Chessmen

Zidutswa ndi zidutswa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasewera ndi masewera a chess ndi zidutswa za Staunton. Adapangidwa ndi Nathaniel Cook ndipo adatchulidwa dzina la Howard Staunton, wosewera wamkulu wa chess chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1849, yemwe adasaina ndikuwerengera ma seti mazana asanu oyambilira omwe adapangidwa mu XNUMX ndi kampani yabanja ya Jaques yaku London. Zida zimenezi posakhalitsa zinakhala muyezo wa zidutswa zamasewera ndi zidutswa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.

Kwa kubadwa kwa chess, komwe kudatchulidwa koyambirira Chaturangaamaonedwa kuti ndi India. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX AD, Chaturanga adabweretsedwa ku Persia ndikusinthidwa kukhala chatrang. Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Perisiya ndi Aluya m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, chatrang adasinthanso ndipo adadziwika kuti. chatranj. M'zaka za XNUMX-XNUMX, chess idafika ku Europe. Ma seti ochepa okha ndi omwe apulumuka mpaka lero. zidutswa za medieval chess. Odziwika kwambiri ndi Sandomierz chess ndi Lewis chess..

Sandomierz chess

Seti ya chess ya Sandomierz imakhala ndi tiziduswa ting'onoting'ono 29 (zitatu zokha zomwe zikusowa) zochokera m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, zomwe zidakwiriridwa pansi pa kanyumba kakang'ono pa St. James Street. Zidutswa sadutsa 2 cm wamtali, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda. Zapangidwa ndi nyanga yagwape m’njira ya Chiarabu (1). Iwo anapezeka mu 1962 ku Sandomierz pa kafukufuku ofukula zinthu zakale motsogozedwa ndi Jerzy ndi Eliga Gonsowski. Ndizipilala zamtengo wapatali kwambiri pazosungidwa zakale za Regional Museum ku Sandomierz.

Chess inabwera ku Poland mu 1154, mu ulamuliro wa Bolesław Wrymouth. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, iwo akanatha kubweretsedwa ku Poland kuchokera ku Middle East ndi Prince Henryk wa ku Sandomierz. Mu XNUMX, adachita nawo nkhondo yopita ku Dziko Loyera kuti ateteze Yerusalemu ku Saracens.

Chess ndi Lewis

2. Zidutswa za chess zochokera ku Isle of Lewis

Mu 1831, pachisumbu cha Lewis ku Scottish ku Uig Bay, anapeza zidutswa 93 zojambulidwa kuchokera ku minyanga ya walrus ndi mano a namgumi (2). Zithunzi zonse ndi ziboliboli zokhala ngati munthu, ndipo zokwera zimafanana ndi miyala ya manda. Mwina zonse zidapangidwa ku Norway m'zaka za zana la XNUMX (panthawiyo Zilumba za Scottish zinali za Norway). Anabisidwa kapena kutayika pamene ankawanyamula kuchokera ku Norway kupita kumidzi yolemera ya kugombe lakum’mawa kwa Ireland.

Pakali pano, ziwonetsero 82 zili mu British Museum ku London, ndipo 11 yotsalayo ili mu National Museum of Scotland ku Edinburgh. Mufilimu ya 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry ndi Ron amasewera wizard chess ndi zidutswa zopangidwa ndendende ngati zidutswa ndi zidutswa za Isle of Lewis.

Zida za Chess zazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Chidwi chochulukira cha chess kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX chidapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu wapadziko lonse wa zidutswa. Kale, mitundu yosiyanasiyana idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mafonti achingerezi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri tirigu wa balere (3) - ndi dzina la ngala za barele zokometsera zithunzi za mfumu ndi hetman, kapena George St (4) - kuchokera ku kalabu yotchuka ya chess ku London.

Ku Germany, zinthu zamtunduwu zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Selenium (5) - dzina lake Gustav Selen. Linali dzina lachinyengo la Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick, wolemba Chess, kapena King's Game ("), lofalitsidwa mu 1616. Chitsanzo chokongola ichi nthawi zina chimatchedwanso munda kapena chithunzi cha tulip. Ku France, zidutswa ndi pawns zinali zotchuka kwambiri, zomwe zinkaseweredwa ndi otchuka Cafe Regency ku Paris (6 ndi 7).

6. French Régence chess zidutswa.

7. Mndandanda wa ntchito za French Regent.

Cafe Regency

Inali malo odyera odziwika bwino a chess pafupi ndi Louvre ku Paris, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1718, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi regent, Prince Philippe d'Orléans. Anasewera mmenemo pakati pa ena Legal de Kermeer (wolemba imodzi mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chess totchedwa "Legal checkmate"), adawonedwa ngati wosewera wamphamvu kwambiri ku France mpaka adagonjetsedwa mu 1755 ndi wophunzira wake wa chess. François Philidora. Mu 1798 adasewera chess pano. Napoleon Bonaparte.

Mu 1858, Paul Morphy adasewera masewera otchuka ku Café de la Régence, osayang'ana bolodi, motsutsana ndi osewera amphamvu asanu ndi atatu, kupambana masewera asanu ndi limodzi ndikujambula awiri. Kuphatikiza pa osewera chess, olemba, atolankhani ndi ndale nawonso anali alendo pafupipafupi ku cafe. - likulu la chess la dziko lapansi mu theka lachiwiri la 12th ndi theka loyamba la zaka za 2015 - linali mutu wa nkhani ya No. XNUMX/XNUMX ya magazini ya Young Technician.

