ma powertrains opitilira muyeso komanso kupita patsogolo kosayerekezereka m'zaka zaposachedwa pamunda wamagalimoto amagetsi ndiye cholinga chachikulu pakupanga ukadaulo wa batri. Amafuna zofunikira kwambiri kuchokera kwa opanga ndipo ndiye vuto lalikulu kwa opanga. Komabe, munthu sayenera kunyalanyaza kuti kupita patsogolo pakupanga ukadaulo wapamwamba wa lithiamu-ion kumayendera limodzi ndi kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pankhani yamagetsi oyendetsera magetsi ndi magetsi amagetsi. Zinapezeka kuti ngakhale magetsi amagetsi ali ndi magwiridwe antchito kwambiri, ali ndi gawo lalikulu lachitukuko.

Okonza amayembekeza kuti ntchitoyi ikukula kwambiri, osati kokha chifukwa magalimoto amagetsi akuchulukirachulukira, komanso chifukwa magetsi amagetsi oyatsira moto ndi gawo lofunikira pamitengo yotulutsa yochokera ku European Union.

Ngakhale mota wamagetsi idayamba kalekale, opanga amakumana ndi zovuta zatsopano masiku ano. Magalimoto amagetsi, kutengera cholinga, amatha kukhala ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono komanso kakulidwe kakang'ono kapena kachigawo kakang'ono komanso thupi lalitali. Khalidwe lawo mgalimoto yamagetsi yoyera limasiyana ndi la hybrids, pomwe kutentha komwe kumapangidwa ndi injini yoyaka mkati kuyenera kukumbukiridwa. Pamagalimoto amagetsi, kuthamanga kwake ndikokulirapo, ndipo omwe amaikidwa munjira yosakanikirana mu gearbox amayenera kukonzedwa kuti azigwira ntchito mwachangu liwiro la injini yoyaka. Makina ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi, koma makina amagetsi 48-volt adzakhala otchuka kwambiri.

Chifukwa ma AC motors

Ngakhale magetsi ali ndi mphamvu pakadali pano, opanga zamagetsi pano sakuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito ma motors a DC. Poganizira zotayika pakusintha, ma AC mayunitsi, makamaka ofanana, amapambana mayunitsi a DC. Koma kodi mota yolumikizirana kapena yosinthasintha imatanthauzanji? Tikudziwitsani za gawo lamagalimoto chifukwa ngakhale magalimoto amagetsi adakhalapo kale mgalimoto zoyambira ndi ma alternator, matekinoloje atsopano apangidwa kumene m'derali.

Toyota, GM ndi BMW tsopano ndi ena mwa opanga ochepa omwe atenga nawo gawo pakupanga ndi kupanga makina amagetsi iwowo. Ngakhale Lexus wocheperako wa Toyota amapereka zida izi ku kampani ina, Aisin yaku Japan. Makampani ambiri amadalira omwe amapereka ngati ZF Sachs, Nokia, Bosch, Zytec kapena makampani aku China. Zachidziwikire, kukula mwachangu kwa bizinesi iyi kumalola makampaniwa kupindula ndi mgwirizano womwe amapanga ndi opanga magalimoto. Ponena zaukadaulo wazinthu, masiku ano, pazosowa zamagalimoto zamagetsi ndi ma hybrids, ma mota ofanana a AC okhala ndi ozungulira akunja kapena amkati amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka.

Kukhoza kosintha bwino mabatire a DC kukhala magawo atatu a AC ndipo mosemphanitsa makamaka chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo woyang'anira. Komabe, magulu amakono azamagetsi amakafika msinkhu wochuluka kwambiri kuposa omwe amapezeka pamagetsi amnyumba, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapitilira 150 amperes. Izi zimatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu komwe zamagetsi zamagetsi zimakumana nazo. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndikadali kwakukulu chifukwa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi sizingathe kuchepetsedwa ndi wand wamatsenga.

Onse ma synchronous ndi asynchronous motors ndi mtundu wa makina amagetsi ozungulira omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kawirikawiri, rotor ya induction motor imakhala ndi phukusi losavuta la mapepala olimba okhala ndi ma windings afupiafupi. Mayendedwe amasiku ano mu ma stator windings ali awiriawiri osiyana, ndi apano kuchokera ku gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu akuyenda muwiri iliyonse. Popeza mu aliyense wa iwo amasinthidwa mu gawo ndi madigiri 120 poyerekeza ndi ena, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti maginito ozungulira akupezeka. Izi zimabweretsa mphamvu ya maginito mu rotor, ndipo kuyanjana pakati pa maginito awiri a maginito - kuzungulira mu stator ndi maginito a rotor, kumabweretsa kusinthasintha kotsiriza ndi kotsatira. Komabe, mumtundu uwu wamagetsi amagetsi, rotor nthawi zonse imatsalira kumbuyo kwa munda chifukwa ngati palibe kusuntha kwachibale pakati pa munda ndi rotor, sikungapangitse mphamvu ya maginito mu rotor. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa liwiro lapamwamba kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe amapereka komanso katundu. Komabe, chifukwa chapamwamba kwambiri kwa ma synchronous motors, opanga ambiri amakhala nawo.

Magalimoto ofananira

Magawo awa ali ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba komanso mphamvu zamagetsi. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi mota wa induction ndikuti maginito omwe ali mu rotor sanapangidwe polumikizana ndi stator, koma ndi zotsatira za zomwe zikuyenda pakadali pano pazowonjezera zomwe zaikidwamo, kapena maginito okhazikika. Chifukwa chake, gawo lomwe lili mu rotor ndi gawo la stator limafanana, ndipo kuthamanga kwambiri kwamagalimoto kumadaliranso pakuzungulira kwa mundawo, motsatana, pafupipafupi pakatundu ndi katundu. Pofuna kupewa kufunika kowonjezerapo magetsi pama windings, omwe amachulukitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamagetsi ndikusokoneza kayendetsedwe kazinthu zamagalimoto amakono amagetsi ndi mitundu ya haibridi, ma motors amagetsi omwe amatchedwa kusekerera kosalekeza amagwiritsidwa ntchito, i.e. ndi maginito okhazikika. Monga tanenera kale, pafupifupi onse opanga magalimoto oterewa amagwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi amtunduwu, chifukwa chake, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, padzakhalabe vuto ndi kuchepa kwa zinthu zotsika mtengo zapadziko lapansi neodymium ndi dysprosium. Magalimoto oyendera ma synchronous amabwera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso njira zosakanikirana monga BMW kapena GM, koma tikuwuzani zambiri za iwo.

Ntchito yomanga

Ma injini zamagalimoto amagetsi nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi ma axle oyendetsa ndipo mphamvu imasamutsidwa kumawilo kudzera pazitsulo za axle, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa makina. Ndi kamangidwe kameneka pansi, pakati pa mphamvu yokoka imachepetsedwa ndipo mapangidwe onse a chipika amakhala osakanikirana. Zinthu ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi masanjidwe amitundu yosakanizidwa. Kwa ma hybrids athunthu monga single mode (Toyota ndi Lexus) ndi wapawiri mode (Chevrolet Tahoe), ma mota amagetsi amalumikizidwa mwanjira ina ndi magiya a mapulaneti mu hybrid drivetrain, momwemo kuphatikizika kumafuna kuti mapangidwe awo akhale aatali komanso ang'onoang'ono. awiri. M'ma hybrids ofananira, kufunikira kophatikizika kumatanthauza kuti cholumikizira chomwe chimakwanira pakati pa flywheel ndi gearbox chili ndi mainchesi okulirapo ndipo chimakhala chathyathyathya, opanga monga Bosch ndi ZF Sachs ngakhale amadalira kapangidwe ka rotor ngati diski. Palinso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya rotor - pamene mu Lexus LS 600h chinthu chozungulira chili mkati, mu zitsanzo zina za Mercedes zozungulira zimakhala kunja. Mapangidwe omalizawa ndiwothandizanso kwambiri ngati ma motors amagetsi amayikidwa mu ma wheel hubs.

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev