Malire a physics ndi kuyesa kwakuthupi

Zaka XNUMX zapitazo, mmene zinthu zilili mufizikiki zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi masiku ano. M'manja mwa asayansi munali zotsatira za mayesero otsimikiziridwa omwe anabwerezedwa nthawi zambiri, zomwe, komabe, nthawi zambiri sizikanatha kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro omwe alipo. Zochitika bwino patsogolo chiphunzitso. Okhulupirira nthano adayenera kukagwira ntchito.

Pakalipano, chiwerengerocho chikutsamira kwa akatswiri amatsenga omwe zitsanzo zawo ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimawoneka kuchokera ku zoyesera zomwe zingatheke monga chiphunzitso cha zingwe. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti pali zovuta zambiri zomwe sizinathetsedwe mufizikiki (1).

1. Zofunikira kwambiri zamakono ndi zovuta mufizikiki - zowonera

Katswiri wotchuka wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Poland, Prof. Andrzej Staruszkiewicz pamkangano wa "Limits of Knowledge in Physics" mu June 2010 ku Ignatianum Academy ku Krakow anati: “Gawo lachidziŵitso lakula kwambiri m’zaka XNUMX zapitazi, koma umbuli wakula kwambiri. (…) Kupezeka kwa kugwirizana kwanthawi zonse ndi makina a quantum ndizochita zazikulu zamaganizidwe aumunthu, zofananira ndi za Newton, koma zimatsogolera ku funso la ubale wazinthu ziwirizi, funso lomwe kukula kwake kwazovuta kumangodabwitsa. Munthawi imeneyi, mafunso amabuka mwachibadwa: kodi tingachite izi? Kodi kutsimikiza mtima kwathu ndiponso kufunitsitsa kwathu kuti titsimikize choonadi kudzafanana ndi mavuto amene tikukumana nawo?”

Kulephera kwa mayeso

Kwa miyezi ingapo tsopano, dziko la physics lakhala lotanganidwa kuposa masiku onse ndi mikangano yambiri. M'magazini ya Nature, George Ellis ndi Joseph Silk adasindikiza nkhani yoteteza kukhulupirika kwa sayansi, kudzudzula omwe ali okonzeka kuchedwetsa zoyeserera kuti ayese malingaliro aposachedwa a zakuthambo mpaka "mawa" osatha. Ayenera kukhala ndi "kukongola kokwanira" ndi mtengo wofotokozera. "Izi zikuphwanya mwambo wasayansi wazaka mazana ambiri wakuti chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi chidziwitso chotsimikizirika," akutero asayansi. Zowona zikuwonetsa momveka bwino "kukanika koyeserera" mufizikiki yamakono.

Malingaliro aposachedwa onena za chilengedwe ndi mawonekedwe a dziko lapansi ndi Chilengedwe, monga lamulo, sangathe kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa komwe kulipo kwa anthu.

Pozindikira za Higgs boson, asayansi "amaliza" Standard Model. Komabe, dziko la physics silikukhutitsidwa. Timadziwa za quarks ndi leptons zonse, koma sitidziwa momwe tingagwirizanitse izi ndi chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha mphamvu yokoka. Sitikudziwa momwe tingaphatikizire makina a quantum ndi mphamvu yokoka kuti apange chiphunzitso cha quantum gravity. Sitikudziwanso kuti Big Bang ndi chiyani (kapena ngati zidachitikadi!) (2).

Pakalipano, tiyeni titchule akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, sitepe yotsatira pambuyo pa Standard Model ndi supersymmetry, yomwe imaneneratu kuti gawo lililonse loyambirira lomwe timadziwika nalo lili ndi "mnzako".

Izi zimawirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa midadada yonse ya zinthu, koma chiphunzitsocho chimagwirizana bwino ndi masamu a masamu ndipo, chofunikira kwambiri, chimapereka mpata womasulira chinsinsi cha zinthu zamdima zakuthambo. Zimangotsala pang'ono kuyembekezera zotsatira za kuyesa ku Large Hadron Collider, zomwe zidzatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa particles supersymmetric.

Komabe, palibe zopezedwa zotere zomwe zidamveka ku Geneva. Zachidziwikire, ichi ndi chiyambi chabe cha mtundu watsopano wa LHC, wokhala ndi mphamvu zowirikiza kawiri (pambuyo pa kukonzanso kwaposachedwa ndi kukweza). M'miyezi ingapo, atha kuwombera nkhokwe za shampeni pokondwerera supersymmetry. Komabe, ngati izi sizinachitike, akatswiri ambiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti ziphunzitso za supersymmetric ziyenera kuchotsedwa pang'onopang'ono, komanso chingwe chapamwamba, chozikidwa pa supersymmetry. Chifukwa ngati Large Collider sichikutsimikizira malingaliro awa, ndiye chiyani?

