Malamba apamipando. Mbiri, malamulo okhazikika, chindapusa chapano
Anapeza ntchito yawo m'magalimoto pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50, koma sanavomerezedwe. Masiku ano, kawirikawiri aliyense amakana kukhalapo kwa malamba, chifukwa zadziwika kuti zimapulumutsa bwanji thanzi ndi moyo.
Malamba ankamangidwa m’maboti a m’zaka za m’ma 20, ndipo m’ma 1956 ankaoneka m’ndege. Iwo anayamba kuikidwa serially pa magalimoto okha mu 1947. Mpainiyayo anali Ford, amene, komabe, sanapindule kalikonse m’ntchito imeneyi. Chifukwa chake, opanga ena aku America omwe adapereka malamba pamtengo wowonjezera adakumana ndi yankho latsopanoli monyinyirika. Ngakhale m'kupita kwa nthawi, si anthu onse aku America omwe adakhutitsidwa ndi ziwerengero zabwino za malamba, ndipo mpaka lero, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ku US sikuli kovomerezeka. Ku Ulaya, zinthu nzosiyana kwambiri. Apa ndipamene malamba atatu oyamba adabadwa, omwe amathandizira m'chiuno, pamimba ndi pachifuwa. Iwo anasonyeza mu 544 pa ulaliki wa 1959 Volvo PV chitsanzo, koma chitsanzo ndi malamba pampando atatu sanawonekere m'misewu mpaka XNUMX.
Akonzi amalimbikitsa: Mitundu yama hybrid drives
Yankho latsopanolo linapeza ochirikiza ochulukirachulukira, ndipo m’ma 1972 anali ndi malingaliro abwino kotero kuti m’maiko ena anayamba kukhazikitsa malamba ofunikira poyendetsa mipando yakutsogolo. Ku Poland, udindo woika malamba pamipando yakutsogolo unaonekera mu 1983, ndipo mu 1991 panakhazikitsidwa lamulo loti amange malamba pamipando yakutsogolo kunja kwa malo omangidwa. Mu XNUMX, udindo wovala malamba wapampando unayamba kugwira ntchito m'malo omangidwa, komanso kufalikira kwa okwera pamipando yakumbuyo pamaso pa malamba (kunali kofunikira kukonzekera malo omanga.
Onaninso: Suzuki Swift mu mayeso athu
Kusunga thupi la dalaivala ndi okwera pa ngozi, makamaka pakuwombana chakutsogolo, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muchepetse kuvulala komwe kungachitike kapena kupulumutsa miyoyo. Munthu atakhala popanda chitetezo chilichonse pa mpando wakutsogolo akhoza kuphedwa pa kugunda kutsogolo ndi chopinga pa liwiro la 30 Km / h. Vuto ndiloti thupi likuyenda mogundana ndi inertia "limalemera" nthawi zambiri kuposa pamene limakhala losasunthika. Galimoto ikagunda chopinga chokhazikika pa liwiro la 70 km / h, munthu yemwe ali ndi thupi lolemera makilogalamu 80, ataponyedwa pampando, amafika pamtunda wa matani 2, akuthamanga m'munda wa mathamangitsidwe amphamvu yokoka. Pakadutsa magawo khumi okha pa sekondi imodzi, ndiye kuti thupi limagunda chiwongolero ndi mbali za dashboard, ndikugwera pagalasi (pamene mukuyendetsa mipando yakutsogolo ndi pakati pa mpando wakumbuyo) kapena kugunda kumbuyo kwa mipando yakutsogolo ndi, atatha kusweka, mu dashboard (kuyendetsa pamipando yakumbuyo kumbali). Mukagundana kutsogolo ndi galimoto ina, mphamvu ya g imakhala yocheperako chifukwa mabuleki siwothamanga kwambiri (magawo ophwanya agalimoto ina akugwira ntchito). Koma ngakhale pamenepa, ma g-force ndi aakulu ndipo kupulumuka ngozi yotero popanda lamba wapampando ndi chozizwitsa. Chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe malamba ayenera kupirira, amayesedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri. Mfundo zomangira ziyenera kupirira katundu wa matani asanu ndi awiri kwa masekondi 0,002, ndipo lamba wokhawo ayenera kupirira katundu wa tani imodzi kwa maola 24.
Malamba a mipando, ngakhale mawonekedwe ake osavuta (mfundo zitatu, inertia), amakulolani kuti musunge matupi a okwera pafupi ndi mipando. Pakugundana kwapatsogolo, madalaivala amakumana ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu (kungayambitse kuvulala kwamkati), koma "satayidwa" pamipando ndipo samagunda ndi mphamvu yayikulu pazigawo zamagalimoto. Ndikofunikira kuti malamba apachipando amangidwe pamipando yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo. Ngati wokwera pampando wakumbuyo samanga malamba, pakagundana mutu, amagwera kumbuyo kwa mpando wakutsogolo, kuuphwanya ndi kuvulaza kwambiri kapena kupha munthu yemwe wakhala kutsogolo.
Chofunikira kuti malamba apampando azigwira bwino ntchito ndi malo awo olondola. Ziyenera kukhala zazitali zokwanira, zoyenerana bwino ndi thupi osati zopindika. Kukwanira kwa thupi ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kubwererana pakati pa thupi ndi lamba kumatanthauza kuti pakuwombana kwapatsogolo, thupi lomwe likupita patsogolo pa liwiro lalikulu limagunda malamba ndiyeno kuwaletsa. Kuwombera koteroko kungayambitsenso kuthyoka kwa nthiti kapena kupwetekedwa mtima pamimba. Choncho, zopangira lamba wapampando tsopano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, zomwe zimangirira lamba pamthupi pa ngozi. Ayenera kukhala achangu, kotero iwo ali pyrotechnically adamulowetsa. Zodzikongoletsera zoyamba zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Mercedes mu 1980, koma sanatchuke mpaka zaka 90. Malamba amipando amakonzedwa pang'onopang'ono kuti apereke chitetezo chabwino kwambiri. Mu njira zina, iwo amamangika kwakanthawi pathupi atangotsala pang'ono kukhazikika, kenako amamasulidwa kachiwiri. Chotsatira chake, ali okonzekera voteji yoyenera pakachitika ngozi. Zomwe zachitika posachedwa, malamba pamzere wakumbuyo wa mipando ali ndi mtundu wa airbag mu gawo lovuta kwambiri (dera la thoracic) kuti ateteze kuvulala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha malamba.
Kwa magalimoto atsopano, opanga samawonetsa nthawi yomwe malamba ayenera kusinthidwa. Ali ndi moyo wautumiki wopanda malire, monganso ma airbags. M'magalimoto akale ndi osiyana, nthawi zina m'malo akulimbikitsidwa pambuyo pa zaka 15. Chifukwa chake ndikwabwino kudziwa, makamaka kudzera mwa wogulitsa, momwe zimawonekera ndi mtundu wina. Malamba nthawi zambiri amafunikira kusinthidwa ngakhale pakagundana pang'ono, kuphatikiza pomwe oyeserera alephera. Zimachitika kuti makina omangirira amagwira ntchito ndi kukana kwakukulu kapena ndodo. Ngati ma tensioners agwira ntchito, malamba ayenera kusinthidwa. Kupewa kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamba olakwika kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi ndi moyo.
Ndibwino kumasula malamba
Munthu amene walephera kutsatira lamuloli ali ndi udindo woyendetsa galimoto popanda kuvala malamba. Chindapusa choyendetsa galimoto osavala malamba ndi PLN 100 ndi 2 zilango.
Dalaivala ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense m’galimotoyo wamanga lamba. Ngati satero, aika pachiwopsezo china cha PLN 100 ndi 4 demerit points. (Ndime 45 (2) (3) ya Law on Road Traffic ya June 20, 1997 (Journal of Laws of 2005, No. 108, item 908).
Pamene dalaivala anachenjeza okwera kuti amange malamba ndipo samadziwa kuti okwerawo sanatsatire malangizowo, salipira chindapusa. Kenako wokwera aliyense amene samanga lamba adzalandira chindapusa cha PLN 100.
Kumanga malamba?
Malamba omangika bwino ayenera kukhala mopanda thupi. Lamba wa m'chiuno ayenera kukulunga m'chiuno mochepa momwe angathere poyerekezera ndi m'mimba. Lamba pachifuwa liyenera kudutsa pakati pa phewa popanda kutsika pamapewa. Kuti achite izi, dalaivala ayenera kusintha lamba wapampando wapamwamba (pambali mzati).
Ngati wokwerayo wavala kwambiri, masulani jekete kapena jekete lawo ndikubweretsa zingwe pafupi ndi thupi momwe mungathere. Mutamanganso chomangiracho, sungani lamba pachifuwa kuti muchepetse kufooka kulikonse. Lamba limagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, molimba kwambiri limagwirizana ndi munthu wotetezedwa. Malamba amakono odzilimbitsa okha saletsa kuyenda, koma amatha kumasuka mopitirira muyeso.
Lamba wapampando ndiye chitetezo chabwino kwambiri kwa dalaivala ndi okwera akaphatikizidwa ndi choletsa kumutu chokonzedwa bwino ndi chikwama cha airbag. Mutu umateteza khosi kuvulala koopsa komanso kowawa ngati kupendekeka kwamutu kumbuyo, ndipo pilo imateteza mutu ndi chifuwa kuti zisamenye chiwongolero, dashboard kapena A-pillar; komabe, maziko a chitetezo amamanga bwino malamba! Adzasunga aliyense womangidwa pamalo otetezeka, ngakhale panthawi ya rollovers kapena mayendedwe ena osalamulirika.
