Mahinji a liwiro lofanana komanso losafanana la angular

Zida za Cardan zokhala ndi hinge ya mawilo osagwirizana ndi angular

Kupatsirana kwamtunduwu kumapezeka m'magalimoto okhala ndi kumbuyo kapena magudumu onse. Chipangizo cha kufalitsa koteroko ndi motere: ma hinges a ma velocities osagwirizana ndi ang'ono amakhala pazitsulo za cardan. Pali zinthu zolumikizira kumapeto kwa kufalitsa. Ngati ndi kotheka, bracket yolumikizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Hinge imaphatikiza zida ziwiri, mtanda ndi zida zotsekera. Zovala za singano zimayikidwa m'maso mwa mafoloko, momwe membala wa mtanda amazungulira.

Ma bearings sakuyenera kukonzedwa ndi kukonzedwa. Iwo amadzazidwa ndi mafuta pa unsembe.

Mbali ya hinge ndikuti imatumiza torque yosagwirizana. Axle yachiwiri nthawi ndi nthawi imafika ndikutsalira kumbuyo kwa chitsulo chachikulu. Kuti athetse vutoli, ma hinges osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa. Mafoloko osiyana a hinge ali mu ndege yomweyo.

Kutengera mtunda womwe torque iyenera kufalikira, shaft imodzi kapena ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamzere woyendetsa. Pamene chiwerengero cha ma axles ndi ofanana ndi awiri, mmodzi wa iwo amatchedwa wapakatikati, wachiwiri - kumbuyo. Kukonza ma axles, bracket yapakati imayikidwa, yomwe imamangiriridwa ku thupi lagalimoto.

Mzere wotumizira umagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinthu zina za galimotoyo pogwiritsa ntchito flanges, couplings ndi zinthu zina zogwirizanitsa.

Ndizosavomerezeka kunena kuti ma hinges a ma velocities osagwirizana ali ndi kudalirika kochepa komanso moyo waufupi wautumiki. M'mikhalidwe yamakono, zida za cardan zokhala ndi CV zolumikizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kupanga ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito

Mwatsatanetsatane, tikambirana kamangidwe ndi mfundo ntchito olowa CV ntchito chitsanzo cha galimoto Vaz-2199.

Galimotoyi ndi yoyendetsa kutsogolo, kotero kuti ma CV amalumikizana nawo pakupanga mapangidwe.

Mbali yakunja ya galimotoyi imapangidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa "Beerfield".

Kumapeto kwa shaft yoyendetsa yomwe ikutuluka mu gearbox, pali mphete yamkati yokhala ndi 6 grooves.

Chotchinga chakunja chimakhala ndi mizere mkati. Chojambulacho chimalumikizidwa ndi ekseli, pomwe pali ma splines omwe amalowetsedwa mu gudumu.

Khola lamkati limadutsa kunja, ndipo mipira yogwirira ntchito yachitsulo imayikidwa m'mizere yomwe ilipo ya makola onse awiri. Kuti mipira isagwe, imayikidwa mu olekanitsa.

Cholumikizira cha CV ichi chimagwira ntchito motere: poyendetsa, gudumu limayenda nthawi zonse pokhudzana ndi thupi lagalimoto chifukwa choyimitsidwa paokha, pomwe mbali yapakati pa shaft yolowera ndi shaft yomwe imalowetsedwa mu hub ikusintha mosalekeza chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa msewu.

Mipirayo, yomwe imayenda m'mphepete mwa grooves, imapereka kufalikira kosalekeza kozungulira pamene ngodya ikusintha.

Mapangidwe a "grenade" amkati, omwe ali m'galimoto iyi ndi mtundu wa GKN, ndi wofanana ndi wakunja, koma chojambula chakunja chimakhala chotalikirapo, izi zimatsimikizira kusintha kwa kutalika kwa shaft yoyendetsa.

Mukamayendetsa muzitsulo, mbali ya CV yakunja imasintha, ndipo gudumulo limakwera. Pankhaniyi, kusintha ngodya kumakhudza kutalika kwa shaft ya cardan.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wa GKN CV, mpikisano wamkati, pamodzi ndi mipira, ukhoza kulowa mkati mwa mpikisano wakunja, motero umasintha kutalika kwa shaft.

Mapangidwe a olekanitsa mpira ophatikizana ndi odalirika kwambiri, koma ndi chenjezo limodzi. Amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuipitsa.

Kulowetsedwa kwa fumbi ndi mchenga mu "grenade" kumapangitsa kuti ma grooves ndi mipira ikhale yofulumira.

Choncho, zinthu zamkati za mgwirizanowu ziyenera kuphimbidwa ndi anthers.

Kuwonongeka kwa boot kumapangitsa kuti mafuta ophatikizana a CV atuluke ndi mchenga kulowa.

Ndikosavuta kuzindikira vuto ndi zinthu izi: mawilo akatembenuka kwathunthu, atsogoleri ayamba kusuntha, kudina kwamakhalidwe kumamveka.

Cardan pagalimoto yokhala ndi liwiro lokhazikika

Kupatsirana kwamtunduwu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto akutsogolo. Ndi chithandizo chake, kusiyana ndi chigawo cha gudumu loyendetsa galimoto zimagwirizanitsidwa.

Kupatsirana kuli ndi zingwe ziwiri, zamkati ndi zakunja, zolumikizidwa ndi shaft. Zolumikizira za CV nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto oyendetsa kumbuyo, pamagalimoto onse. Chowonadi ndi chakuti SHRUS ndi yamakono komanso yothandiza, kuwonjezera apo, phokoso lawo ndilotsika kwambiri kuposa la SHRUS.

Chodziwika kwambiri chomwe chilipo ndi mtundu wa mpira wolumikizana nthawi zonse. Cholumikizira cha CV chimatumiza torque kuchokera ku shaft kupita ku shaft yoyendetsedwa. Kuthamanga kwa angular kwa kutumizira kwa torque kumakhala kosasintha. Sizidalira pa mbali ya nkhwangwa.

