Rocket Angara
Woyambitsa roketi Angara-1.2.
Pa Epulo 29, Angara-1.2 yokhala ndi nambala 1L idakhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku Plesik cosmodrome. Iwo anapezerapo mu kanjira (perigee 279 Km, apogee 294 Km, 96,45 °) satellite ya Utumiki wa Chitetezo ku Russia wotchedwa Kosmos 2555. Aka kanali koyamba kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu uwu wa roketi ya Angara. Mtundu wolemera wa roketi ya Angara posachedwa udzalowa m'malo mwa ma Protoni owopsa kwa chilengedwe, ndipo mu mawonekedwe opepuka, ma roketi a Dnepr ndi Rokot atathetsedwa, adzabwezeretsanso kuthekera konyamula katundu wopepuka kwambiri kwa Soyuz-2. Koma kodi Angara adzalungamitsa ziyembekezo zoikidwa pa izo?
Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Soviet Union, Russian cosmonautics inapezeka muvuto lalikulu. Zinapezeka kuti zoyambitsa zazikulu ndi gawo lalikulu lazopangazo zili pafupi, komabe kunja. Pulogalamu ya missile ya Energiya yolemera kwambiri yayimitsidwa ndipo malamulo a chitetezo achepetsedwa kwambiri. Makampani opanga mlengalenga adapulumutsidwa pakugwa kwathunthu ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi - madongosolo ochokera ku mabungwe oyendetsa ndege aku America, mapulogalamu ogwirizana ndi mabungwe aku Europe ndi Asia. International Space Station idayikidwa mozungulira padziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje a Soviet orbital station Mir. Malo oyandama a cosmodrome "Sea Launch" adayamba kugwira ntchito. Komabe, zinali zoonekeratu kuti chithandizo cha mayiko sichinali chamuyaya, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 90, ntchito inayamba kuonetsetsa kuti dziko la Russia lidziimira paokha.
Ntchitoyi inali yovuta, chifukwa m'dera la Kazakhstan onse oyambitsa roketi olemera ndi apamwamba kwambiri a USSR. Dziko la Russia lili ndi gulu lankhondo lapamwamba kwambiri la Plesetsk, lomwe poyambirira linapangidwa kuti liziwombera ku United States ndipo pambuyo pake linagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa ma satellites - makamaka ozindikira - kulowa mumayendedwe otsika a Earth (LEO). Ntchito yomanga cosmodrome yatsopano m'dera la Svobodny missile base ku Far East idaganiziridwanso. Pakali pano, cosmodrome iyi, yomwe idakali yakhanda, imatchedwa Vostochny. M'tsogolomu, iyenera kukhala dziko lalikulu la anthu wamba ku Russia ndikulowa m'malo mwa Baikonur yobwerekedwa kuchokera ku Kazakhstan. Zinthu zovuta kwambiri zakhala zikuchitika mu gawo la ma roketi olemera omwe ali ndi mphamvu yonyamula matani + 20. Makomboti awa a mndandanda wa Proton anagwiritsidwa ntchito ku USSR kukhazikitsa ma satellites olankhulana, malo otsika ozungulira, zipangizo zophunzirira mwezi ndi mapulaneti. , ndi ma satellites ena ankhondo kulowa munjira ya geostationary. Magalimoto onse a Proton adatsalira ku Kazakhstan. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, njira yosavuta - yomanga malo atsopano otsegulira ku Russia - inali yosavomerezeka chifukwa cha chilengedwe.
Ma protoni adachitapo kanthu pa hydrazine yoopsa kwambiri, ndipo kutayika kwawo kukanayambitsa ziwonetsero za anthu m'malo omwe magawo awiri oyamba akadagwiritsidwa ntchito. Inali nthawi imene maganizo a anthu sakanathanso kunyalanyazidwa. Kusamuka kwa oyambitsawo kupita ku Russia kumayenera kuyamba ndi kupanga roketi yatsopano yamafuta otetezeka kwa iwo. Kale mu 1992, mpikisano unalengezedwa pakupanga roketi yoyamba yaku Russia. Kukula kwake kudakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la Purezidenti wa Russia la Januware 6, 1995. Ndege yoyamba idakonzedweratu 2005. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe ichi, kulengedwa kwa roketi yotere kumakhala komveka - chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa ma modules ake, izo. zikanakhala zotheka (ngati mizinga yambiri ipangidwa chaka chilichonse ) kuti achepetse mtengo ngakhale pokhudzana ndi Proton. Zinasankhidwa kuti Angara akhale modular: Universal Missile Modules (URMs) akhoza kukhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku kuwala kosiyana (module imodzi mu gawo loyamba) kupita ku zosiyana zolemetsa (ma module asanu ndi awiri). URM iliyonse imatha kunyamulidwa padera ndi njanji, kenako ndikuphatikizidwa pa doko. M’litali mwake anayenera kukhala mamita 25,1 ndi m’mimba mwake mamita 3,6.
N'chifukwa chiyani Angara anatenga nthawi yaitali?
Mu 1994-1995, akatswiri onse mu makampani a rocket ndi mlengalenga adagwirizana kuti kupanga injini zatsopano za rocket pamafuta amphamvu kwambiri a cryogenic kunali kosatheka (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo lamagetsi anali aakulu kwambiri), kotero polojekitiyi ikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zotsimikiziridwa. ukadaulo - injini zamafuta ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi (otchedwa keroloks). Ndiyeno kutembenuka kwachilendo kwa zinthu kunachitika - m'malo mwa mgwirizano woyembekezeredwa wa roketi ya NPO Energia, yomwe ili ndi chidziwitso chochuluka muukadaulo wa cryogenic ndi injini zazikulu muukadaulo wa Kerolox, idalandiridwa ndi ... wopanga Proton - Khrunichev. Pakati. Adalonjeza kuti apanganso roketiyo kutengera ukadaulo wa Energy, koma wotsika mtengo pakupanga, mayendedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Tsoka ilo, iyi inali ntchito yosatheka kwa Khrunichev. Patapita nthawi, mapangidwewo adakhala ndi ma metamorphoses ambiri, malingaliro a chiwerengero cha ma modules anasintha. Roketi yakhalapo mpaka pano pamapepala, ngakhale kuti idatenga ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku bajeti. Nchifukwa chiyani zidatenga nthawi yayitali kupanga roketi, pamene mu USSR ntchito zomwezo zinathetsedwa mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri? Ambiri mwina chifukwa Angara sanali ofunikira - makamaka Khrunichev. "Proton" yake idawuluka kuchokera ku Baikonur pamapulogalamu ankhondo, asayansi, aboma, apadziko lonse lapansi komanso azamalonda. Mbali ya Kazakh inadandaula za "poizoni", koma sakanafuna kutsekedwa kwa mzinga wofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zinali zopanda phindu kusamutsa malo otsegulira ku Angara Khrunichev, chifukwa roketi yatsopanoyi imawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa yapitayi - pambuyo pake, chitukuko chimawononga kwambiri.
