Mankhwala a Zaka zana - Gawo 1
Salicylic acid yekha ndi mankhwala oyenera. Mu 1838 katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Italy Rafaele Piria adapeza chigawochi mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, ndipo mu 1874 katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Germany Herman Kombe adapanga njira yopangira mafakitale ake.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, salicylic acid ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala. Komabe, mankhwala anali amphamvu irritant kwambiri chapamimba mucosa, zomwe zinachititsa aakulu chapamimba matenda ndi zilonda. Zinali zotsatira za kumwa mankhwala a salicylic acid zomwe zidapangitsa katswiri wamankhwala waku Germany Felix Hoffmann (1848-1946) kuti apeze cholowa chotetezeka cha mankhwalawa (bambo a Hoffmann adachiritsidwa ndi salicylic acid chifukwa cha matenda a rheumatic). "Bullseye" amayenera kupeza zotuluka zake - Acetylsalicylic acid.
Pawiri amapangidwa ndi esterification wa OH gulu la salicylic acid ndi acetic anhydride. Acetylsalicylic acid idapezedwa kale, koma kukonzekera koyera komwe Hoffmann adapeza mu 1897 kunali koyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pachipatala.
Tinthu tating'ono ta salicylic acid (kumanzere) ndi acetylsalicylic acid (kumanja)
Wopanga mankhwalawa anali kampani yaying'ono ya Bayer, yomwe imagwira ntchito yopanga utoto, lero ndizovuta padziko lonse lapansi. Mankhwalawa ankatchedwa aspirin. Ichi ndi chizindikiro cholembetsedwa ®, koma zakhala zofananira ndi zokonzekera zomwe zimakhala ndi acetylsalicylic acid (chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chidule cha ASA). Dzina limachokera ku mawu akuti "acetyl"(letter a-) ndi (tsopano), ndiye meadowsweet - osatha okhala ndi salicin wambiri, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mankhwala azitsamba ngati antipyretic. Mapeto - ndi mmene mankhwala mayina.
Aspirin anali ndi patent mu 1899 ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo adayamikiridwa ngati panacea. [kuyika] Analimbana ndi kutentha thupi, kupweteka komanso kutupa. Inagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mliri wotchuka wa chimfine cha ku Spain, womwe unapha anthu ambiri mu 1918-1919 kuposa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse yomwe inangotha kumene. Aspirin anali amodzi mwa mankhwala oyamba kugulitsidwa ngati mapiritsi osungunuka m'madzi (osakanizidwa ndi wowuma). Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, zotsatira zake zopindulitsa popewa matenda a mtima zidawonedwa.
Ngakhale kuti akhala akugulitsidwa kwa zaka zopitirira zana, aspirin amagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri mu zamankhwala. Ndiwo mankhwala opangidwa mu kuchuluka kwakukulu (anthu amadya matani oposa 35 a pawiri koyera padziko lonse lapansi tsiku lililonse!)
Salicylic acid mu labotale yathu
Nthawi ya zokumana nazo.
Choyamba, tiyeni tiphunzire za kuyankha kwa aspirin protoplasty - salicylic acid. Mudzafunika salicylic mowa (mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagulitsidwa m'ma pharmacies ndi ma pharmacies; salicylic acid 2% water-ethanol solution) ndi yankho la iron (III) chloride FeCl.3 ndi ndende pafupifupi 5%. Thirani 1 cm mu chubu choyesera.3 salicylic mowa, onjezerani masentimita angapo3 madzi ndi 1 cm.3 FeCl yankho3. Kusakaniza nthawi yomweyo kusanduka wofiirira-buluu. Izi ndi zotsatira za zomwe zimachitika pakati pa salicylic acid ndi iron (III) ions:
Aspirin kuyambira 1899 (kuchokera ku Bayer AG archive)
Mtunduwu ndi wofanana ndi inki, zomwe siziyenera kudabwitsa - inki (monga inki imatchedwa kale) idapangidwa kuchokera ku mchere wachitsulo ndi mankhwala ofanana ndi salicylic acid. Zomwe zimachitika ndikuyesa kuwunika kwa ma Fe ions.3+ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo amatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa phenols, mwachitsanzo, mankhwala omwe gulu la OH limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphete yonunkhira. Salicylic acid ndi wa gulu la mankhwala. Tiyeni tikumbukire bwino izi - mawonekedwe amtundu wabuluu-buluu pambuyo powonjezera chitsulo (III) chloride adzawonetsa kukhalapo kwa salicylic acid (phenols ambiri) muzoyesa.
Kuthamanga koyesa kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kusonyeza momwe kumagwirira ntchito. inki wokongola. Pa pepala loyera ndi burashi (toothpick, machesi, thonje swab ndi thonje pad, etc.) timapanga zolemba zilizonse kapena zojambula ndi salicylic mowa, ndiyeno ziume pepala. Manyowa thonje kapena thonje pad ndi FeCl solution.3 (njirayo imawononga khungu, kotero magolovesi oteteza mphira ndi ofunikira) ndi kupukuta ndi pepala. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito sprayer kapena botolo lopopera mafuta onunkhira ndi zodzoladzola kuti munyowetse tsamba. Zilembo zabuluu za Violet zolembedwa kale zimawonekera papepala. [inki] Kumbukirani kuti kuti mukwaniritse zochititsa chidwi mwa mawonekedwe akuwonekera kwadzidzidzi kwa zolemba, chinthu chofunikira ndicho kusawoneka kwa zolemba zokonzekeratu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake timalemba pa pepala loyera lokhala ndi mayankho opanda utoto, ndipo akakhala amitundu, timasankha mtundu wa pepala kuti zolembedwazo zisawonekere kumbuyo (mwachitsanzo, papepala lachikasu, mutha kupanga chithunzicho. zolemba FeCl yankho3 ndikuyambitsa ndi salicylic mowa). Cholembacho chimagwira ntchito pamitundu yonse yachifundo, ndipo pali zophatikizira zambiri zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Pomaliza, acetylsalicylic acid
Mayesero oyambirira a labotale atha kale, koma sitinafike pa hero ya malemba a lero - acetylsalicylic acid. Komabe, sitidzachipeza tokha, koma Tingafinye ku yomalizidwa mankhwala. Chifukwa ndi kaphatikizidwe kosavuta (ma reagents - salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, ethanol, H.2SO4 kapena H.3PO4), koma zida zofunika (mabotolo agalasi pansi, reflux condenser, thermometer, vacuum filtration kit) ndi malingaliro achitetezo. Acetic anhydride ndi madzi okwiyitsa kwambiri ndipo kupezeka kwake kumayendetsedwa - ichi ndi chomwe chimatchedwa kalambulabwalo wa mankhwala.
Kuvuta kwa zolemba zobisika zopangidwa ndi salicylic acid ndi yankho lachitsulo (III) chloride
Mufunika 95% Mowa njira (mwachitsanzo, discolored denatured mowa), botolo (panyumba izi zikhoza m'malo ndi mtsuko), madzi osamba Kutentha zida (mphika wosavuta zitsulo wa madzi anaika pa cheesecloth), fyuluta. zida (funnel, fyuluta) ndi Inde aspirin yemweyo m'mapiritsi. Ikani mapiritsi 2-3 a mankhwala omwe ali ndi acetylsalicylic acid mu botolo (onani momwe mankhwalawo amapangidwira, musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala omwe amasungunuka m'madzi) ndikutsanulira 10-15 cm.3 mowa denatured. Kutenthetsa botolo mumadzi osamba mpaka mapiritsi aphwanyike (ikani chopukutira pamapepala pansi pa poto kuti botolo lisaswe). Panthawi imeneyi, timaziziritsa masentimita makumi angapo mufiriji.3 madzi. Zothandizira za mankhwalawa (wowuma, CHIKWANGWANI, talc, zinthu zokometsera) zimaphatikizidwanso m'mapiritsi a aspirin. Iwo sasungunuke mu ethanol, pamene acetylsalicylic acid amasungunuka mmenemo. Pambuyo pa kutentha, madziwo amasefedwera mu botolo latsopano. Tsopano madzi ozizira amawonjezedwa, omwe amachititsa kuti makhiristo a acetylsalicylic acid awonongeke (pa 25 ° C., pafupifupi 100 g ya pawiri imasungunuka mu 5 g wa ethanol, pamene pafupifupi 0,25 g wa madzi omwewo). Chotsani makhiristo ndikuwumitsa mumlengalenga. Kumbukirani kuti chifukwa pawiri si oyenera ntchito monga mankhwala - ife ntchito zakhudzana Mowa kuchotsa izo, ndi zinthu, wopanda zoteteza zigawo zikuluzikulu, akhoza kuyamba kuwola. Timagwiritsa ntchito maubale pazochitikira zathu zokha.
Ngati simukufuna kuchotsa acetylsalicylic acid pamapiritsi, mutha kusungunula mankhwalawa mumsanganizo wa ethanol ndi madzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyimitsidwa kosasefedwa (timamaliza njirayi ndikuwotcha mumadzi osamba). Pazolinga zathu, mtundu uwu wa reagent udzakhala wokwanira. Tsopano ndikupangira kuchitira yankho la acetylsalicylic acid ndi yankho la FeCl.3 (zofanana ndi kuyesa koyamba).
Kodi mwalingalira kale, Reader, chifukwa chiyani mwakwaniritsa izi?
