Mzukwa wakupha makina ukupitilira. Kodi Purezidenti Putin amakhulupirira chiyani?

Ochirikiza maloboti ankhondo (1) amati zida zodzipangira okha zimapereka njira zambiri zotetezera miyoyo ya anthu. Makina amatha kuyandikira kwa adani kuposa asitikali, ndikuwunika bwino zomwe zikuwopsezazo. Ndipo nthawi zina maganizo amalepheretsa munthu kusankha zochita mwanzeru.

Ambiri ochirikiza maloboti opha anthu amakhulupirira kuti apangitsa kuti nkhondo zisakhale zakupha chifukwa asilikali ochepa adzafa. Iwo amaona kuti maloboti, ngakhale kuti samva chisoni, sakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro oipa a anthu monga mantha, mkwiyo, ndi kubwezera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa ziwawa zankhondo.

Omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amagwiritsanso ntchito mfundo yoti asitikali achepetsa kwambiri kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba m'zaka zapitazi za XNUMX, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lankhondo kumalola kuti pakhale njira yolimbikitsira malamulo ankhondo mosamalitsa. Iwo amanena kuti makina adzakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino akakhala ndi mapulogalamu amene adzawakakamiza kumvera malamulo ankhondo.

Inde, anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo otchuka kwambiri, sagawana maganizo awa kwa zaka zambiri. Mu Epulo 2013, kampeni yapadziko lonse lapansi idakhazikitsidwa pansi pa mawu akuti (2). Mkati mwa dongosolo lake, mabungwe omwe si aboma amafuna kuti aletse kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodziyimira pawokha. Akatswiri ochokera m’mayiko ambiri anayamba kukambirana za nkhaniyi pa msonkhano wa bungwe la United Nations wokhudza Kugwetsa zida zankhondo ku Geneva mu May 2014. Lipoti lofalitsidwa miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake ndi Human Rights Watch ndi asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Harvard adanena kuti odzilamulira adzakhala owopsa kwambiri - adasankha zolinga zawo ndikupha anthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sizikudziwika bwino kuti ndani ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu.

2. Chiwonetsero ngati gawo la zochitika "Stop killer robots"

Zomwe gulu la ma drones ang'onoang'ono lingachite

Mikangano yozungulira maloboti opha (ROU) yakhala ikuchitika kwazaka zambiri ndipo sizitha. Miyezi yaposachedwa yabweretsa kuyesa kwatsopano kuyimitsa maloboti ankhondo komanso kuchuluka kwa malipoti azinthu zatsopano zamtunduwu, zina zomwe zikuyesedwa ngakhale pankhondo zenizeni.

Mu Novembala 2017, kanema wowonetsa magulu oopsa a mini-drones ., muzochitika zowopsa. Owonerera awona kuti sitifunikiranso makina olemera ankhondo, akasinja, kapena maroketi oponyedwa ndi Predators kuti aphe unyinji ndi mfuti zamakina. Mtsogoleri wamkulu Stuart Russell, pulofesa wa intelligence intelligence ku Berkeley, anati:

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Kasupe watha aprofesa makumi asanu Mayunivesite otsogola padziko lonse lapansi asayina pempho ku Korea Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (KAIST) ndi mnzake Hanwha Systems. adalengeza kuti sangagwirizane ndi yunivesite ndikuchereza alendo a KAIST. Chifukwa chake chinali kupanga "zida zodziyimira pawokha" zomwe zidachitika ndi mabungwe onsewa. KAIST yakana malipoti atolankhani.

Patapita nthawi ku US oposa 3 ogwira ntchito pa Google adachita zionetsero zotsutsana ndi ntchito ya kampani ya usilikali. Iwo anali ndi nkhawa kuti Google ikugwirizana ndi polojekiti ya boma yotchedwa Maven yomwe ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito AI kuzindikira zinthu ndi nkhope m'mavidiyo a asilikali. Oyang'anira kampaniyo akuti cholinga cha Maven ndikupulumutsa miyoyo ndikupulumutsa anthu ku ntchito zotopetsa, osati zachiwawa. Otsutsawo sanakhulupirire.

Gawo lotsatira la nkhondoyo linali chilengezo akatswiri anzeru zopangira, kuphatikizapo. kugwira ntchito pa Google project ndi Elona Muska. Amalonjeza kuti sadzapanga maloboti. Iwo akupemphanso maboma kuti achitepo kanthu pofuna kuwongolera ndi kuchepetsa zidazi.

Mawuwo akuti, mwa zina, "chigamulo chotenga moyo wa munthu sichiyenera kutengedwa ndi makina." Ngakhale kuti magulu ankhondo a padziko lapansi ali ndi zida zambiri zodzipangira okha, nthawi zina ndi mlingo wapamwamba wodzilamulira, akatswiri ambiri amaopa kuti m'tsogolomu lusoli likhoza kukhala lodziimira palokha, kulola kupha popanda kukhudzidwa ndi munthu woyendetsa ntchito ndi mtsogoleri.

Akatswiri amachenjezanso kuti makina opha anthu odzilamulira akhoza kukhala oopsa kwambiri kuposa zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa amatha kuzunguzika mosavuta. Ponseponse, mu Julayi chaka chatha, kalata mothandizidwa ndi Future of Life Institute (FGI) idasainidwa ndi mabungwe a 170 ndi anthu 2464. M'miyezi yoyambirira ya 2019, gulu la asayansi azachipatala ogwirizana ndi FLI adapemphanso kalata yatsopano yoletsa kupanga zida zoyendetsedwa ndi intelligence (AI).

Msonkhano wa UN wa August wa chaka chatha ku Gniewo pa kuthekera kwalamulo kwa asilikali "ma robot opha" anatha bwino ... makina. Gulu la mayiko, kuphatikizapo United States, Russia ndi Israel, anatsekereza ntchito zina pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiletso mayiko pa zida izi (kukonza Convention on the Prohibition kapena Restriction of the Use of Some Conventional Weapons, CCW). Sizodabwitsa kuti maikowa amadziwika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo pa machitidwe apamwamba a zida zodziyimira pawokha komanso za robotic.

Russia imayang'ana kwambiri ma robot olimbana nawo

Purezidenti Vladimir Putin nthawi zambiri amanenedwa za machitidwe ankhondo a AI ndi maloboti olimbana nawo:

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imakamba momasuka za kupanga zida zodzilamulira. Mkulu wa General Staff wa asilikali ake, General Valery Gerasimov, posachedwapa anauza gulu lankhondo la Interfax-AVN kuti kugwiritsa ntchito maloboti kudzakhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za nkhondo zamtsogolo. Anawonjezera kuti Russia ikuyesera sinthani kwathunthu bwalo lankhondo. Ndemanga zomwezi zidanenedwa ndi Wachiwiri kwa Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin ndi Minister of Defense Sergei Shoigu. Wapampando wa Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security Viktor Bondarev ananena kuti Russia akuyesetsa kukhala Tekinoloje ya Rojuizi zitha kulola maukonde a drone kugwira ntchito ngati chinthu chimodzi.

Izi sizosadabwitsa ngati tikumbukira kuti teletanks yoyamba idapangidwa ku Soviet Union mu 30s. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Masiku ano Russia ikupanganso maloboti a tank kukhala odzilamulira mochulukira.

Boma la Putin posachedwapa latumiza zake ku Syria Galimoto yopanda anthu ya Uran-9 (3). chipangizocho chinataya kukhudzana ndi malo olamulira pansi, chinali ndi vuto ndi dongosolo loyimitsidwa, ndipo zida zake sizinagwire ntchito bwino ndipo sizinagonjetse zolinga zosuntha. Izo sizikumveka kwambiri, koma ambiri amaona Suriya misozi kukhala wabwino kumenyana mayeso kuti adzalola Russian kusintha makina.

Roscosmos yavomereza dongosolo loyambirira lotumiza maloboti awiri ku International Space Station pofika Ogasiti chaka chino. Fedor (4) mu Mgwirizano wosayendetsedwa. Osati ngati katundu, koma. Monga mu kanema wa RoboCop, Fedor amanyamula chida ndikuwonetsa zida zakupha panthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Funso n’lakuti, n’chifukwa chiyani loboti ya m’mlengalenga ingakhale ndi zida? Pali kukayikira kuti nkhaniyi singogwiritsa ntchito maziko okha. Pakadali pano padziko lapansi, wopanga zida zaku Russia Kalashnikov adawonetsa zowonera robot Igorekzomwe, ngakhale zidapangitsa kuseka kwambiri, zikuwonetsa kuti kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito mozama pamagalimoto omenyera odziyimira pawokha. Mu July 2018, Kalashnikov adalengeza kuti akumanga chida chomwe amagwiritsira ntchito "kuwombera kapena kuwombera".

Pazidziwitso izi ziyenera kuonjezedwa kuti wowombera mfuti waku Russia Digtyarev adapanga pang'ono autonomous tank Nerekht zomwe zimatha kusuntha mwakachetechete ku chandamale chake chokha ndiyeno kuphulika ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kuwononga nyumba zina kapena zonse. Komanso Tank T14 Army , kunyada kwa gulu lankhondo la Russia, linapangidwa kuti lizitha kuyendetsa galimoto popanda anthu. Sputnik akunena kuti akatswiri ankhondo aku Russia akugwira ntchito kuti apangitse T-14 kukhala galimoto yankhondo yodziyimira yokha.

Objection Directive

Asilikali aku US palokha ayika malire omveka bwino pamlingo wodzilamulira wa zida zawo. Mu 2012, Dipatimenti Yoona za Chitetezo ku United States inapereka Directive 3000.09, yomwe imati anthu ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wotsutsa zochita za maloboti okhala ndi zida. (ngakhale pakhoza kukhala zosiyana). Lamuloli likugwirabe ntchito. Ndondomeko yamakono ya Pentagon ndi yakuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zida chiyenera kukhala munthu nthawi zonse, ndipo chiweruzo choterocho chiyenera kukhala. amagwirizana ndi malamulo ankhondo.

Ngakhale kuti anthu aku America akhala akugwiritsa ntchito makina owuluka, Predator, Reaper ndi makina ena ambiri kwazaka zambiri, iwo sanali ndipo sianthu odziyimira pawokha. Amayendetsedwa ndi ogwira ntchito kutali, nthawi zina kuchokera pamtunda wa makilomita zikwi zingapo. Kukambitsirana koopsa za kudziyimira pawokha kwa makina amtundu uwu kunayamba ndi kuwonekera koyamba kugulu kwa prototype. drone X-47B (5), yomwe siinangowuluka yokha, komanso imatha kuchoka pa chonyamulira ndege, kutera pamenepo ndikuwonjezera mafuta mumlengalenga. Tanthauzo lake ndi kuwombera kapena kuphulitsa bomba popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu. Komabe, ntchitoyi ikuyesedwabe ndikuwunikiridwa.

5. Kuyesedwa kwa X-47B yopanda munthu pa chonyamulira ndege cha ku America

Mu 2003, Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo inayamba kuyesa robot yaing'ono ngati thanki. SPOES wokhala ndi mfuti ya makina. Mu 2007 adatumizidwa ku Iraq. komabe, pulogalamuyo inatha robot itayamba kuchita zinthu molakwika, ikusuntha mfuti yake molakwika. Zotsatira zake, asitikali aku US adasiya kafukufuku wokhudza maloboti okhala ndi zida kwa zaka zambiri.

Nthawi yomweyo, Asitikali aku US awonjezera ndalama zomwe amawononga pantchito kuchokera pa $ 20 miliyoni mu 2014 mpaka $ 156 miliyoni mu 2018. Mu 2019, bajeti iyi idakwera kale mpaka $327 miliyoni. Uku ndikuwonjezeka kwa 1823% m'zaka zochepa chabe. Akatswiri akuti kuyambira 2025, asitikali aku US atha kukhala ndi bwalo lankhondo asilikali a robot ambiri kuposa anthu.

Posachedwapa, mikangano yambiri yayamba ndikulengezedwa ndi asilikali a US Ntchito ya ATLAS () - automatic. M'ma TV, izi zidawonedwa ngati kuphwanya Directive 3000.09. Komabe, asitikali aku US akukana ndikutsimikizira kuti kuchotsedwa kwa munthu pakupanga zisankho sikungachitike.

AI imazindikira shaki ndi anthu wamba

Komabe, oteteza zida zodziyimira pawokha ali ndi mikangano yatsopano. Prof. Ronald Arkin, katswiri wa maloboti ku Georgia Institute of Technology, ananena m’mabuku ake kuti Pankhondo zamakono, zida zanzeru ndizofunikira kuti tipewe kuvulala kwa anthu wamba, chifukwa njira zophunzirira zamakina zingathandize bwino kusiyanitsa omenyera nkhondo ndi anthu wamba, ndi zolinga zofunika komanso zosafunika.

Chitsanzo cha luso la AI yotere ndikulondera magombe aku Australia. drones Little Ripperyokhala ndi SharkSpotter system yopangidwa ndi University of Technology Sydney. Dongosololi limangoyang'ana m'madzimo ngati kuli nsomba za shaki ndi kudziwitsa wogwiritsa ntchito akaona kuti palibe chomwe chili pangozi. (6) Imatha kuzindikira anthu, ma dolphin, mabwato, ma surfboards ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'madzi kuti ziwasiyanitse ndi shaki. Imatha kuzindikira ndikuzindikira mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi yolondola kwambiri.

6. Ma shark odziwika mu dongosolo la SharkSpotter

Njira zophunzirira zamakina zapamwambazi zimawonjezera kulondola kwa kuzindikira kwamlengalenga ndi 90%. Poyerekeza, woyendetsa waumunthu muzochitika zofanana amazindikira molondola 20-30% ya zinthu muzithunzi zamlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, chizindikiritso chimatsimikiziridwabe ndi munthu asanakhale ndi alamu.

Pabwalo lankhondo, woyendetsa, akuwona chithunzicho pazenera, sangathe kudziwa ngati anthu omwe ali pansi ndi omenyana ndi AK-47 m'manja mwawo kapena, mwachitsanzo, alimi omwe ali ndi pikes. Arkin akunena kuti anthu amakonda "kuwona zomwe akufuna kuwona," makamaka pazovuta. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ndege yaku Iran ikugwe mwangozi ndi USS Vincennes mu 1987. Inde, m'malingaliro ake, zida zoyendetsedwa ndi AI zikanakhala bwino kuposa "mabomba anzeru" omwe alipo, omwe sali omveka kwenikweni. Ogasiti watha, mzinga wotsogozedwa ndi laser waku Saudi unagunda basi yodzaza ndi ana asukulu ku Yemen, kupha ana makumi anayi.

“Ngati basi yasukulu yalembedwa moyenerera, kuizindikiritsa m’dongosolo lodzilamulira kungakhale kosavuta,” akutsutsa motero Arkin mu Popular Mechanics.

Komabe, mikangano iyi sikuwoneka kuti ikuwatsimikizira ochita kampeni motsutsana ndi opha anzawo. Kuphatikiza pa kuwopseza kwa maloboti akupha, chinthu china chofunikira chiyenera kuganiziridwa. Ngakhale dongosolo "labwino" komanso "lotchera khutu" likhoza kugwedezeka ndikulandidwa ndi anthu oipa kwambiri. Kenako mikangano yonse yoteteza zida zankhondo imataya mphamvu.