Kukonza zida. ndalama ndi fano

Mawu akuti "Palibenso kukonza" mwina amadziwika bwino ndi eni magalimoto atsopano. Pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, kuthekera kwawo kokonzanso ndikusintha mosavuta, mwachitsanzo, mababu amagetsi m'magalimoto amgalimoto, kwatsika mosalekeza komanso mosalekeza. Zosankha zokonza kupatula malo ovomerezeka ovomerezeka ndizochepa.

Kukonza zida monga makompyuta ndi mafoni am'manja ndi mapiritsi posachedwapa kwakhala kosangalatsa kwa apamwamba. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, ngakhale zinthu zosavuta monga kamera m'malo batireZaka khumi zapitazo, opanga adaletsa chinthu chokhazikika komanso chodziwikiratu. Zida zambiri zatsopano sizingatsegulidwe mosavuta komanso popanda chiopsezo, ndipo mabatire amalumikizidwa kwamuyaya ku chipangizocho.

Opanga sangakane kuti zida zomwe zili mkati mwake ndizovuta komanso zosalimba, komanso kuti mwiniwakeyo akukhulupirira kuti atha kuzigwira komanso osayambitsa zina, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuluka kale. kuchedwetsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi chitsimikizo ndi kumasulidwa kwa wopanga ku chiwongoladzanja chokonzekera kuchitidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito okha, zamagetsi zamakono nthawi zina zimagwiritsa ntchito luso la mlengalenga, monga, mwachitsanzo, mu ma TV a flatscreen, n'zovuta kulingalira kuti mmisiri wokhala ndi screwdriver ndi pliers angachite china chilichonse kupatula kusweka mwangozi.

Kalekale, masitolo a RTV, kumene ma TV ndi mawailesi ankagulitsidwa, analinso malo okonzera zipangizozi (1). Kutha kuzindikira chubu chophwanyika cha vacuum kapena resistor ndikusintha zigawozo moyenera kunayamikiridwa ndikupanga ndalama nthawi ndi nthawi.

1. Sitolo yakale yokonza zamagetsi

Ufulu wokonza ndi ufulu waumunthu wosachotsedwa!

Ndi kusungitsa zonse za zovuta zida zamakono, pali anthu ambiri omwe amakhulupirira, mosiyana ndi opanga, kuti kukonzanso kwake (mochuluka, kuyesa kukonzanso) ndi ufulu waumunthu wosasinthika. Ku US, monga California, pakhala pali kampeni kwa zaka zingapo kuti akhazikitse malamulo a "Ufulu Wokonza", gawo lalikulu lomwe lidzafunika opanga mafoni a m'manja kuti apereke ogula chidziwitso chokhudza zosankha zokonza ndi zida zosinthira. Boma la California siliri lokha pazochitika izi. Mayiko ena aku US akufunanso kapena apereka kale lamulo lotere.

“Lamulo la Ufulu Wokonza lidzapatsa ogula ufulu wokonza zida zawo zamagetsi ndi zida zawo mwaulere ndi malo okonzerako kapena ena opereka chithandizo malinga ndi zomwe eni ake angafune komanso mwanzeru. Uwu ndi mchitidwe womwe udali wodziwikiratu m'badwo wakale koma tsopano ukusoweka kwambiri m'dziko lokonzekera kutha, "adatero mu Marichi 2018 pofotokoza koyamba za biluyo. Susan Talamantes Eggman, membala wa California State Assembly. Mark Murray wa ku Californians Against Waste adamufotokozeranso, ndikuwonjezera kuti opanga mafoni ndi zida zamagetsi amapindula "kuchotsa chilengedwe chathu komanso zikwama zathu."

Mayiko ena aku US adayamba kukhazikitsa ufulu wokonzanso kuyambira 2017. Pali ngakhale kuwuka Public Movement "Ufulu Wokonza" (2), mphamvu yomwe idakula molingana ndi kukula kwa kulimbana ndi lamuloli ndi makampani aukadaulo, makamaka Apple.

Ufulu wokonzanso umathandizidwa mwachangu ndi maukonde okonza akuluakulu monga iFixit, malo ogulitsa ambiri odziyimira pawokha, ndi magulu olimbikitsa ogula, kuphatikiza odziwika bwino a Electronic Frontier Foundation.

2. Chizindikiro cha mtsinje Ufulu wokonza

Opanga safuna kupatsidwa udindo kwa amisiri akunyumba

Mtsutso woyamba wa Apple lobbyists motsutsana ndi kukonza kunali kukopa chitetezo cha ogwiritsa ntchito. Malinga ndi kampaniyi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Ufulu Wokonza" kumapanga, zigawenga zapaintaneti ndi onse amene ali ndi zolinga zoipa pamanetiweki ndi mu kachitidwe mauthenga.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2019, Apple idagwiritsa ntchito mikangano ina yochokera kwa opanga malamulo aku California motsutsana ndi "ufulu wokonza." Mwakutero, ogula amatha kudzivulaza poyesa kukonza zida zawo. California ndi dziko lokhala ndi anthu ambiri, lalikulu komanso lotukuka lomwe lili ndi malonda ambiri a Apple. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Apple anakopa ndi kukakamiza kwambiri kumeneko.

Zikuwoneka kuti makampani omenyera ufulu wokonza asiya kale kutsutsana kuti zida zokonzetsera ndi chidziwitso chazida zoyambira ndi chidziwitso chamakampani pokomera kudzutsa nkhawa za chitetezo chazinthu zomwe zikukonzedwa ndi misonkhano yodziyimira pawokha kapena anthu osaphunzitsidwa.

Ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti mantha awa sali opanda pake. Zida zina zingakhale zoopsa ngati mutayesa kuzikonza mosasamala popanda kuphunzitsidwa bwino ndi chidziwitso. Kuchokera kumakampani amagalimoto kupita kwa opanga zamagetsi kupita kwa opanga zida zaulimi (John Deere ndi m'modzi mwa anthu olimbikitsa otsutsa kukonza), makampani amada nkhawa ndi milandu yomwe ingachitike m'tsogolo ngati wina wosaloledwa ndi wopanga asokoneza zida zomwe zitha, mwachitsanzo, kuphulika ndikuvulaza. . wina.

Chinthu china ndi chakuti pankhani yamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri, i.e. Zida za Applekukonza ndikovuta kwambiri. Zili ndi tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zomwe sizipezeka mu zida zina, mawaya ophwanyira mawaya ochepa komanso guluu wambiri (3). Ntchito yokonza iFixit yomwe tatchulayi yakhala ikupatsa zinthu za Apple chimodzi mwazinthu zotsika kwambiri "zokonzanso" kwazaka zambiri. Komabe, izi sizimayimitsa zikwizikwi zazing'ono, zodziyimira pawokha komanso, zowona, malo ogulitsa ovomerezeka omwe si a Apple. Iyi ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa chifukwa zida zake ndi zodula, choncho nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopindulitsa kuzikonza.

Nkhondo idakali patsogolo

Mbiri ya kulimbana kwa "ufulu wokonza" ku United States siinathe. M'mwezi wa Meyi chaka chino, tsamba la Bloomberg lidasindikiza zambiri, zomwe sizinangonena za kukopa kwa Apple, komanso Microsoft, Amazon i Googlekuteteza "Ufulu Wokonza" mu mtundu womwe ungafune kuti makampani aukadaulo apereke magawo oyambilira ndikupereka ma schematics a hardware kwa okonza okha.

Nkhondo yokonza malamulo okonzanso tsopano ikuchitika m'maiko oposa theka la US. Zotsatira za malingaliro azamalamulo zitha kukhala zosiyana. Malamulo amaperekedwa kumalo amodzi, osati kwina. Zoyambitsa zamtunduwu zili paliponse, ndipo nthawi zina zimakopa anthu mwankhanza kwambiri.

Kampani yogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi Apple, yomwe nthawi zina imakhala ndi malingaliro olimbikitsa zikafika ufulu wokonza. Mwachitsanzo, idayambitsa pulogalamu yapadziko lonse yokonzekera yodziyimira payokha yomwe idapangidwa kuti ipatse Othandizira Osavomerezeka a Apple omwe ali ndi zida zoyambira, zida, zowongolera ndi zowunikira pakukonza zida za Apple popanda chitsimikizo. Pulogalamuyi ndi yaulere, koma pali chogwira - kukonzanso kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi akatswiri ovomerezeka a Apple, chomwe ndi chotchinga chosagonjetseka pamashopu ambiri okonza.

ndithudi tech moguls zonse ndi ndalama. Kuposa kukonza zida zakale, amafunitsitsa kuzisintha ndi zida zatsopano pafupipafupi momwe angathere. Maphunziro ena odziyimira pawokha angakhale ndi kuthekera kochepa pankhondoyi, koma kwakanthawi tsopano ali ndi othandizira amphamvu - anthu ndi mabungwe omwe akufuna kuchepetsa zinyalala ndikuwonjezera chitetezo cha chilengedwe.

Opanga akumenyana nawo poyamba kuti asakhale ndi udindo pa zotsatira za "kukonza" kunyumba. Koma si zokhazo. Kwa makampani omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cholimba komanso chifaniziro chokhazikika, ndikofunikira kuti "zokonzedwanso" m'njira yosapambana sizikuyimira ndipo sizikuwononga chizindikiro cha chizindikirocho, chomwe chimapangidwa pamtengo wapatali pazaka zambiri za ntchito. Chifukwa chake kulimbana koopsa kotereku, makamaka Apple, yomwe yatchulidwa pano kangapo.