Njira yopita ku nanotechnology

Zaka masauzande zapitazo, anthu ankadabwa kuti matupi ozungulira anapangidwa ndi chiyani. Mayankho ake anali osiyanasiyana. Kale ku Greece, asayansi ananena kuti matupi onse amakhala ndi zinthu zazing'ono zosagawanika, zomwe amazitcha maatomu. Momwe iwo sakanakhoza kusonyeza pang'ono. Kwa zaka mazana angapo, malingaliro a Agiriki anali ongopeka chabe. Adabwezeredwa kwa iwo m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, pomwe zoyeserera zidachitika kuti ayerekeze kukula kwa mamolekyu ndi maatomu.

Chimodzi mwa zoyeserera zakale kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwerengera kukula kwa tinthu, zidachitika Wasayansi waku England Lord Rayleigh. Popeza n'zosavuta kuchita ndipo nthawi yomweyo wokhutiritsa kwambiri, tiyeni tiyese kubwereza kunyumba. Kenako titembenukira ku zoyeserera zina ziwiri zomwe zingatithandizire kuphunzira zina mwazinthu za mamolekyu.

Kodi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi chiyani?

Mpunga. 1. Njira yopangira syringe yoyika njira yamafuta mu petulo yotengedwamo; p - poxylina,

c - syringe

Tiyeni tiyese kuyankha funsoli poyesa zotsatirazi. Kuchokera pa syringe 2 cm³ Chotsani plunger ndikusindikiza potuluka ndi Poxiline kuti mudzaze chubu chotulutsira singano (mkuyu 1). Timadikirira mphindi zingapo mpaka Poxilina aumitsa. Izi zikachitika, tsanulirani mu syringe pafupifupi 0,2 cm³ mafuta edible ndi kulemba mtengo uwu. Izi ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta ntchito._o. Lembani voliyumu yotsala ya syringe ndi mafuta. Sakanizani zamadzimadzi zonse ziwiri ndi waya mpaka yankho la homogeneous likupezeka ndikukonza syringe molunjika pa chotengera chilichonse.

Kenaka tsanulirani madzi otentha mu beseni kuti kuya kwake ndi 0,5-1 cm. Gwiritsani ntchito madzi ofunda, koma osatentha, kuti nthunzi yotuluka zisawoneke. Timakoka kapepala pamwamba pa madzi kangapo kuti tichotse mungu wosasintha.

Timasonkhanitsa kusakaniza pang'ono kwa mafuta ndi mafuta mu chotsitsa ndikuyendetsa chotsitsa pakati pa chombocho ndi madzi. Kukanikiza chofufutira pang'onopang'ono, timagwetsa kadontho kakang'ono pamwamba pamadzi. Dontho la chisakanizo cha mafuta ndi petulo lidzafalikira padziko lonse lapansi pamadzi ndi kupanga wosanjikiza woonda kwambiri ndi makulidwe ofanana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino kwambiri - zomwe zimatchedwa wosanjikiza monomolecular. Patapita nthawi, nthawi zambiri mphindi zochepa, mafuta amasanduka nthunzi (omwe amafulumizitsidwa ndi kukwera kwa kutentha kwa madzi), kusiya mafuta a monomolecular pamwamba (mkuyu 2). Chosanjikiza chotsatiracho nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira okhala ndi mainchesi angapo kapena kupitilira apo.

Mpunga. 2. Mafuta a monomolecular pamadzi

m - chiuno, c - madzi, o - mafuta, D - mapangidwe awiri, g - mapangidwe makulidwe

(kukula kwa tinthu tamafuta)

Timawalitsa pamwamba pa madzi powongolera kuwala kochokera ku tochi modukizadukiza pamwamba pake. Chifukwa cha ichi, malire a wosanjikiza amawonekera kwambiri. Titha kudziwa mosavuta kukula kwake kwa D kuchokera pa cholamulira chomwe chili pamwamba pamadzi. Podziwa m'mimba mwake, titha kuwerengera gawo la wosanjikiza S pogwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo cha dera la bwalo:

Tikadadziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa mafuta V₁ zomwe zili mudontho lotsika, ndiye kuti m'mimba mwake wa molekyulu yamafuta d amatha kuwerengeka mosavuta, poganiza kuti mafutawo adasungunuka ndikupanga wosanjikiza wokhala ndi pamwamba S, i.e.:

Tikayerekeza ma formula (1) ndi (2) ndi kusintha kosavuta, timapeza njira yomwe imatilola kuwerengera kukula kwa tinthu tamafuta:

Njira yosavuta, koma osati yolondola kwambiri yodziwira voliyumu V₁ ndi kuyang'ana madontho angati angapezeke kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha osakaniza omwe ali mu syringe ndikugawaniza kuchuluka kwa mafuta a Vo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nambala iyi. Kuti tichite izi, timasonkhanitsa chisakanizocho mu pipette ndikupanga madontho, kuyesera kuwapanga kukhala ofanana ndi pamene agwetsedwa pamwamba pa madzi. Timachita izi mpaka osakaniza onse atha.

Njira yolondola, koma yowononga nthawi ndikugwetsa mobwerezabwereza dontho la mafuta pamwamba pa madzi, kupeza mafuta a monomolecular ndi kuyeza m'mimba mwake. Zoonadi, gulu lirilonse lisanapangidwe, madzi ndi mafuta omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ayenera kutsanulidwa mu beseni ndikutsanulidwa bwino. Kuchokera pamiyezo yopezedwa, tanthauzo la masamu limawerengedwa.