SHRUS, kapena momwe amatchulidwira kuti "grenade", ndi thupi lozungulira momwe muli chojambula. Mipira imazungulirana wina ndi mzake. Amayenda m'mizere yapadera.

Zotsatira zake, torque imaperekedwa mofanana kuchokera ku shaft yoyendetsa kupita ku shaft yoyendetsedwa, kutengera kusintha kwa ngodya. Wolekanitsa agwira mipira m'malo mwake. "Grenade" imatetezedwa ku zotsatira za chilengedwe chakunja "chivundikiro cha fumbi" - chophimba choteteza.

Chofunikira pa moyo wautali wautumiki wamalumikizidwe a CV ndi kukhalapo kwamafuta mkati mwake. Ndipo kukhalapo kwa mafuta, nawonso, kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kulimba kwa hinge.

Payokha, ndikofunikira kutchula chitetezo chamagulu a CV. Ngati mng'alu kapena phokoso limveka mu "grenade", liyenera kusinthidwa nthawi yomweyo. Kuyendetsa galimoto yokhala ndi CV yolakwika ndikoopsa kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, gudumu likhoza kugwa. Chifukwa chomwe mthunzi wa cardan umakhala wosagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zambiri, kusankha kolakwika kwa liwiro ndi msewu wosauka.

Cholinga cha kufalitsa kwa Cardan ndi kukonza njira yofunika kwambiri yopatsira

Kuwerenga kapangidwe ka magalimoto, ife, abwenzi, nthawi zonse timapeza mayankho oyambira komanso osangalatsa aukadaulo, nthawi zina osavuta kapena anzeru, ndipo nthawi zina ovuta kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kupirira ndi omwe si akatswiri.

M'nkhaniyi, tiyesa kudziwa makina omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri - kusamutsidwa kwa kasinthasintha kuchokera ku gearbox kupita ku chitsulo chokhala ndi mawilo oyendetsa. Chipangizochi chimatchedwa -, kufala kwa cardan, cholinga ndi chipangizo chomwe tiyenera kudziwa.

Cardan: chifukwa chiyani ikufunika?

Ndiye, ndi mavuto ati omwe angabwere ngati tikufuna kusamutsa torque kuchokera ku injini kupita ku mawilo? Poyamba, ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta, koma tiyeni tiwone bwinobwino.

Mfundo ndi yakuti, mosiyana ndi injini ndi gearbox, mawilo, pamodzi ndi kuyimitsidwa, ali ndi ulendo wina, kutanthauza kuti n'zosatheka kulumikiza mfundo zimenezi.

Mainjiniya adathetsa vutoli ndikutumiza.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa makinawa ndi chotchedwa universal joint, chomwe ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira uinjiniya yomwe imalola inu ndi ine kusangalala ndiulendo wamagalimoto.

Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti makadi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a makina. Kwenikweni, ndithudi, angapezeke mu kufalitsa, koma kuwonjezera apo, mtundu uwu wa kufalitsa umagwirizana ndi chiwongolero chowongolera.

Hinge: chinsinsi chachikulu cha cardan

Chotero, sitidzataya nthaŵi pa nkhani zosafunikira ndikupita ku chenicheni cha vutolo. Kutumiza kwagalimoto, ngakhale ndi mtundu wotani, kumakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zokhazikika, zomwe ndi:

• malupu,
• milatho yoyendetsa, yoyendetsedwa ndi yapakati,
• amathandiza,
• kugwirizana zinthu ndi kugwirizana.

Kusiyana kwa njirazi, monga lamulo, kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Pali njira zingapo zochitira izi:

• ndi hinge ya mawilo osagwirizana ndi angular,
• ndi mgwirizano wa liwiro lokhazikika,
• ndi semi-cardan zotanuka olowa.

Pamene oyendetsa galimoto amatchula mawu akuti "cardan", nthawi zambiri amatanthauza njira yoyamba. Makina ophatikizana a CV amapezeka kwambiri pamagalimoto akumbuyo kapena magalimoto onse.

Kugwira ntchito kwa mtundu uwu wa kufalitsa kwa cardan kuli ndi mbali, yomwe ilinso ndi vuto lake. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chifukwa cha mapangidwe a hinge, kufalikira kosalala kwa torque sikutheka, koma zimachitika kuti izi zimangochitika mozungulira: pakusinthika kumodzi, shaft yoyendetsedwa imatsalira kawiri ndi kawiri kutsogolo kwa shaft yoyendetsa.

Nuance iyi imalipidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa hinge ina yofananira. Chipangizo cha cardan drive chamtunduwu ndi chosavuta, monga chilichonse mwanzeru: ma axles amalumikizidwa ndi mafoloko awiri omwe ali pamtunda wa madigiri 90 ndikumangirira ndi mtanda.

Zotsogola kwambiri ndizosankha zokhala ndi ma CV olumikizana ndi liwiro lofanana la angular, zomwe, mwa njira, nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa CV joints; Muyenera kuti munamvapo dzinali.

Kutumiza kwa Cardan, cholinga ndi chipangizo chomwe tikuchiganizira pankhaniyi, chili ndi zovuta zake. Ngakhale kuti mapangidwe ake ndi ovuta kwambiri, izi ndizoposa kupindula ndi ubwino wambiri. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, nkhwangwa za kuyimitsidwa kwamtunduwu nthawi zonse zimasinthasintha mofanana ndipo zimatha kupanga ngodya mpaka madigiri 35. Kuipa kwa makinawo, mwina, kungaphatikizepo chiwembu chosokonekera chovuta kwambiri.

Cholowa cha CV chiyenera kukhala chosindikizidwa nthawi zonse, chifukwa mkati mwake muli mafuta apadera. Depressurization imayambitsa kutayikira kwa mafuta awa, ndipo pamenepa, hinge imakhala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikusweka. Komabe, zolumikizira za CV, ndi chisamaliro choyenera ndi kuwongolera, ndizokhazikika kuposa anzawo. Mutha kupeza ma CV pamagalimoto onse akutsogolo komanso magalimoto onse.

Mapangidwe ndi machitidwe a cardan drive ndi elastic semi-cardan amakhalanso ndi makhalidwe ake, omwe, mwa njira, samalola kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito muzojambula zamakono zamagalimoto.

Kusintha kwa kasinthasintha pakati pa ma shaft awiri pankhaniyi kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa zinthu zotanuka, monga clutch yopangidwa mwapadera. Njirayi imatengedwa kuti ndi yosadalirika kwambiri ndipo sikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani opanga magalimoto.

Eya, abwenzi, cholinga ndi kapangidwe ka kufalitsa, komanso mitundu yomwe tavumbulutsa m'nkhaniyi, idakhala njira yosavuta yomwe imabweretsa zabwino zambiri.

Hinge yolimba

Malumikizidwe olimba a articular amaimiridwa ndi zotanuka za semi-cardiac joints. Iyi ndi njira yomwe torque yochokera ku shaft yoyendetsa kupita ku shaft yoyendetsedwa, yomwe ili ndi mbali yosiyana ya malo, imatheka chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa ulalo wowalumikiza. Ulalo wotanuka umapangidwa ndi mphira wokhala ndi nyonga yotheka.

Chitsanzo cha zinthu zotanuka zotere ndi Gibo coupling. Zikuwoneka ngati chinthu cha hexagonal, chomwe zokutira zachitsulo zimagwedezeka. Chovalacho chimakanizidwa kale. Kapangidwe kameneka kamadziwika ndi kusungunuka kwabwino kwa ma torsional vibrations komanso kugwedezeka kwamapangidwe. Amalola katchulidwe ka ndodo zokhala ndi ngodya yosiyana mpaka madigiri 8 ndi kuyenda kwa ndodo mpaka 12 mm mbali zonse ziwiri. Ntchito yayikulu yamakina otere ndikubwezera zolakwika pakuyika.

Kuipa kwa msonkhano kumaphatikizapo phokoso lowonjezereka panthawi ya ntchito, zovuta zopanga zinthu komanso moyo wochepa wautumiki.

Annex a (zodziwitsa) kuwerengera kwa liwiro lovuta la shaft ya cardan

Annex A (zambiri)

Kwa shaft ya cardan yokhala ndi chitoliro chachitsulo, liwiro lovuta n, min, limawerengedwa ndi ndondomeko

(A.1)

kumene D ndi m'mimba mwake akunja kwa chitoliro, masentimita, d ndi m'mimba mwake wa chitoliro, masentimita;

L - mtunda wautali pakati pa nkhwangwa zamagulu a cardan shaft, masentimita;

kumene n ndi mafupipafupi a kuzungulira kwa cardan shaft mu gear (mafupipafupi achilengedwe a kugwedezeka kwamtundu wa shaft malinga ndi mawonekedwe oyambirira), mogwirizana ndi liwiro lalikulu la galimoto, min.

1 Kuwerengera uku sikutengera kulimba kwa zothandizira.

2 Kwa magiya a cardan okhala ndi chithandizo chapakati, mtengo wa L umatengedwa wofanana ndi mtunda kuchokera ku hinge axis kupita kumtunda wa kunyamula kwa chithandizo chapakati. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa shaft, yopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a kukankhira pakati pa mapepala a cardan, amawerengedwa pa d wofanana ndi zero. Liwiro lovuta la shaft ya cardan, yomwe ili ndi chitoliro ndi ndodo, imawerengedwa kutengera mtengo woperekedwa wa kutalika kwa chitoliro L cm, yowerengedwa ndi chilinganizo.

,(A.2) kumene L ndi kutalika kwa chubu cha shaft, masentimita; l ndi utali wa chitoliro cholowa m'malo mwa ulalo wa chitsulo, masentimita Kutalika kwa chitoliro l cholowa m'malo mwa nsongayo kumawerengedwa ndi ndondomeko (A.3) pamene l ndi kutalika kwa ulalo wa chitsulo, masentimita; d ndi m'mimba mwake wa ndodo ya cardan shaft, masentimita. Mafupipafupi ovuta a kuzungulira kwa cardan shaft, poganizira kusungunuka kwa zothandizira zake pakufalitsa, zimayikidwa moyesera ndi wopanga galimoto. Mafupipafupi a kasinthasintha wa cardan pakupatsirana, molingana ndi liwiro lapamwamba la galimoto, sayenera kupitirira 80% ya mafupipafupi ovuta, poganizira za elasticity ya zothandizira.

Zowonongeka pafupipafupi ndi kuchotsedwa kwawo

Zolephera zonse zitha kugawidwa molingana ndi zisonyezo zomwe zikuwonekera zakulephera:

1. Kugwedezeka pakuyenda - mayendedwe a mtanda kapena manja atha, kusanja kwa shaft kumasokonekera;
2. Kugogoda poyambira: ma grooves a splines atha, kukonza ma bolts amamasulidwa;
3. Kutuluka kwa mafuta kuchokera ku fani - zisindikizo zatha.

Kuti athetse mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, "makadi" amachotsedwa ndipo mbali zolephera zimasinthidwa. Ngati pali kusalinganika, shaft iyenera kukhala yolinganiza bwino.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa SHRUS

Zina mwazabwino zodziwikiratu za mgwirizano wa CV ndikuti pakupatsirana mothandizidwa ndi hinge iyi palibe kutayika kwa mphamvu poyerekeza ndi njira zina zofananira, zabwino zina ndizochepa thupi, kudalirika kwapanthawi yake komanso kumasuka kosinthira ngati sweka.

Zoyipa zamalumikizidwe a CV zimaphatikizapo kupezeka kwa anther pamapangidwe, omwenso ndi chidebe chopaka mafuta. Mgwirizano wa CV uli pamalo pomwe ndizosatheka kupewa kukhudzana ndi zinthu zakunja. Thunthulo likhoza kusweka, mwachitsanzo, poyendetsa galimoto mozama kwambiri, pamene akugunda chopinga, ndi zina zotero. kuvala kwambiri. Ngati mukutsimikiza kuti izi zachitika posachedwa, mutha kuchotsa chophatikizira cha CV, kuthamangitsa, kusintha boot ndikudzaza mafuta atsopano. Ngati vutoli lidayamba kale, ndiye kuti cholumikizira cha CV chidzalephera pasadakhale.

Mitundu ya mahinji a ma velocities ofanana a angular

Zosankha zamapangidwe ophatikizira mpira, ngakhale zinali zofala kwambiri pamakampani onyamula anthu, sizinali zokhazokha.

Mgwirizano wa mpira

Magulu a Tripod CV apeza ntchito yothandiza pamagalimoto onyamula anthu komanso magalimoto opepuka amalonda, momwe ma roller ozungulira okhala ndi malo ozungulira amagwira ntchito ngati mipira.

SHRUS katatu

Kwa magalimoto, malupu a cam (rusk) a mtundu wa "thirakiti", opangidwa ndi ma studs awiri ndi ma disk opangidwa ndi ma disk awiri, afalikira. Mafoloko mumapangidwe oterowo ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira katundu wolemetsa (zomwe zimafotokozera malo omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito).

Cam (biscuit) SHRUS

M'pofunika kutchula mtundu wina wa CV olowa - wapawiri cardan olowa. Mwa iwo, kufalikira kosagwirizana kwa liwiro la angular la gimbal yoyamba kumalipidwa ndi gimbal yachiwiri.

Kulumikizana konsekonse kawiri kofanana ndi liwiro la angular

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ngodya pakati pa nkhwangwa ziwiri pankhaniyi sayenera kupitirira 20⁰ (popanda kutero kuwonjezereka kwa katundu ndi kugwedezeka kumawonekera), zomwe zimachepetsa kukula kwa mapangidwe otere makamaka kwa zipangizo zomangira msewu.

Ma CV amkati ndi akunja

Kuphatikiza pa kusiyanasiyana kwamapangidwe, ma CV olowa amagawidwa, kutengera malo omwe amayikidwa, kukhala kunja ndi mkati.

Cholumikizira chamkati cha CV chimalumikiza bokosi la gear ku shaft ya axle, ndipo cholumikizira chakunja cha CV chimalumikiza tsinde la gudumu ndi gudumu. Pamodzi ndi shaft ya cardan, zigawo ziwirizi zimapanga kayendedwe ka galimoto.

Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mgwirizano wakunja ndi mpira. Mgwirizano wamkati wa CV sikuti umangopereka ngodya yayikulu pakati pa ma axles, komanso umalipiritsa kayendedwe ka cardan shaft pamene imayenda molingana ndi kuyimitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, msonkhano wama tripod nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira mkati mwa magalimoto onyamula anthu.

Chofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwanthawi zonse kwa ophatikizana a CV ndikuthira mbali zosuntha za hinge. Kuthina kwa malo ogwirira ntchito komwe mafuta opaka mafuta amatsimikiziridwa ndi anthers omwe amalepheretsa particles abrasive kulowa m'malo ogwirira ntchito. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magawo, mitundu yokha yamafuta opangira mayunitsi otere ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Hinge: chinsinsi chachikulu cha cardan

Ndizodziwikiratu kuti kufala kwa cardan, cholinga ndi chipangizo chomwe tikuchiganizira lero, ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri.

Chotero, sitidzataya nthaŵi pa nkhani zosafunikira ndikupita ku chenicheni cha vutolo. Kutumiza kwagalimoto, ngakhale ndi mtundu wotani, kumakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zokhazikika, zomwe ndi:

• malupu;
• kuyendetsa, kuyendetsa ndi ma shafts apakati;
• zothandizira;
• kugwirizana zinthu ndi kugwirizana.

Kusiyana kwa njirazi, monga lamulo, kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Pali njira zingapo zochitira izi:

• ndi hinge ya mawilo aang'ono osagwirizana;
• ndi hinge ya mawilo aang'ono ofanana;
• ndi semi-cardan zotanuka olowa.

Pamene oyendetsa galimoto amatchula mawu akuti "cardan", nthawi zambiri amatanthauza njira yoyamba. Makina ophatikizana a CV amapezeka kwambiri pamagalimoto akumbuyo kapena magalimoto onse.

Kugwira ntchito kwa mtundu uwu wa kufalitsa kwa cardan kuli ndi mbali, yomwe ilinso ndi vuto lake. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chifukwa cha mapangidwe a hinge, kufalikira kosalala kwa torque sikutheka, koma zimachitika kuti izi zimangochitika mozungulira: pakusinthika kumodzi, shaft yoyendetsedwa imatsalira kawiri ndi kawiri kutsogolo kwa shaft yoyendetsa.

Nuance iyi imalipidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa hinge ina yofananira. Chipangizo cha cardan drive chamtunduwu ndi chosavuta, monga chilichonse mwanzeru: ma axles amalumikizidwa ndi mafoloko awiri omwe ali pamtunda wa madigiri 90 ndikumangirira ndi mtanda.

Zotsogola kwambiri ndizosankha zokhala ndi ma CV olumikizana ndi liwiro lofanana la angular, zomwe, mwa njira, nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa CV joints; Muyenera kuti munamvapo dzinali.

Kutumiza kwa Cardan, cholinga ndi chipangizo chomwe tikuchiganizira pankhaniyi, chili ndi zovuta zake. Ngakhale kuti mapangidwe ake ndi ovuta kwambiri, izi ndizoposa kupindula ndi ubwino wambiri. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, nkhwangwa za kuyimitsidwa kwamtunduwu nthawi zonse zimasinthasintha mofanana ndipo zimatha kupanga ngodya mpaka madigiri 35. Kuipa kwa makinawo, mwina, kungaphatikizepo chiwembu chosokonekera chovuta kwambiri.

Cholowa cha CV chiyenera kukhala chosindikizidwa nthawi zonse, chifukwa mkati mwake muli mafuta apadera. Depressurization imayambitsa kutayikira kwa mafuta awa, ndipo pamenepa, hinge imakhala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikusweka. Komabe, zolumikizira za CV, ndi chisamaliro choyenera ndi kuwongolera, ndizokhazikika kuposa anzawo. Mutha kupeza ma CV pamagalimoto onse akutsogolo komanso magalimoto onse.

Mapangidwe ndi machitidwe a cardan drive ndi elastic semi-cardan amakhalanso ndi makhalidwe ake, omwe, mwa njira, samalola kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito muzojambula zamakono zamagalimoto.

Kusintha kwa kasinthasintha pakati pa ma shaft awiri pankhaniyi kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa zinthu zotanuka, monga clutch yopangidwa mwapadera. Njirayi imatengedwa kuti ndi yosadalirika kwambiri ndipo sikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani opanga magalimoto.

Eya, abwenzi, cholinga ndi kapangidwe ka kufalitsa, komanso mitundu yomwe tavumbulutsa m'nkhaniyi, idakhala njira yosavuta yomwe imabweretsa zabwino zambiri.

Mu positi yotsatira, tikambirana za chinthu chothandiza chimodzimodzi. Iti mwa? Lembetsani ku kalata yamakalata ndipo onetsetsani kuti mwapeza!

Kutumiza kwa Cardan ndi semi-cardan zotanuka

Cholumikizira cholumikizira cha semi-cardan chimathandizira kutumiza kwa torque pakati pa ma shaft omwe amakhala pang'ono pang'ono. Izi ndichifukwa cha mapindikidwe a zomangira zotanuka.

Chitsanzo ndi Guibo flexible coupling. Ichi ndi hexagonal wothinikizidwa zotanuka element. Ma flanges a drive ndi ma shaft oyendetsedwa amamangiriridwa pamenepo ndipo torque imaperekedwa.

Lipoti la zithunzi za kuthyoledwa ndi kukhazikitsa ma CV olowa pa VAZ 2110-2112

Choyamba, pamene galimoto idakali pansi, m'pofunika kuchotsa chipewa choteteza ku nati ya hub ndikuchotsa. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito lever yamphamvu ndi mutu 32, masulani nati, koma osati kwathunthu:

Pambuyo pake, timamasula ma bolts onse pa gudumu ndikuchotsa, titakweza kutsogolo kwa galimotoyo ndi jack. Pambuyo pake, potsirizira pake masulani mtedza wa hub ndikuchotsa chochapa.

Kenako timamasula zomangira ziwiri zomwe zagwirizira mpira kuchokera pansi:

Pambuyo pake, mutha kupendekera chowongolera kumbali ndikuchotsa mbali imodzi ya cholumikizira cha CV pamalopo:

Ngati kuli kofunikira kusintha cholumikizira chakunja cha CV, chikhoza kugwedezeka kale pamtengowo ndi nyundo, koma izi ziyenera kuchitika mosamala kuti zisawononge chilichonse. Ndipo njira yabwino, ndithudi, ndiyo kuchotsa kwathunthu kwa unit

Kuti muchite izi, pogwiritsa ntchito bulaketi, muyenera kuchotsa cholumikizira chamkati cha CV ndikuchichotsa ku gearbox:

Chifukwa, n'zotheka kuchotsa kwathunthu CV olowa ku gearbox VAZ 2110 ndi kuchotsa msonkhano kufala kunja. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito vice ndi nyundo, timadula zida zonse zofunika za CV, mkati ndi kunja.

Onetsetsani kuti muyang'ane mkhalidwe wa anthers. Ngati zawonongeka, ziyenera kusinthidwa ndi zatsopano.

Kuyika kumachitika motsatira dongosolo ndipo muvidiyo yomweyi yomwe idawonetsedwa koyambirira kwa nkhaniyi, zonse zimawoneka bwino. Ndikoyeneranso kutchula mtengo wa magawo atsopano. Choncho, mtengo wa olowa kunja CV pa VAZ 2110 akhoza kuchokera 900 kuti 1500 rubles. Kwa wophunzira, muyenera kulipira kuchokera ku 1200 mpaka 2000 rubles.

M'zaka za m'ma 80s zazaka zapitazi, gawo lofunika kwambiri linayamba kupanga magalimoto okwera - kusintha kuchokera ku mapangidwe apamwamba ndi cardan shaft ndi chitsulo chakumbuyo kupita ku gudumu lakutsogolo. Kuyendetsa kutsogolo ndi MacPherson struts kwatsimikizira kuti ndi njira yosavuta komanso yodalirika yokhala ndi ubwino wambiri:

• kuwonjezereka kwa kayendetsedwe kake ndi kutha kwa dziko chifukwa cha kulemera kwa kutsogolo kwa galimoto;
• kukhazikika kwadongosolo kwa makina, makamaka pamalo oterera;
• kuwonjezeka kwa malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito a kanyumbako chifukwa cha kukula kwa injini ya injini komanso kusowa kwa shaft ya cardan;
• kuchepetsa kulemera kwa galimoto chifukwa cha kusowa kwa gearbox ndi zinthu zoyendetsa kumbuyo;
• kuonjezera chitetezo cha kapangidwe kake ndikuwonjezera miyeso ya thunthu chifukwa choyika tanki yamafuta pansi pampando wakumbuyo.

Komabe, kuti asamutsire ku magudumu oyendetsa, magawo angapo osatetezeka ndi masukulu adayambitsidwa pamapangidwewo. Chinthu chachikulu chonyamula katundu pamagalimoto oyendetsa kutsogolo ndi ma velocity joints (CV joints).

Main malfunctions, zizindikiro zawo

Makina olimba kwambiri pamapangidwe ake ndi ekseli yokha. Amaponyedwa kuchokera ku alloy yokhazikika yomwe imatha kupirira katundu wochuluka. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti muwononge. Monga lamulo, izi ndi zowonongeka zamakina pangozi.

Nthawi zambiri, zolakwika zazikulu zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo:

1. Kugwedezeka: Mukayamba kapena kuyendetsa galimoto, kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kapena kofooka kumatha kuchitika. Ichi ndi chizindikiro choyamba cha kuwonongeka kwa mayendedwe a akangaude. Komanso, vutoli likhoza kusonyeza kusalinganika kosayenera kwa shaft, izi zimachitika pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa makina.
2. Knock - Kugogoda kodziwika mukasuntha kuchoka pamalo amodzi kumatanthawuza kuti mabawuti okwera kapena ma splines atha. Pankhaniyi, ndi bwino kulankhulana nthawi yomweyo ndi siteshoni utumiki kuona kukhulupirika kwa kugwirizana.
3. Kutayikira kwa Mafuta: Mutha kupeza madontho ang'onoang'ono amafuta m'malo omwe ma bere ndi zosindikizira zili.
4. Squeaks - zitha kuwoneka mukamakanikiza chopondapo chowongolera. Nthawi zambiri, squeaks imatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kulephera kwa hinge. Ndi mawonekedwe a dzimbiri, mitanda imatha kukakamira ndikuwononga mayendedwe.
5. Kusokonekera kwa zonyamula zosunthika - mutha kudziwa vuto ndi mawonekedwe a creak m'dera la gawo losuntha la shaft. Pa ntchito yachibadwa, makinawo sayenera kupanga phokoso, mayendedwe onse ndi osalala. Ngati mng'alu wamveka, ndiye kuti mayendedwe ake amakhala osakhazikika. Vuto limathetsedwa kokha ndi kusinthidwa kwathunthu kwa gawo lopanda pake.

Nthawi zina pomwe kuwonongeka kwamakina kwa shaft yayikulu kumachitika, geometry yolakwika imatha kuyambitsa kugwedezeka kwakukulu. Amisiri ena amalimbikitsa pamanja kukonza geometry ya chitoliro, koma ichi ndi chisankho cholakwika, chomwe chingayambitse kuvala mofulumira kwa dongosolo lonse. Njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli ndikusintha zinthu zonse zowonongeka.

SHRUS crunches - momwe mungadziwire kuti ndi iti, ndi choti muchite?

Moni okondedwa oyendetsa galimoto! Munthu wokonda galimoto akhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi munthu weniweni pokhapokha atakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'galimoto ndi misonkhano ikuluikulu, ndipo kugogoda kwatsopano kulikonse, kugunda ndi zizindikiro zina za kuwonongeka kwa galimoto zimamuvutitsa.

Kuyendetsa galimoto kungatchulidwe kukhala omasuka ngati zinthu zonse zikuyenda bwino.

Komabe, gawo lililonse, makamaka likugwira ntchito molemetsa komanso mokangana ngati cholumikizira cha CV, lili ndi moyo wake wogwira ntchito.

Posakhalitsa, zinthuzo zimatha, zimataya katundu wake, zomwe zimabweretsa kulephera kwa gawolo. Ichi ndi cholinga. Ndipo "lingaliro" la kusweka kwa gawo lomwe likuyandikira liyenera kutengedwa mozama. Ndi bwino kuti musadikire kuti galimotoyo iime paulendo wautali, koma nthawi yomweyo muyambe kuthetsa mavuto ndi kuthetsa mavuto.

Eni ake amagalimoto oyendetsa kutsogolo amadziwa bwino zinthu zosasangalatsa monga CV joint squeak. Popeza kuyimitsidwa kutsogolo kwa galimoto, kuwonjezera pa ntchito zake zazikulu, kuyeneranso kuwonetsetsa kufalikira kwa kasinthasintha kuchokera ku magiya osiyana kupita ku mawilo oyendetsa, imakhala ndi zida zapadera - ma CV olowa, omwe amamveka mwachidule ngati "CV joint". ".

Tsatanetsataneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri komanso yovuta kwambiri pakupanga, kotero ndiyokwera mtengo ndipo imafuna chidwi chowonjezereka. Ngati CV olowa creaks, ndiye mosakayikira m'pofunika kukonza galimoto ndi kusintha.

Chifukwa chiyani SHRUS ikuphwanyidwa?

Madalaivala odziwa bwino amatha kudziwa malo omwe galimoto ikuwonongeka ndi khutu. Maluso otere amapezedwa pakapita nthawi, koma chidule cha HS sichingasokonezeke.

Kuti timvetsetse mtundu wa phokoso lamtunduwu, tiyenera kukumbukira momwe CV yolumikizira imagwirira ntchito. Ntchito yolumikizana ndi CV ndikusamutsa kasinthasintha kuchokera ku ekisi imodzi kupita ku ina, kutengera kusintha kosalekeza kwa ngodya pakati pawo.

Katunduyu ndi chifukwa chofunikira osati kungotembenuza gudumu loyendetsa, komanso kulipatsa mphamvu yozungulira ndikusunthira mmwamba ndi pansi pa kasupe.

Kulumikizana kwa CV kumakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• thupi lakunja ndi looneka ngati mbale ndi mizere isanu ndi umodzi yozungulira mkati ndi semi-axis kunja;
• khola lamkati mwa mawonekedwe a nkhonya yozungulira, komanso mipata isanu ndi umodzi ndi kugwirizana kwa theka la shaft;
• pali mipira 6 pakati pa makoma a mkati mwa chidebe ndi khola mu olekanitsa.

Zinthu zonse zimapangidwa mwatsatanetsatane kotero kuti sizikhala ndi zobwereranso panthawi ya msonkhano. Chojambula kupyolera mu mipira chimasamutsira mphamvu ku thupi ndikuchizungulira, ndipo kuyenda kwa mipira pamodzi ndi grooves kumakulolani kusintha ngodya pakati pa semiaxes.

Pakapita nthawi, ntchito imapangidwa polumikizana ndi mipira ndi zinthu zina, zomwe zimawonekera. Kuyenda kwaulere kwa mipira (kugudubuza) kumapanga phokoso lofanana kwambiri ndi crunching.

Poganizira kuti zigawo ziwiri za CV zimayikidwa pa gudumu lililonse, pamene zizindikiro zowopsya zikuwonekera, zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa zomwe CV imagwirizanitsa creaks: mkati kapena kunja, kumanja kapena kumanzere.

Mitundu yamagulu olumikizana

Pali mitundu ingapo ya malupu. Kugawika kwa chinthu chamakina ichi kumatha kuchitidwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zophatikizika:

• Zosavuta. Gwirizanitsani chinthu chimodzi kapena ziwiri.
• Zovuta. Phatikizani zinthu zitatu kapena zambiri.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma hinges amatha kusuntha ndikukhazikika:

• Zokonzedwanso. Malo olumikizira akhazikika. Ndodo imazungulira mozungulira.
• Zam'manja. Ma axle ndi malo omata zimazungulira.

Koma gulu lalikulu kwambiri la zinthu zamakinazi liri m'njira zomwe zimapangidwira. Gululi limawagawa m'magulu:

• Cylindrical. Kusuntha kwa zinthu ziwiri kumachitika mogwirizana ndi axis wamba.
• Mpira. Kusuntha kumachitika mozungulira ponseponse.
• Cardan. Njira yovuta yotereyi imaphatikizapo zinthu zingapo. Malupu angapo amaikidwa pamtanda wamba. Zomwe, nazonso, zimalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zina zamakina.
• SHRUS. Njira yovuta yomwe imathandizira kufalikira kwa kukoka ndikuchita zozungulira.
• Zatha. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zamakono. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a hemispherical. Zinthu za hinge zili pamakona osiyanasiyana. Kufalikira kwa torque kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa ulalo. Kuti achite izi, amapangidwa ndi mphira wokhazikika. Chida chokhala ndi zinthu zochititsa mantha chimakulolani kuti mugwire ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake.

Kuwona momwe shaft yoyendera ilili

M'pofunika kufufuza cardan muzochitika zotsatirazi:

• phokoso lowonjezera limapezeka pakuwonjezera;
• panali kutayikira mafuta pafupi ndi poyang'anira;
• kugogoda phokoso pamene mukusuntha magiya
• pa liwiro kugwedezeka kwambiri kumafalikira ku thupi.

Kuzindikira kuyenera kuchitidwa ndikukweza galimoto pamalo okwera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma jacks (kuti mudziwe momwe mungasankhire zomwe mukufuna, onani nkhani ina). Ndikofunikira kuti mawilo oyendetsa azitha kuzungulira.

Nawa mfundo zoti mufufuze.

• Kukonza. Kulumikizana pakati pa chithandizo chapakatikati ndi flange kuyenera kulumikizidwa ndi wononga ndi makina ochapira loko. Kupanda kutero, mtedzawo umamasuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kusewera kwambiri komanso kugwedezeka.
• Elastic coupling. Nthawi zambiri zimalephera, chifukwa gawo la mphira limabwezera kusamuka kwa axial, ma radial ndi angular a magawo omwe alumikizidwa. Mutha kuyang'ana kusokonekera potembenuza pang'onopang'ono kutsinde lapakati (mozungulira mozungulira ndi mosemphanitsa). Gawo la mphira la kugwirizana siliyenera kusweka, sipayenera kukhala masewera pamalo omwe mabotolo amangiriridwa.
• Foloko yowonjezedwa Kusuntha kwa mbali pambali pa msonkhanowu kumachitika chifukwa cha kuvala kwachilengedwe kwa kulumikizana kwa spline. Ngati muyesa kutembenuza tsinde ndi kugwirizana kumbali ina, ndipo pali sewero laling'ono pakati pa foloko ndi shaft, ndiye msonkhano uwu uyenera kusinthidwa.
• Njira yofananira imachitika ndi malupu. Chophimba chachikulu chimayikidwa pakati pa mafoloko a mafoloko. Imagwira ntchito ya lever yomwe amayesa kutembenuza olamulira mbali imodzi kapena ina. Ngati kusewera kuwonedwa panthawi yogwedezeka, kangaude ayenera kusinthidwa.
• Kuyimitsidwa kubereka. Utumiki wake ukhoza kufufuzidwa pogwira shaft kutsogolo ndi dzanja limodzi ndi kumbuyo ndi mzake ndikugwedeza mbali zosiyanasiyana. Pankhaniyi, chithandizo chapakati chiyenera kukhazikika. Ngati sewero likuwonekera pamayendedwe, ndiye kuti vuto limathetsedwa ndikulisintha.
• Kusamala. Amachitidwa ngati diagnostics sanaulule zolakwa zilizonse. Ndondomekoyi ikuchitika pa malo apadera.

Chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha cardan kufala dongosolo

SHNUS yachikale ili ndi zovuta zina zaukadaulo. Kuthamanga kwa kuzungulira kwa nkhwangwa zake kumasintha pakuyenda. Pankhaniyi, shaft yoyendetsedwa imatha kufulumizitsa ndikutsika pa liwiro lofanana ndi shaft yoyendetsa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti makinawo azivala mwachangu, komanso zimapanganso katundu wowonjezera pa ekisi yakumbuyo. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwira ntchito kwa hinge kumayendera limodzi ndi kugwedezeka. Cholinga cha driveline chikhoza kuchitidwa ndi mlatho wokhala ndi zolumikizira za CV (kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo). machitidwe ofanana kale ntchito SUVs ena lero. Komanso, olowa CV akhoza okonzeka ndi cardan ku galimoto VAZ-2107 ndi zina "zachikale". Zida zokonzera zilipo zogulitsidwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cha CV kumakupatsani mwayi wochotsa zofooka zomwe zili pamtanda wakale. Kuthamanga kwa shaft kumafanana, kugwedezeka kumasokonekera, CV sifunikira kusanja pambuyo pokonza, mbali yosinthira makokedwe imachulukitsidwa mpaka 17.

Kodi swivel imagwira ntchito pati?

Kukula kwa nyumba zoterezi kumadalira mtundu wawo. M'zochita, kugwiritsa ntchito hinge imodzi kapena ina kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ufulu (chiwerengero cha magawo odziyimira pawokha). Machitidwe amtundu wovuta ali ndi magawo atatu otere a kasinthasintha ndi atatu oyenda. Kukwera kwa hinge iyi, m'pamenenso mungagwiritse ntchito zambiri.

Mahinji osavuta a cylindrical amapezeka kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kulumikizika kwamtunduwu kumapangidwanso mu lumo, pulasitala, zosakaniza, ndi zitseko zina zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa zilinso ndi izi pamapangidwe awo.

Mgwirizano wa mpira umayimiridwa bwino mumakampani opanga magalimoto ndi madera ena komwe kuli kofunikira kusamutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku shaft imodzi kupita ku zida zosiyanasiyana.

Masamba a Cardan ali ndi kukula kofanana ndi mapangidwe apitalo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuli kofunikira kusamutsa mphamvu pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimapanga ngodya wina ndi mzake.

Magulu a CV ndi gawo lofunikira pamagalimoto akutsogolo.

Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira mafupa

• Lithium yochokera. Mafuta odalirika omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osungira kwambiri. Chepetsani katundu pamalumikizidwe a nodal mpaka kakhumi. Zimalepheretsa fumbi ndipo zimagwirizana ndi pafupifupi zipangizo zonse za nsapato za utomoni. Choyipa chake ndikuti ali ndi chitetezo chochepa cha dzimbiri ndipo amawononga mapulasitiki.
• Kutengera ndi molybdenum disulfide. Mafuta okhala ndi moyo wautali wautumiki wa makilomita zana limodzi. Mafuta abwino kwambiri komanso anti-corrosion properties. Osawononga pulasitiki. Choyipa ndichakuti chinyezi chikalowa mumafuta amataya katundu wake.
• Barium yokhazikika. Mafuta abwino okhala ndi phindu la lithiamu molybdenum disulphide. Komanso saopa chinyezi. Choyipa ndi chiwonongeko pa kutentha kochepa komanso mtengo wapamwamba.

Zowonjezera b (reference) kuwerengera kwa kusalinganika kwa cardan shaft

Zowonjezera B (zodziwitsa)

Ndipo chidwi kwambiri: chithunzi mbali ya mbiri ya galimoto UAZ-469

B.1 Kusalinganika kwa shaft ya cardan kumadalira kulemera kwake, kusewera kwa hinges ndi njira yosinthira kutalika kwake.

B.2 Kusalinganika D, g cm, mu gawo la mtanda wa chithandizo chotumizira amawerengedwa ndi ma formula: - kwa shaft popanda makina osinthira kutalika kwake.

(B.1)

- kwa shaft yokhala ndi makina osinthira kutalika kwake

(B.2) kumene m ndi kulemera kwa mtengo wa cardan pa chithandizo, g; e ndiko kusamutsidwa kwathunthu kwa nsonga ya shaft, chifukwa cha kuloledwa kwa axial mu hinji pakati pa malekezero a mtanda ndi pansi pa ma beya ndi kutulutsa kwa radial mu mgwirizano wodutsa mutu, masentimita; e ndiko kusamuka kwa olamulira a axis chifukwa cha mipata mu njira yosinthira kutalika, masentimita. Unyinji wa mita umatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyeza pamiyeso yomwe imayikidwa pansi pa chothandizira chilichonse chopingasa. Kusamuka kwathunthu kwa e-axis, masentimita, kumawerengedwa ndi formula (B.3)

kumene H ndi chilolezo cha axial mu hinge pakati pa malekezero a mtanda ndi pansi pa mayendedwe, masentimita;

D ndi m'mimba mwake wamkati wa kubala pamodzi ndi singano, masentimita; D ndiye m'mimba mwake wa khosi lopingasa, cm. Axis offset e, cm, kwa cholumikizira chosunthika chokhazikika chakunja kapena m'mimba mwake mkati, e amawerengedwa motsatira ndondomekoyi.

(B.4) pomwe D ndi mainchesi a bowo lopindika la mkono, masentimita; D ndi mainchesi a tsinde lopindika, onani Chidziwitso: kwa shaft ya cardan yopanda makina osinthira kutalika, e=0. Kusalinganika kochepa kapena kwakukulu D kumawerengedwa poganizira gawo la kulolerana kwa zinthu zogwirizanitsa za cardan shaft.

Cardan: chifukwa chiyani ikufunika?

Ndiye, ndi mavuto ati omwe angabwere ngati tikufuna kusamutsa torque kuchokera ku injini kupita ku mawilo? Poyamba, ntchitoyi ndi yosavuta, koma tiyeni tiwone bwinobwino. Mfundo ndi yakuti, mosiyana ndi injini ndi gearbox, mawilo, pamodzi ndi kuyimitsidwa, ali ndi ulendo wina, kutanthauza kuti n'zosatheka kulumikiza mfundo zimenezi. Mainjiniya adathetsa vutoli ndikutumiza.

Imakulolani kusamutsa kasinthasintha kuchokera ku mfundo imodzi kupita ku ina, yomwe ili pamakona osiyanasiyana, komanso kuwongolera kusinthasintha kwawo konse popanda kusokoneza mphamvu yopatsirana. Ichi ndi cholinga cha kusamutsa.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa makinawa ndi chotchedwa universal joint, chomwe ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira uinjiniya yomwe imalola inu ndi ine kusangalala ndiulendo wamagalimoto.

Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti makadi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a makina. Kwenikweni, ndithudi, angapezeke mu kufalitsa, koma kuwonjezera apo, mtundu uwu wa kufalitsa umagwirizana ndi chiwongolero chowongolera.