Otsatira a Tornado ya ku Germany

Pofunafuna wolowa m'malo mwa Tornado yaku Germany

Panavia Tornado ndege zamitundu yambiri zidayamba kupangidwa zaka zoposa theka zapitazo ndipo zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi 40. Zinali zoyamba ndi zochepa zotsatira zopambana za mgwirizano wamayiko osiyanasiyana amakampani achitetezo aku Europe ndipo kwazaka zambiri anali mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wankhondo wankhondo mumagulu ankhondo aku Britain, Germany ndi Italy. Lerolino, ndi mapeto osaneneka a utumiki wawo, olowa m’malo awo akufunidwa mofulumira. Ali mu Royal Air Force ndi Aeronautica Militare, Eurofighters ndi Lightning II adzalandira ntchito zawo, pankhani ya Luftwaffe, zisankho zoterezi sizinapangidwebe. Mkanganowu ukukhudza makamaka, ngati n'kotheka kugula nyumba za cholinga ichi kuchokera kunja.

Ntchitoyi imadziwika kuti Multi Role Aircraft (MRA) ndipo kenako Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA), yomwe idayambitsa Panavia Tornado, idayamba mu 1968 ndi mayiko otsatirawa monga ogwirizana: Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy ndi Canada , ndi zake Cholinga chake chinali kupanga wolowa m'malo mwa ukalamba komanso wosachita bwino kwambiri Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ankhondo amayiko onsewa. Panthawiyo, adakonzekera kupanga pafupifupi 1500 MRA / MRCA (Ajeremani omwe poyamba adalengeza kuti akufuna kugula makope okwana 600, koma mu 1972 adachepetsa zofunikira ku 324), zomwe zimayenera kutsimikizira mtengo wotsika. pa kopi iliyonse chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwachuma. Kumapeto kwa 1968, United Kingdom inalowa nawo ntchitoyi, yomwe sinagwiritse ntchito Starfighters, pamene Belgium ndi Canada anakana kutenga nawo mbali. Makinawa amayenera kukhala osinthika kwambiri ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira - nthawi zambiri zosiyana - za onse ogwirizana. Komabe, potsirizira pake, zosoŵa za otenga nawo mbali m’programuyo zinali zosiyana kwambiri kotero kuti maiko atatu aakulu a ku Ulaya okha ndi amene anagwirizana. Mu Marichi 1969, mayiko anayi (kuphatikiza Netherlands) adaganiza zopanga mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, Panavia Aircraft GmbH, ndipo ntchito yomanga idayamba mwalamulo. Mu Seputembala 1971, zidatsimikizika kuti ndegeyo ikhala yokhala ndi mipando iwiri, ya injini ziwiri, ya mapiko apamwamba, ndege ya geometry. Iwo anaganiza kuti athe kugonjetsa adani chitetezo mpweya ndi kupereka zolondola (kuphatikizapo nyukiliya) kumenya pa otsika, amene pa nthawi imeneyo ankaona ngati njira yabwino yolimbana ndi asilikali pansi pa Warsaw Pact. Kufunika kwa polojekitiyi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chidaliro chomwe chinalipo panthawiyo kuti Tornado idzachita anthu oyendetsa ndege - maulendo onse opita kutsogolo.

Kugawikana kwa ntchito mu pulogalamuyi kunali makamaka chifukwa cha chikoka cha ndale cha mayiko omwe akugwira nawo ntchito. The German kampani MBB amayenera kupanga chapakati fuselage (42,5% ya thupi), British BAC - kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo mbali (komanso 42,5%), ndi Italy Aeritalia - mapiko (15%). Anthu aku Italiya adachita bwino pakupanga ndi kupanga injini za RB199, zomwe zidayenera kupangidwa makamaka pamakina awa. Monga gawo la "Turbo-Union" analengedwa mwapadera, iwo amayenera kutulutsa 20% ya zigawo zawo (FIAT), ndi German MTU ndi British Rolls-Royce - 40%.

Kutumiza kwa serial Tornados kwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo kunayamba mu 1979 (Germany - idagula 324 IDS ndi 35 ECR ndi Great Britain - 228 GR1, 16 GR1A ndi 165 F2 / F3) ndipo mu 1981 (Italy - 100 IDS) ndikupitilira zaka khumi. Pamodzi ndi ma prototypes, makope 992 adapangidwa m'matembenuzidwe otsatirawa: kugunda (IDS - Interdictor Strike), anti-ndege (ADV - Air Defense Variant) ndi kuwunikiranso ndi kumenyana ndi zamagetsi (ECR - Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance). Nambala iyi idapezedwa, mwa zina, popeza kasitomala yekhayo wotumiza kunja ngati Saudi Arabia m'ma 80s (48 IDS ndi 24 ADV pansi pa mgwirizano mu 1985, zoperekedwa kuchokera 1986 mpaka 1989, mu 1993 mgwirizano watsopano komabe kwa 48 IDS).

Germany idakhala yachiwiri ogwiritsa ntchito Tornado pambuyo pa UK. Anagulidwa ku Luftwaffe ndi ndege zapamadzi - Marineflieger. A Germany analibe chidwi ndi mtundu wa interceptor (ADV) ndipo paudindowu adagwiritsa ntchito ma American F-1973F Phantom II MDDs mu 2013-4, kenaka adasinthidwa ndi ndege za Eurofighter Typhoon. Germany idayang'ana kwambiri pa kugula kwa "Tornado" mu mtundu wa IDS, pomwe 212 idapangidwa ku Luftwaffe ndi 112 ya "Marinflieger". Kuphatikiza apo, 35 ECR Tornados idagulidwa ku Luftwaffe. Gulu lankhondo la Tornado Air Force lidalowa ntchito ndi mapiko asanu oponya mabomba, kuphatikiza maphunziro amodzi ndi mapiko anayi omenyera nkhondo, ndi mapiko awiri apanyanja apanyanja. Ndege za ku Germany zinali ndi mphamvu zonyamula mabomba a nyukiliya - American B61 (ayenera kuperekedwa ndi Achimereka ngati akulimbana ndi kusungidwa ku Germany), zomwe zinawonjezera ntchito zawo zosiyanasiyana.

Kutha kwa Nkhondo Yozizira kunali kofanana ndi kudula, choyamba m’mayunitsi kenaka m’chiŵerengero cha magalimoto. Mu 1994, imodzi mwa mapiko a Tornado Marineflieger idachotsedwa (ndege zina zidawonjezeredwa kugawo lachiwiri, zotsalazo zidasinthidwa ndi RF-4E Phantom II reconnaissance ndege mu Luftwaffe). Mu 2005, gulu lachiwiri la ndege zapamadzi linathetsedwanso, kusamutsa ntchito zake ku Air Force. Komabe, umwini wawo watsikanso. Mu 2003, chigamulo chinapangidwa kuti chiwononge ndege za 90, zomwe zinachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha mapiko a Tornado chichepetse kufika pa zinayi ndi 2005. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndondomeko inalengezedwa kuti ichepetse chiwerengero cha ndege zonse za Luftwaffe kuchokera ku 426 mpaka 265. 2015 ndi 85. Mpaka nthawiyo, ma Tornados 2025 okha ndi omwe adayenera kukhalabe muutumiki, ndipo pamapeto pake adachoka pamzere mu XNUMX.