Kuyika zomwe mwapeza kukhala chilinganizo (3), musaiwale kusintha mayunitsi ndikufotokozera mawuwo mu mita (m) ndi V.₁ m'ma kiyubiki mita (m³). Pezani kukula kwa tinthu mu mita. Kukula kumeneku kudzatengera mtundu wamafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zolakwika chifukwa chamalingaliro osavuta omwe adapangidwa, makamaka chifukwa chosanjikizacho sichinali monomolecular komanso kuti kukula kwa madontho sikunali kofanana nthawi zonse. Ndizosavuta kuona kuti kusakhalapo kwa gawo la monomolecular kumabweretsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa mtengo wa d.^-8-10^-9 m. Block 10^-9 m amatchedwa nanometer ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wotukuka womwe umadziwika kuti nanotechnology.

"Zizimiririka" voliyumu yamadzimadzi

Mpunga. 3. Mapangidwe a chotengera choyesera cha shrinkage chamadzimadzi;

g - machubu apulasitiki owonekera, p - polyoxylin, l - wolamulira,

t - transparent tepi

Mayesero awiri otsatirawa adzatithandiza kuganiza kuti mamolekyu a matupi osiyanasiyana ali ndi maonekedwe ndi kukula kwake. Kuti muchite choyamba, dulani zidutswa ziwiri za chubu chapulasitiki chowonekera, onse 1-2 masentimita m'mimba mwake ndi masentimita 30. Chidutswa chilichonse cha chubu chimakutidwa ndi zidutswa zingapo za zomatira m'mphepete mwa wolamulira wosiyana moyang'anizana ndi sikelo (Mkuyu. . 3). Tsekani malekezero apansi a hose ndi mapulagi a poxylin. Konzani zolamulira zonse ndi ma hoses omatira molunjika. Thirani madzi okwanira mu imodzi mwa payipi kuti mupange mzati pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwa payipi, nenani masentimita 14. Thirani mowa womwewo wa ethyl mu chubu chachiwiri choyesera.

Tsopano tikufunsa, kodi kutalika kwa mzati wa kusakaniza kwa zakumwa zonsezi kudzakhala kotani? Tiyeni tiyese kupeza yankho kwa iwo experimentally. Thirani mowa mu payipi yamadzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo yesani mlingo wapamwamba wa madzi. Timalemba mulingo uwu ndi cholembera chosalowa madzi papayipi. Kenako sakanizani zonse zamadzimadzi ndi waya ndikuwunikanso kuchuluka kwake. Kodi tikuwona chiyani? Zikuoneka kuti mlingo uwu wachepa, i.e. kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza kumakhala kochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa kutsika kwamadzimadzi. Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mawu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pang'ono peresenti.

Kufotokozera kwachitsanzo

Kuti tifotokoze zotsatira za compression, tipanga kuyesa kwachitsanzo. Mamolekyu a mowa mukuyesera uku adzayimiridwa ndi njere za nandolo, ndipo mamolekyu amadzi adzakhala mbewu za poppy. Thirani nandolo zazikulu pafupifupi 0,4 m m'mbale yoyamba, yopapatiza, yowoneka bwino, mwachitsanzo, mtsuko wamtali, Thirani njere za poppy mu chotengera chachiwiri chofanana (chithunzi 1a). Kenako timathira njere za poppy m'chotengera ndi nandolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito wolamulira kuyeza kutalika komwe kuchuluka kwa mbewu kumafikira. Timalemba mulingo uwu ndi cholembera kapena gulu labala lamankhwala pachombo (chithunzi 1b). Tsekani chidebecho ndikugwedezani kangapo. Timawayika molunjika ndikuyang'ana kutalika kwa msinkhu wa tirigu wosakaniza tsopano kufika. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ndizotsika kuposa kusakanikirana (chithunzi 1c).

Kuyesera kunasonyeza kuti mutatha kusakaniza, mbewu zazing'ono za poppy zinadzaza mipata yaulere pakati pa nandolo, chifukwa chake chiwerengero chonse chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kusakaniza chinachepa. Zomwezi zimachitikanso mukasakaniza madzi ndi mowa ndi zakumwa zina. Mamolekyu awo amabwera mosiyanasiyana komanso mosiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zake, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timadzaza mipata pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndipo kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi kumachepetsedwa.

Chithunzi 1. Magawo otsatirawa a kafukufuku wamtundu wa psinjika:

a) nyemba ndi mbewu za poppy m'zotengera zosiyanasiyana,

b) mbewu pambuyo kukhetsa, c) kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mbewu mutatha kusakaniza

Zotsatira zamakono

Lerolino n’zodziŵika bwino kuti matupi onse otizungulira amapangidwa ndi mamolekyu, ndipo amenewo, nawonso, amapangidwa ndi maatomu. Mamolekyu ndi maatomu onse amayenda mosasintha, liwiro lake limadalira kutentha. Chifukwa cha ma microscopes amakono, makamaka makina oonera microscope (STM), maatomu amodzi amatha kuwonedwa. Palinso njira zodziwika zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ya atomic mphamvu (AFM-), zomwe zimakulolani kusuntha molondola ma atomu pawokha ndikuphatikiza mu machitidwe otchedwa nanostructures. The compression effect imakhalanso ndi zofunikira. Tiyenera kuganizira izi posankha kuchuluka kwa zakumwa zina zofunika kuti tipeze kusakaniza kwa voliyumu yofunikira. Muyenera kuziganizira, kuphatikizapo. kupanga vodkas, zomwe, monga mukudziwa, ndizosakaniza za mowa wa ethyl (mowa) ndi madzi, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zakumwazo kudzakhala kochepa kuposa kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza.