Kodi munthu adzapitirira masitepe awiri mumlengalenga ndi liti?

Kutumiza anthu mumlengalenga ndikovuta, kokwera mtengo, kowopsa, ndipo sikumamveka bwino mwasayansi kuposa utumwi wamagetsi. Komabe, palibe chomwe chimasangalatsa munthu ngati kupita kumalo kumene kunalibe munthu.

Gulu la mphamvu zamlengalenga lomwe linatumiza munthu kumlengalenga (osasokonezedwa ndi kuthawa kwa nzika ya dziko lino pansi pa mbendera yachilendo) kumaphatikizapo USA, Russia ndi China. India alowa mgululi posachedwa.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi adalengeza mwaulemu kuti dziko lake likukonzekera kukhala ndi ndege yodutsa anthu pofika 2022, mwina atakwera ndege yokonzekera. Gaganyaan (mmodzi). Posachedwapa, atolankhani adanenanso za ntchito yoyamba pa sitima yatsopano ya Russia. Federationyomwe ikuyembekezeka kuwuluka kwambiri kuposa Soyuz (dzina lake lidzasinthidwa kukhala "loyenera kwambiri" ngakhale kuti lomwe lili pano lidasankhidwa pampikisano wadziko). Palibe zambiri zomwe zimadziwika za kapisozi watsopano waku China kupatula kuti ndege yake yoyeserera ikukonzekera 2021, ngakhale mwina palibe anthu omwe akukwera.

Ponena za cholinga chanthawi yayitali cha utumwi wopangidwa ndi anthu, ndi cha izi kuguba. Agency ikukonzekera kutengera pachipata (chotchedwa chipata) kupanga zovuta Transport mu danga lakuya (nthawi yachilimwe). Pokhala ndi ma pod a Orion, malo okhala, ndi ma module odziyimira pawokha, pamapeto pake adzasamutsidwa ku (2), ngakhale akadali tsogolo lakutali.

2. Kuwona zoyendera zakuzama zakufikira ku Mars, zopangidwa ndi Lockheed Martin.

Mbadwo watsopano wa ndege za m'mlengalenga

Pakuyenda mumlengalenga mozama, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi magalimoto apamwamba pang'ono kuposa makapisozi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu mu LEO (low earth orbit). American ntchito yapita patsogolo kuchokera ku Orion (3), wolamulidwa ndi Lockheed Martin. The Orion capsule, monga gawo la EM-1 ntchito yopanda munthu yokonzekera 2020, iyenera kukhala ndi dongosolo la ESA loperekedwa ndi bungwe la European.

Idzagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi kunyamula antchito kupita ku Gateway station mozungulira Mwezi, yomwe, malinga ndi chilengezocho, idzakhala ntchito yapadziko lonse lapansi - osati ku US kokha, komanso ku Europe, Japan, Canada komanso mwina Russia. . .

Ntchito yokonza chombo chatsopano ikuchitika, titero kunena kwake, mbali ziwiri.

Imodzi ndikumanga makapisozi okonza ma station orbitalmonga International Space Station ISS kapena mnzake waku China wam'tsogolo. Izi ndi zomwe mabungwe azinsinsi ku US ayenera kuchita. Chinjoka 2 kuchokera ku SpaceX ndi CST-100 Starliner Boeing, pankhani ya aku China Shenzhoundi aku Russia Mgwirizano.

Mtundu wachiwiri ndi chikhumbo. maulendo owuluka kudutsa dziko lapansi, ndiko kuti, ku Mars, ndipo pamapeto pake ku Mars. Zomwe zimapangidwira maulendo apandege opita ku BEO (ie kupyola malire a otsika a Earth orbit) zidzatchulidwa. Mofananamo, Russian Federation, monga posachedwapa inanenedwa ndi Roskosmos.

Mosiyana ndi makapisozi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, omwe anali otayidwa, opanga, komanso munthu mmodzi, akunena kuti zombo zamtsogolo zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Aliyense wa iwo adzakhala okonzeka ndi galimoto gawo, amene adzakhala ndi mphamvu, shunting injini, mafuta, etc. Amakhalanso akuluakulu paokha, chifukwa amafunikira zishango zogwira mtima kwambiri polimbana nawo. Zombo zomwe zimapangidwira ntchito ya BEO ziyenera kukhala ndi makina akuluakulu oyendetsa galimoto, chifukwa amafunikira mafuta ochulukirapo, injini zamphamvu komanso kusinthana kwakukulu.

2033 mpaka Mars? Izo mwina sizingagwire ntchito

Seputembala watha, NASA idalengeza mwatsatanetsatane National Space Exploration Plan (). Cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa zolinga zapamwamba za Purezidenti wa US, a Donald Trump, monga momwe zalembedwera mu Disembala 2017 Space Policy Directive, kuti afikitse openda zakuthambo aku US ku Mars, komanso kulimbikitsa kutsogola kwa US mumlengalenga.

Openda anafotokoza za tsogolo lolingaliridwa mu lipoti la masamba 21, kupereka nthawi ya cholinga chilichonse. Komabe, pali kusinthasintha pakulosera zilizonse mwa izi, ndipo zitha kusintha ngati dongosololi likumana ndi zopinga kapena kupereka zatsopano. NASA ikukonzekera, mwachitsanzo, kudikirira kuti zotsatira za ntchitoyo zitsirizidwe mpaka zotsatira za ntchitoyo ndi bajeti yokonzekera ntchito ya Martian yopangidwa ndi anthu idzamalizidwa. March 2020pomwe rover yotsatira idzasonkhanitsa ndikusanthula zitsanzo pamtunda. Ulendo woyendetsedwa ndi anthu womwewo udzachitika m'ma 30s, ndipo makamaka - mpaka 2033.

Lipoti lodziyimira pawokha lopangidwa ndi NASA ndi Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI) lomwe lidasindikizidwa mu Epulo 2019 likuwonetsa kuti zovuta zaukadaulo zomanga malo okwerera mayendedwe ozama kuti atenge opita ku Mars, komanso zinthu zina zambiri za Mars Expedition. Konzani, kuyika pafunso lalikulu ndikuthekera kokwaniritsa cholingacho kuyambira 2033.

Lipotilo, lomwe linamalizidwa pamaso pa Mike Pence pa Marichi 26, pomwe Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti waku US adatsala pang'ono kulamula NASA kuti ibweze anthu pamwezi pofika 2024, ikuwonetsa ndalama zomwe zingatengere kubwerera kumwezi komanso zomwe zikutanthauza nthawi yayitali. -Kukonzekera kwachangu kwanthawi yayitali kutumiza antchito.

STPI inali kuganizira za kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa, mwezi ndi Mars landers, Orion ndi Gateway yomwe inakonzedwa kuti imangidwe m'zaka za m'ma 20 Lipotilo likuwonetsa kuti ntchito yonseyi idzatenga nthawi yaitali kuti ikwaniritsidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, zenera lina loyambitsa mu 2035 lidawonedwanso kuti silingatheke.

"Timapeza kuti ngakhale popanda zovuta za bajeti, ntchito ya orbital March 2033 sizingachitike molingana ndi mapulani apano komanso ongoyerekeza a NASA, "chikalata cha STPI chatero. "Kuwunika kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti zitha kuchitika kale kuposa 2037, malinga ndi chitukuko chosasokoneza chaukadaulo, osachedwetsa, kukwera mtengo komanso chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwa bajeti."

Malinga ndi lipoti la STPI, ngati mukufuna kuwuluka ku Mars mu 2033, muyenera kupanga ndege zovuta pofika 2022, zomwe sizingatheke. Kafukufuku pa "gawo A" la polojekiti ya Deep Space Transport iyenera kuyamba kumayambiriro kwa 2020, zomwe sizingatheke, popeza kusanthula mtengo wa polojekiti yonse sikunayambe. Lipotilo lidachenjezanso kuti kuyesa kufulumizitsa nthawiyo pochoka pamachitidwe wamba a NASA kungapangitse ngozi zazikulu pakukwaniritsa zolingazo.

STPI inawerengeranso bajeti ya ntchito yopita ku Mars mu nthawi "yeniyeni" ya 2037. Ndalama zonse zomangira zigawo zonse zofunika - kuphatikizapo galimoto yoyambira kwambiri. Space Launch System (SLS), Sitima yapamadzi ya Orion, Gateway, DST ndi zinthu zina ndi ntchito zikuwonetsedwa $ 120,6 biliyonikuwerengera mpaka 2037. Pa ndalamazi, 33,7 biliyoni yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale pa chitukuko cha machitidwe a SLS ndi Orion ndi machitidwe awo apansi. Ndikoyenera kuwonjezera kuti ntchito ya Martian ndi gawo la pulogalamu yonse yowuluka mumlengalenga, mtengo wake wonse womwe mpaka 2037 ukuyembekezeka $ 217,4 biliyoni. Izi zikuphatikizapo kutumiza anthu ku Red Planet, komanso ntchito zochepetsetsa komanso kupanga machitidwe a Mars omwe amafunikira kuti apite patsogolo.

Mtsogoleri wa NASA Jim Bridenstine Komabe, m'mawu omwe adaperekedwa pa Epulo 9 pa 35th Space Symposium ku Colorado Springs, adawoneka kuti sanalepheretse lipoti latsopanoli. Adawonetsa chidwi ndi ndondomeko ya Pence yofulumira ya mwezi. Malingaliro ake, amatsogolera ku Mars.

-- Iye anati.

China: Malo a Martian m'chipululu cha Gobi

Anthu aku China alinso ndi mapulani awo a Martian, ngakhale mwamwambo palibe chomwe chimadziwika bwino za iwo, ndipo ndandanda ya maulendo apaulendo oyendetsedwa ndi anthu sadziwika. Mulimonsemo, ulendo waku China ndi Mars uyamba chaka chamawa.

Ntchito idzatumizidwa mu 2021 kuti ifufuze malowa. Rover yoyamba yaku China HX-1. Lander ndikupita ulendo uwu, wokwezeka roketi "Changzheng-5". Ikafika, woyendetsayo ayang'ane mozungulira ndikusankha malo oyenera kuti asonkhanitse zitsanzo. Izi zikachitika zimakhala zovuta kwambiri Galimoto yoyambira ya Marichi 9 yayitali (mu chitukuko) adzatumiza lander wina kumeneko ndi rover wina, amene loboti adzatenga zitsanzo, kuwapereka kwa roketi, amene adzawaika mu kanjira ndi zipangizo zonse adzabwerera ku Earth. Zonsezi ziyenera kuchitika pofika 2030. Mpaka pano, palibe dziko limene lakwanitsa kuchita zimenezi. Komabe, monga momwe mungaganizire, mayeso a Return from Mars ndi chiyambi cha pulogalamu yotumiza anthu kumeneko.

Anthu aku China sanagwire ntchito yawo yoyamba yochokera kumayiko ena mpaka 2003. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, adamanga kale maziko awo ndikutumiza zombo zambiri mumlengalenga, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya zakuthambo, zofewa. anatera ku mbali yakutali ya mwezi.

Tsopano akuti sayima pa satelayiti yathu yachilengedwe, kapena Mars. Pamaulendo apaulendo opita kumalo awa, padzakhalanso ntchito za asteroids ndi Jupiter, pulaneti lalikulu kwambiri. National Space Administration of China (CNSA) ikukonzekera kukhala komweko mu 2029. Kugwira ntchito pa injini za rocket ndi sitima zapamadzi zogwira ntchito bwino zikadalipobe. Ziyenera kukhala injini ya nyukiliya m'badwo watsopano.

Zokhumba zaku China zikuwonetseredwa ndi zifukwa zotsimikizira monga zonyezimira, zowoneka bwino zamtsogolo zomwe zidatsegulidwa mu Epulo chaka chino. Mars Base 1 (4) lomwe lili pakati pa chipululu cha Gobi. Cholinga chake ndi kusonyeza alendo mmene moyo ungakhalire kwa anthu. Nyumbayi ili ndi dome ya siliva ndi ma module asanu ndi anayi, kuphatikizapo malo okhala, chipinda chowongolera, chowonjezera kutentha, ndi chipata. Pomwe maulendo akusukulu amabweretsedwa kuno.

4. Chinese Mars Base 1 m'chipululu cha Gobi

kukhudza mapasa mayeso

M'zaka zaposachedwa, mautumiki ena omwe ali ndi anthu sanalandiridwe bwino ndi atolankhani chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo komanso kuwopseza zamoyo zam'mlengalenga. Panali zokwiyitsa ngati tingasiye kufufuza mapulaneti ndi zakuzama kwa maloboti. Koma zatsopano zasayansi zikulimbikitsa anthu.

Zotsatira za maulendo a NASA zinkawoneka ngati zolimbikitsa malinga ndi maulendo a anthu. kuyesa "mapasa m'malo". Oyenda mumlengalenga Scott ndi Mark Kelly (5) adatenga nawo gawo pachiyeso, chomwe cholinga chake chinali kuzindikira kutengera kwa nthawi yayitali kwa danga pathupi la munthu. Kwa pafupifupi chaka, mapasawo adapita kukayezetsa matenda omwewo, wina ali m'bwato, wina padziko lapansi. Zotsatira zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti chaka m'mlengalenga chimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu, koma osati yowopsa, pathupi la munthu, kukweza chiyembekezo cha kuthekera kwa ntchito ku Mars m'tsogolomu.

5. Amapasa Scott ndi Mark Kelly

M'kupita kwa chaka, Scott anasonkhanitsa mitundu yonse ya zolemba zachipatala zokhudza iye mwini. Anatenga magazi ndi mkodzo ndikuyesa chidziwitso. Padziko lapansi, mchimwene wake anachitanso chimodzimodzi. Mu 2016, Scott adabwerera ku Earth komwe adaphunzira kwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi yotsatira. Tsopano, zaka zinayi chiyambireni kuyesa, asindikiza zotsatira zonse.

Choyamba, amasonyeza kuti pali makhalidwe mu ma chromosome a Scott kuwonongeka kwa radiation. Izi zingayambitse matenda monga khansa.

Komabe, chaka mumlengalenga chimayambitsanso masauzande ambiri a majini okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, chomwe pa Dziko Lapansi chikhoza kuchitika pansi pa zovuta kwambiri. Tikakumana ndi zovuta, kuvulala kwambiri kapena kudwala, chitetezo chamthupi chimayamba kugwira ntchito.

Magawo awiri a cell amatchedwa telomeres. Pali zipewa kumapeto kwa ma chromosome. zimathandiza kuteteza DNA yathu kuchokera kuwonongeka ndi kuchepa kapena popanda kukanikiza. Chodabwitsa cha ofufuzawo, ma telomere a Scott mumlengalenga sanali aafupi, koma otalika kwambiri. Atabwerera ku Dziko Lapansi mkati mwa maola 48, adafupikanso, ndipo miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake, oposa 90% a majini awo oteteza chitetezo adazimitsa. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi inayi, ma chromosomes sanawonongeke, kutanthauza kuti palibe kusintha komwe ochita kafukufuku adawona kale kunali koopsa.

Scott anatero poyankhulana.

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Susan Bailey, wofufuza pa Colorado State University, akukhulupirira kuti thupi la Scott lidachitapo kanthu chifukwa cha radiation. kulimbikitsa ma cell cell. Kupezekaku kungathandize asayansi kupanga njira zothanirana ndi zotsatira za kuyenda mumlengalenga. Wofufuzayo samapatula ngakhale kuti tsiku lina adzapeza njira kuwonjezera moyo padziko lapansi.

Choncho, kodi kuyenda mumlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali kukulitsa moyo wathu? Izi zitha kukhala zotsatira zosayembekezereka za pulogalamu yofufuza zakuthambo.