Uzani mphaka wanu zomwe mukuganiza mkati mwake - zotsatira za bokosi lakuda

Mfundo yakuti ma algorithms apamwamba a AI ali ngati bokosi lakuda (1) lomwe limataya zotsatira popanda kuwulula momwe zidakhalira zimadetsa nkhawa ena ndikukhumudwitsa ena.

Mu 2015, gulu lofufuza pa chipatala cha Mount Sinai ku New York linafunsidwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito njirayi kuti lifufuze deta yambiri ya odwala am'deralo (2). Zosonkhanitsa zazikuluzikuluzi zili ndi zambiri za odwala, zotsatira za mayeso, malangizo, ndi zina.

Asayansi adatchula pulogalamu yowunikira yomwe idapangidwa panthawi yantchitoyo. Idaphunzitsidwa pama data kuchokera kwa anthu pafupifupi 700. munthu, ndipo zikayesedwa m'kaundula watsopano, zatsimikizira kukhala zothandiza kwambiri pakulosera matenda. Popanda kuthandizidwa ndi akatswiri aumunthu, iye anapeza njira m’zolemba zachipatala zimene zimasonyeza kuti ndi wodwala amene ali panjira ya matenda, monga ngati kansa ya chiwindi. Malinga ndi akatswiri, luso lachidziwitso ndi matenda a dongosololi linali lapamwamba kwambiri kuposa njira zina zodziwika.

2. Medical intelligence intelligence system yotengera odwala

Nthawi yomweyo, ofufuzawo adawona kuti imagwira ntchito modabwitsa. Zinapezeka, mwachitsanzo, kuti ndizoyenera kuzindikira matenda amisalamonga schizophrenia, yomwe ndi yovuta kwambiri kwa madokotala. Izi zinali zodabwitsa, makamaka popeza palibe amene ankadziwa momwe dongosolo la AI limawonera matenda amisala motengera zolemba zachipatala za wodwalayo. Inde, akatswiriwo anasangalala kwambiri ndi chithandizo cha katswiri woterewu wodziwa makina, koma angakhale okhutitsidwa kwambiri ngati atamvetsetsa momwe AI imafikira pamapeto ake.

Zigawo za neuroni zopangira

Kuyambira pachiyambi, ndiye kuti, kuyambira pomwe lingaliro lanzeru zopangira zidadziwika, panali malingaliro awiri pa AI. Woyamba ananena kuti zingakhale zomveka kupanga makina omwe amalingalira motsatira mfundo zodziwika bwino komanso malingaliro aumunthu, kupangitsa kuti ntchito zawo zamkati ziwonekere kwa aliyense. Ena ankakhulupirira kuti nzeru zingaoneke mosavuta ngati makina angaphunzire mwa kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kuyesa mobwerezabwereza.

Chotsatiracho chikutanthauza kutembenuza mapulogalamu apakompyuta. M'malo mwa olemba mapulogalamu kulemba malamulo kuti athetse vuto, pulogalamuyo imapanga algorithm yanu kutengera zitsanzo za data ndi zotsatira zomwe mukufuna. Njira zophunzirira zamakina zomwe pambuyo pake zidasintha kukhala zida zamphamvu kwambiri za AI zomwe zimadziwika masiku ano zangodutsa kumene, kwenikweni, makina pawokha mapulogalamu.

Njirayi idatsalira m'mphepete mwa kafukufuku wa machitidwe a AI mu 60s ndi 70s. Kokha kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi zapitazo, pambuyo pa kusintha kwa upainiya ndi kuwongolera, "Deep" neural network anayamba kusonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa luso la kulingalira mochitachita. 

Kuphunzira kwamakina mozama kwapatsa makompyuta luso lodabwitsa, monga kutha kuzindikira mawu olankhulidwa molondola ngati munthu. Ili ndi luso lovuta kwambiri kuti lingakonzekeretu pasadakhale. Makinawa ayenera kupanga "programu" yake ndi maphunziro pamagulu akuluakulu a dataset.

Kuphunzira mozama kwasinthanso kuzindikira kwa zithunzi za pakompyuta ndikuwongolera kwambiri kumasulira kwamakina. Masiku ano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zisankho zazikuluzikulu zamankhwala, zachuma, kupanga, ndi zina zambiri.

Komabe, ndi zonsezi simungangoyang'ana mkati mwa neural network yakuya kuti muwone momwe "mkati" imagwirira ntchito. Njira zoganizira pa netiweki zimaphatikizidwa mumayendedwe a masauzande ambiri a ma neuron, opangidwa m'magulu angapo kapena mazana olumikizana modabwitsa..

Ma neuroni aliwonse omwe ali mugawo loyamba amalandira cholowetsa, monga kukula kwa pixel pachithunzi, kenako amawerengera asanatulutse zomwe atulutsa. Iwo opatsirana mu maukonde zovuta kwa minyewa ya wosanjikiza lotsatira - ndi zina zotero, mpaka chomaliza linanena bungwe chizindikiro. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira yomwe imadziwika kuti kusintha mawerengedwe omwe amachitidwa ndi ma neuron pawokha kuti maukonde ophunzitsira apange zotsatira zomwe mukufuna.

Muchitsanzo chotchulidwa mobwerezabwereza chokhudzana ndi kuzindikira kwa galu, magawo otsika a AI amasanthula mawonekedwe osavuta monga mawonekedwe kapena mtundu. Apamwamba amakumana ndi zovuta zovuta monga ubweya kapena maso. Gawo lapamwamba lokhalo limabweretsa zonse pamodzi, ndikuzindikiritsa chidziwitso chonse ngati galu.

Njira yomweyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa makinawo kuti adziphunzire okha: zomveka zomwe zimapanga mawu m'mawu, zilembo ndi mawu omwe amapanga ziganizo m'malemba olembedwa, kapena chiwongolero, mwachitsanzo. mayendedwe oyenera kuyendetsa galimoto.

Galimoto siphonya kalikonse.

Kuyesa kumapangidwa kuti afotokoze zomwe zimachitika m'machitidwe otere. Mu 2015, ofufuza a Google adasintha njira yozindikiritsa zithunzi zozama kuti m'malo mowona zinthu pazithunzi, ipange kapena kusintha. Poyendetsa ma aligorivimu m'mbuyo, amafuna kupeza mawonekedwe omwe pulogalamuyo imagwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira, kunena, mbalame kapena nyumba.

Zoyesererazi, zomwe zimadziwika poyera kuti mutuwo, zidapanga zithunzi zodabwitsa za (3) nyama zodabwitsa, zodabwitsa, malo, ndi anthu. Powulula zinsinsi zina zamakina amalingaliro, monga momwe machitidwe ena amabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza, adawonetsanso momwe kuphunzira kwamakina kumasiyanirana ndi malingaliro amunthu - mwachitsanzo, m'lingaliro lakuti amakulitsa ndi kubwereza zinthu zakale zomwe timazinyalanyaza. m’njira yathu ya kuzindikira popanda kulingalira . .

3. Chithunzi chopangidwa mu polojekitiyi

Mwa njira, kumbali ina, zoyeserazi zavumbulutsa chinsinsi cha njira zathu zamaganizo. Mwina ndi m’malingaliro athu kuti pali zigawo zosiyanasiyana zosamvetsetseka zomwe zimatipangitsa ife kumvetsetsa mwamsanga ndi kunyalanyaza chinachake, pamene makina amabwereza moleza mtima kubwereza kwake pa zinthu "zosafunika".

Mayesero ena ndi maphunziro adachitidwa pofuna kuyesa "kumvetsetsa" makinawo. Jason Yosinski adapanga chida chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati kafukufuku wokhazikika muubongo, kulunjika ma neuron aliwonse ochita kupanga ndikuyang'ana chithunzi chomwe chimachiyambitsa mwamphamvu kwambiri. Pakuyesa komaliza, zithunzi zosamveka zidawoneka chifukwa cha "kuyang'ana" maukonde molunjika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zomwe zikuchitika mudongosolo zikhale zachinsinsi kwambiri.

Komabe, kwa asayansi ambiri, kafukufuku woterewu ndi kusamvetsetsana, chifukwa, m'malingaliro awo, kuti amvetsetse dongosolo, kuzindikira machitidwe ndi njira za dongosolo lapamwamba lopangira zisankho zovuta, zolumikizana zonse zowerengera mkati mwa neural network yakuya. Ndi chimphona chachikulu cha masamu ndi zosinthika. Pakali pano, ndi zosamvetsetseka kwa ife.

Kompyuta siziyamba? Chifukwa chiyani?

Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika kumvetsetsa njira zopangira zisankho zamakasitomala apamwamba opangira nzeru? Zitsanzo za masamu zikugwiritsidwa kale ntchito kudziŵa akaidi amene angatulutsidwe pa parole, amene angapatsidwe ngongole, ndi amene angapeze ntchito. Iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi angafune kudziwa chifukwa chake izi osati chisankho china, zifukwa zake ndi njira zotani.

adavomereza mu Epulo 2017 mu MIT Technology Review. Tommy Yaakkola, pulofesa wa MIT akugwira ntchito pamapulogalamu ophunzirira makina. -.

Palinso malo ovomerezeka ndi ndondomeko kuti kuthekera kowunika ndikumvetsetsa njira yopangira zisankho za machitidwe a AI ndi ufulu waumunthu.

Kuyambira 2018, EU yakhala ikugwira ntchito yofuna makampani kuti afotokozere makasitomala awo pazosankha zopangidwa ndi makina azida. Zikuoneka kuti nthawi zina izi sizingatheke ngakhale ndi machitidwe omwe amawoneka ophweka, monga mapulogalamu ndi mawebusaiti omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sayansi yakuya kusonyeza malonda kapena kuyamikira nyimbo.

Makompyuta omwe amayendetsa pulogalamu ya mautumikiwa okha, ndipo amazichita m'njira zomwe sitingathe kuzimvetsa ... Ngakhale akatswiri omwe amapanga mapulogalamuwa sangathe kufotokoza bwino momwe zimagwirira ntchito.