M’zaka za m’ma 30, anthu a ku Britain anayamba kupikisana ndi osewera abwino kwambiri a chess padziko lonse ku Café de la Régence. Mu 1834, masewera osakhala nawo adayamba pakati pa oyimira cafe ndi Westminster Chess Club, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa zaka zitatu m'mbuyomu. Mu 1843, masewera adasewera mu cafe, zomwe zinathetsa ulamuliro wautali wa osewera a chess aku France. Pierre Saint-Aman adaluza Mngeleziyo Howard Staunton (+ 6-11 = 4).

Wojambula waku France Jean-Henri Marlet, mnzake wapamtima wa Saint-Amand, adajambula The Game of Chess mu 1843, momwe Staunton amasewera chess ndi Saint-Amand mu Café Régence (8).

8. Masewera a chess adaseweredwa mu 1843 ku Café de la Régence - Howard Staunton (kumanzere) ndi Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Aman.

Zithunzi za Staunton chess

Kukhalapo kwa mitundu yambiri ya seti ya chess ndi kufanana mwachisawawa kwa zidutswa zosiyanasiyana m'magulu osiyana kungapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kwa wotsutsa sadziwa mawonekedwe awo kusewera ndi kukhudza zotsatira za masewerawo. Chifukwa chake, zidakhala zofunikira kupanga chess yokhala ndi zidutswa zomwe zimadziwika mosavuta ndi osewera a chess amasewera osiyanasiyana.

Howard Staunton

(1810-1874) - Wosewera wa chess wachingerezi, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndiye wabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi kuyambira 1843 mpaka 1851. Anapanga "zidutswa za Staunton", zomwe zidakhala muyezo wamasewera ndi chess. Anakonza mpikisano woyamba wapadziko lonse wa chess ku London mu 1851 ndipo anali woyamba kuyesa kupanga bungwe lapadziko lonse la chess. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, masewera a chess nthawi zina amatha nthawi yaitali, ngakhale masiku angapo, chifukwa otsutsawo anali ndi nthawi yopanda malire yoganizira. Mu 1852, Staunton anapereka lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito hourglass (hourglass) kuyesa nthawi yomwe ochita nawo mpikisano. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1861 pamasewera pakati pa Adolf Andersen ndi Ignak von Kolisch. Staunton anali wokonza moyo wa chess, katswiri wodziwika wa masewera a chess, mkonzi wa magazini a chess, wolemba mabuku, mlengi wa malamulo a masewerawo komanso ndondomeko yochitira masewera ndi machesi. Anachita ndi chiphunzitso cha kutsegulira ndipo adayambitsa, makamaka, gambit 1.d4 f5 2.e4, yotchedwa Staunton Gambit.

Mu 1849, kampani yabanja ya Jaques yaku London, yomwe imapangabe zida zosewerera ndi masewera, idapanga zinthu zoyamba zopangidwa ndi Nathaniel Cook (10) - Mkonzi wa magazini ya mlungu ndi mlungu yaku London The Illustrated London News, komwe Howard Staunton adasindikiza nkhani za chess. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale a chess amakhulupirira kuti mkamwini wa Cook, John Jacques, ndiye mwini wake wa kampaniyo, adathandizira kwambiri chitukuko chawo. Howard Staunton adalimbikitsa zidutswazo mu pepala lake la chess.

10. Zida zoyambirira za 1949 za Staunton chess: pawn, rook, knight, bishopu, mfumukazi ndi mfumu.

Ma seti a ziwerengerozi anali opangidwa ndi ebony ndi boxwood, osakanikirana ndi lead kuti akhazikike, ndipo amakutidwa ndi zomverera pansi. Zina mwa izo zinapangidwa kuchokera ku minyanga ya njovu ya ku Africa. Pa Marichi 1, 1849, Cook adalembetsa mtundu watsopano ku London Patent Office. Ma seti onse opangidwa ndi Jacques adasainidwa ndi Staunton.

Kutsika mtengo kwa zidutswa za Staunton kunathandizira kuti agulidwe kwambiri komanso kupangitsa kuti masewera a chess atchuke. M'kupita kwa nthawi, yunifolomu yawo inakhala chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano m'masewera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Zidazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamipikisano.

Zestav adadalitsa Staunton idavomerezedwa ndi International Chess Federation FIDE mu 1924 ndipo idasankhidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pamipikisano yonse yapadziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa mapangidwe amakono a zinthu za Staunton (11), pali zosiyana, makamaka pankhani ya mtundu, zinthu ndi mawonekedwe a jumpers. Malinga ndi malamulo a FIDE, zidutswa zakuda ziyenera kukhala zofiirira, zakuda kapena mithunzi ina yakuda yamitundu iyi. Ziwalo zoyera zimatha kukhala zoyera, zonona kapena mtundu wina wopepuka. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya nkhuni zachilengedwe (mtedza, mapulo, etc.).

11. Gulu la ziwerengero zamatabwa za Staunton zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano.

Zigawo ziyenera kukhala zokondweretsa maso, osati zonyezimira, zopangidwa ndi matabwa, pulasitiki kapena zinthu zina zofanana. Kutalika kwa zidutswazo: mfumu - 9,5 cm, mfumukazi - 8,5 cm, bishopu - 7 cm, knight - 6 cm, rook - 5,5 masentimita ndi pawn - 5 cm. % ya kutalika kwawo. Miyezo ingasiyane mpaka 40% kuchokera ku malangizowa, koma dongosolo liyenera kulemekezedwa (mwachitsanzo mfumu ndi yayitali kuposa mfumukazi, ndi zina zotero).

mphunzitsi wamaphunziro,

mphunzitsi wololedwa

ndi woweruza wa chess

Onaninso: