makompyuta otchuka kwambiri
Dzina la makinawa latchulidwa kale pano, komanso muzinthu zosasangalatsa kwambiri: monga makompyuta omwe amasangalala mosayenera kutchuka kukhala woyamba padziko lapansi. Zoti ena amupeza? kuphatikizapo makina achinsinsi a British colossi ndi Conrad Zusi; Ndalemba kale za iwo pano. Koma tiyeni timulemekeze; m'pamene ikuyandikira kwambiri chikondwerero chozungulira cha chikumbutso chake cha 65. Zilibe kanthu kuti wapuma pantchito kwa zaka zambiri. ENIAC.
Chiyambireni kumangidwa kwa makinawa, dziko lapansi lasintha kwambiri. Mwinamwake, palibe amene ankayembekezera zotsatirazi ndi chipangizo ichi, chomwe tikuwona lero. Mwina kokha ... atolankhani odabwitsa omwe adatcha makinawa "ubongo wamagetsi". Mwa njira, adampereka ndipo? Informatics imachita zinthu mopanda phindu, zomwe zimachititsa kutsutsidwa koopsa ndi mawuwa kuchokera kwa okhulupirira zinthu zakale (omwe amawona moyo ngati mawonekedwe a mapuloteni), komanso okhulupirira, okwiya ndi lingaliro limodzi loti munthu atha kupanga nzeru zamtundu uliwonse ...
Choncho, mu 1946, nthawi ya makompyuta inayamba mwalamulo. Tsiku lenileni ndilovuta kukhazikitsa: kodi likanakhala February 15, 1946, pamene anthu adadziwitsidwa za kukhalapo kwa ENIAC? Mwinamwake pa June 30 wa chaka chomwecho, pamene nthawi ya mawerengedwe oyesera inatsekedwa ndipo galimotoyo inasamutsidwa kwa mwiniwake, i.e. Asilikali aku US? Kapena muyenera kubwereranso miyezi ingapo mpaka Novembala 1945 pomwe ENIAC idatulutsa ma invoice ake oyamba?
Komabe tasankha, chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika: zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu zatha.
ELECTRONIC MONSTRUM
ENIAC itawonetsedwa kwa atolankhani, zinali zoonekeratu kuti palibe amene adamangapo chilombo chotere, makamaka pankhani yamagetsi. Zokonzedwa mu rectangle yofanana ndi 12m ndi 6m U, makabati makumi anai ndi awiri azitsulo zazitsulo zakuda zakuda-aliyense 3m kutalika, 60cm m'lifupi, ndi 30cm kuya - anadzazidwa ndi machubu 18 a vacuum a mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi; analinso ndi masiwichi 800 6000, ma relay 1500 ndi ma resistors 50 000. Kwa zonsezi, malinga ndi oimira atolankhani, ma welds 0.5 miliyoni adafunikira, omwe adayenera kuchitidwa ndi manja. Chilombocho chinali cholemera matani 30 ndipo chinawononga 140 kW mphamvu. Omangidwa mu makina ake olowera mpweya anali ma injini awiri a Chrysler okhala ndi mphamvu zophatikizira zamahatchi a 24; nduna iliyonse inali ndi chinyontho chogwiritsiridwa ntchito pamanja, ndipo chotenthetsera chotenthetsera chikhoza kuletsa ntchito zonse “zowopsa” ngati kutentha mkati mwa mbali ina iliyonse kupitirira 48°F. Kuphatikiza apo, m'chipinda chomwe amapangira galimotoyo, munalinso zina zitatu - zodzazanso ndi zamagetsi - zazikulu kuposa zina zonse, zokhala ndi ma wardrobes oyenda pamawilo, zomangika pamalo oyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Iwo ankathandizidwa ndi wowerenga ndi perforator kwa nkhonya makadi.
Kodi ankaganiza chiyani?
ENIAC () yowerengedwa - mosiyana ndi makompyuta amakono - mu ndondomeko ya decimal, yomwe imagwira ntchito pa nambala khumi, zabwino kapena zoipa, ndi malo okhazikika a decimal point. Liwiro lake, lochititsa chizungulire kwa asayansi a nthawiyo komanso osaganiziridwa kotheratu kwa munthu wamba wa nthawiyo, adawonetsedwa ndi zowonjezera zikwi zisanu za ziwerengero zoterezi pamphindikati; ndi kuganiza kuti makompyuta aumwini, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi osathamanga kwambiri lerolino, amathamanga nthawi zikwi zambiri! Ngati kuli kofunikira, makinawo amatha kugwira ntchito ndi manambala? (madijiti makumi awiri) okhala ndi malo osinthika a nsonga ya decimal; ndithudi anali pang'onopang'ono pankhaniyi ndi kukumbukira mapazi ake anachepa moyenerera.
ENIAC inali ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika. Pamene akuyankhula Robert Ligonier m'buku lake la mbiriyakale ya sayansi yamakompyuta, kamangidwe kake kanatengera machitidwe otsogola amitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'kati mwa makabati otchulidwa pamwambapa munali mapanelo osavuta kusintha omwe ali ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi. Gulu lamtunduwu linali, mwachitsanzo, "zaka khumi", zomwe zimatha kulemba manambala kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 9 ndikupanga chizindikiro chonyamulira mukawonjezeredwa ku dongosolo lotsatira - uwu ndi mtundu wamagetsi ofanana ndi mabwalo a digito kuchokera ku adder a Pascal. zaka za zana la 550. Mfundo zazikulu za makina anali "mabatire" amene akhoza "kukumbukira?". manambala a decimal, onjezani ndi kuwapereka; lililonse la mabatire amenewa linali ndi nyale XNUMX. Nambala yosungidwa mu batri yopatsidwa ikhoza kuwerengedwa ndi malo omwe magetsi a neon ali kutsogolo kwa nduna yake.
Yotsatira
Lingaliro la ENIAC linabadwa kuchokera ku zosowa za nkhondo yowerengera. Limodzi mwamavuto owerengera ndalama m'zaka za m'ma XNUMXs linali kukonza matebulo opangira zida zankhondo. Gome loterolo limangokhala gulu la njira zoyendetsera ndege, zomwe zimalola msilikali kuti aziyika bwino (zolinga) pulojekitiyo, poganizira mtundu wake, mtundu wa projectile, kapangidwe kake ndi kukula kwa chiwongolero, kutentha kwa mpweya, mphamvu ya mphepo. ndi njira. , kuthamanga kwa mumlengalenga ndi zina zofananira.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a masamu, kusonkhanitsa matebulo otere ndi njira yothetsera nambala ya mtundu wina wotchedwa. ma hyperbolic differential equations mu mitundu iwiri. M'zochita zake, njanjiyo idawerengedwa kwa mfundo 50 zapakatikati. Kuti tipeze mikhalidwe yofananira mu imodzi mwazo, kunali koyenera kuchulukitsa 15, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuwerengera panjira imodzi kumatenga mphindi 10-20 pakugwira ntchito pamakompyuta apamwamba kwambiri panthawiyo, omwe anali zosiyana analyzer. Poganizira njira zina zofunika kuti mupange tebulo lazochita - tebulo limodzi lathunthu limafunikira maola owerengera 1000-2000, i.e. 6-12 masabata. Ndipo matabwa oterowo anayenera kumangidwa zikwi makumi ambiri! Ngati titagwiritsa ntchito chochulukitsa chapamwamba kwambiri kuchokera ku IBM pachifukwa ichi, zingatenge chaka china cha ntchito!
Opanga
Nkhani ya momwe asitikali aku US adayesera kuthana ndi vuto lalikululi ndiyoyenera filimu yopeka ya sayansi. Wolembedwa kuchokera ku Princeton ndi mtsogoleri wa polojekiti, wodziwika bwino, ngakhale sanali wamng'ono kwambiri, katswiri wa masamu wa ku Norway. Oswald Vebelenamene anachita mawerengedwe ofanana mu 1917; kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri a masamu enanso 7, asayansi 8 ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo 2 anagwira ntchito. Mlangizi wawo anali Mhungarian wanzeru, John (Janos) von Neumann.
Pafupifupi akatswiri a masamu achichepere a 100 analembedwa m'gulu lankhondo monga owerengera, zida zonse zogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta zinalandidwa kwa asilikali ... Zinali zoonekeratu, komabe, kuti zosowa za zida zankhondo sizingakwaniritsidwe motere. Mwamwayi - mwanjira ina mwangozi - inali nthawi iyi pamene njira za moyo za achinyamata atatu zinasonkhana. Iwo anali: Dr. John Mauchly (wobadwa 1907), injiniya wamagetsi John Presper Eckert (wobadwa 1919) ndi Doctor of Mathematics, US Army Lieutenant Herman Heine Goldstein (wobadwa 1913).
J. Mauchly, kalelo mu 1940, analankhula za kuthekera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito zamagetsi kupanga makina oŵerengera; anatulukira lingaliro limeneli chifukwa cha kuŵerengera kwakukulu kumene anayenera kuchita pamene anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka masamu pa zanyengo. Polembetsa maphunziro apadera pa yunivesite ya Pennsylvania, yomwe imaphunzitsa akatswiri oyenerera kwambiri a usilikali, anakumana ndi J.P. Eckert. Uyu, nayenso, anali "wogwira ntchito" wodziwika bwino, wojambula bwino komanso wojambula: ali ndi zaka 8 adatha kupanga cholandila wailesi chaching'ono, chomwe adachiyika ... kumapeto kwa pensulo; pausinkhu wa zaka 12 anamanga sitima yaing’ono yoyendetsedwa ndi wailesi, zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake anapanga ndi kupanga makina omvekera bwino a sukulu yake. Ophunzira onse awiri ankakondana kwambiri ... ndipo mu mphindi zawo zaulere adapanga chowerengera chachikulu, makina owerengera padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, polojekitiyi idatsala pang'ono kuti isawone kuwala kwa tsiku. Asayansi onse aŵiriwo anachipereka mwachisawawa, mumpangidwe wa chikumbutso cholingana cha masamba asanu, kwa mmodzi J. G. Brainerd, membala wa komiti ya oyang’anira a yunivesite ya Pennsylvania amene amayang’anira maubale ndi boma la United States. Wotsirizirayo, komabe, anakankhira chikalatacho pa desiki lake (chinapezeka pamenepo zaka 20 pambuyo pake - chinali chosasunthika) ndipo akanatseka mlanduwo ngati si wachitatu? ENIAC, Dr. G. G. Goldstein.
Dr. Goldstein ankagwira ntchito pa malo omwe tawatchulawa a US Army Computing Center () ndipo anali kufunafuna mwamsanga njira yothetsera vuto lodziwika kale la ma ballistic gratings. Mwamwayi, pamene ankayendera mwachizolowezi malo a makompyuta a asilikali a pa yunivesite ya Pennsylvania, anauza wophunzirayo za mavuto ake. Anali wophunzira wa Mauchly yemwe ankadziwa memorandum ... Goldstein anamvetsa tanthauzo la lingaliro latsopano.
Izo zinachitika mu March 1943. Pafupifupi masiku khumi ndi awiri pambuyo pake, Goldstein ndi Mauchly adatengedwa ndi utsogoleri wa BRL. Oswald Vebelen analibe kukayikira: adalamula kugawidwa kwachangu kwa ndalama zofunikira pomanga makinawo. Patsiku lomaliza la May 1943, dzinali linakhazikitsidwa ENIAC. Pa June 150, chinsinsi chapamwamba "Project PX" chinasindikizidwa, mtengo wake unakhazikitsidwa pa $ 486 (kwenikweni $ 804 senti). Ntchito yovomerezeka inayamba pa July 22, mabatire awiri oyambirira adayikidwa mu June chaka chotsatira, makina onsewo anayesedwa ku labotale mu kugwa kwa 1, mawerengedwe oyambirira oyesera anachitika mu November 1945. Monga tanenera kale, June 1945 30 ENIAC idaperekedwa kwa gulu lankhondo, zomwe zidatsimikizira kulandila "PX Project".
Chifukwa chake, ENIAC sinalowe nawo kunkhondo. Komanso, kutsegula kwake ndi asilikali anapitiriza mpaka July 29, 1947. Koma kamodzi anapezerapo ndipo pambuyo kusintha zofunika kwambiri, anaika ntchito - motsogozedwa ndi von Neumann - anatumikira usilikali kwa nthawi yaitali ndithu, kuwerengera osati magome a ballistic, komanso kusanthula njira pomanga bomba la haidrojeni, kupanga tactical nyukiliya. zida, kuphunzira za kuwala kwa zakuthambo, kupanga ngalande zamphepo kapena, pomaliza, "za anthu wamba" kotheratu? - powerengera mtengo wa nambala mpaka malo chikwi. Ntchito inatha pa Okutobala 2, 1955 nthawi ya 23.45:XNUMX p.m. pomwe idachotsedwa pama mains ndikuyamba kuchotsedwa.
Anayenera kugulitsidwa ngati chaka; koma asayansi amene anaigwiritsa ntchito anatsutsa, ndipo mbali zazikulu za makinawo zinapulumutsidwa. Yaikulu kwambiri mwa izi lero ili ku Smithsonian Institution ku Washington.
Chifukwa chake, m'miyezi ya 148, ENIAC idachoka pazojambula za wopanga kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zaukadaulo, zomwe zikuwonetsa chiyambi cha nthawi yakuchita bwino kwambiri pakukula kwaukadaulo wamakompyuta. Zilibe kanthu kuti pamaso pake dzina la kompyuta linapezedwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi German wanzeru Konrad Zuse, komanso - monga kunapezeka pambuyo kutsegula chinsinsi zakale British mu 1975 - English makompyuta ku Colossus mndandanda.
Mu 1946 dziko linakumana ndi ENIAC ndipo nthawi zonse lidzakhala Loyamba kwa anthu ...