Komabe, pali asayansi ena amene saganiza choncho. Chifukwa chiphunzitso cha supersymmetry ndi "chokongola kuti chikhale cholakwika."

Chifukwa chake, akufuna kuwunikanso ma equation awo kuti atsimikizire kuti unyinji wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta LHC. Theorists akulondola kwambiri. Zitsanzo zawo ndi zabwino kufotokoza zochitika zomwe zingathe kuyesedwa ndi kutsimikiziridwa moyesera. Chifukwa chake wina angafunse chifukwa chake sitiyenera kusiyanitsa kukula kwa ziphunzitso zomwe (komabe) sitingathe kuzidziwa. Kodi iyi ndi njira yololera komanso yasayansi?

chilengedwe kuchokera ku kanthu

Sayansi ya chilengedwe, makamaka physics, imachokera ku chilengedwe, ndiko kuti, pa chikhulupiriro chakuti tikhoza kufotokoza chirichonse pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za chilengedwe. Ntchito ya sayansi imachepetsedwa poganizira za ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana komwe kumafotokoza zochitika kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe. Physics sichimalimbana ndi mavuto omwe sangathe kufotokozedwa masamu, omwe sangathe kubwerezedwa. Izi ndi, mwa zina, chifukwa cha kupambana kwake. Kufotokozera kwa masamu komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera zochitika zachilengedwe kwatsimikizira kukhala kothandiza kwambiri. Kupambana kwa sayansi yachilengedwe kunayambitsa filosofi yawo. Mayendedwe monga ukadaulo wamakina kapena kukonda chuma kwasayansi adapangidwa, omwe adasamutsa zotsatira zasayansi zachilengedwe, zomwe zidapezedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, kupita kunthanthi.

Zinkawoneka kuti tikhoza kudziwa dziko lonse lapansi, kuti pali chidziwitso chokwanira m'chilengedwe, chifukwa tikhoza kudziwa momwe mapulaneti adzayendera m'zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, kapena momwe adasunthira zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Zinthu zimenezi zinayambitsa kunyada kumene kunathetsa maganizo a munthu. Pamlingo wotsimikizika, chiphunzitso chachilengedwe chimalimbikitsa chitukuko cha sayansi yachilengedwe ngakhale masiku ano. Komabe, pali mfundo zodulirapo zomwe zimawoneka ngati zikuwonetsa kulephera kwa njira zachilengedwe.

Ngati Chilengedwe chili ndi malire mu voliyumu ndipo chinawuka "kuchokera pachabe" (3), popanda kuphwanya malamulo osungira mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, monga kusinthasintha, ndiye kuti sikuyenera kukhala kusintha. Pakalipano, tikuwayang'ana. Poyesera kuthetsa vutoli pamaziko a physics ya quantum, timafika pamaganizo kuti ndi munthu wozindikira yekha amene amazindikira kuthekera kwa kukhalapo kwa dziko loterolo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake timadabwa kuti chifukwa chiyani chomwe tikukhalamo chinapangidwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe chosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake timafika pomaliza kuti pokhapokha munthu atawonekera padziko lapansi, dziko lapansi - monga tikuwonera - "linakhala" ...

Kodi miyeso imakhudza bwanji zochitika zomwe zinachitika zaka biliyoni zapitazo?

4. Kuyesera kwa magudumu - kuwonetsera

M'modzi mwa akatswiri asayansi amakono, a John Archibald Wheeler, adapereka lingaliro la mtundu wa mlengalenga woyeserera kodziwika bwino wa slit. M’malingaliro ake, kuwala kochokera ku quasar, kuwala kwa zaka biliyoni kuchokera pa ife, kumayenda mbali ziŵiri zotsutsana za mlalang’amba (4). Ngati owonerera ayang'ana njira iliyonse payokha, amawona ma photon. Ngati onse awiri nthawi imodzi, adzawona funde. Chotero kupenya komweko kumasintha mtundu wa kuwala kumene kunasiya quasar zaka biliyoni zapitazo!

Kwa Wheeler, zomwe zili pamwambazi zikutsimikizira kuti chilengedwe sichingakhalepo mwakuthupi, makamaka m'lingaliro limene tinazolowera kumvetsetsa "mkhalidwe wakuthupi." Sizingachitikenso m'mbuyomu, mpaka ... tayesa. Chifukwa chake, gawo lathu lamakono limakhudza zakale. Ndi zomwe tikuwona, kuzindikira ndi kuyeza, timapanga zochitika zakale, mkati mwa nthawi, mpaka ... chiyambi cha Chilengedwe!

Neil Turk wa pa Perimeter Institute ku Waterloo, Canada, ananena m’kope la July la New Scientist kuti “sitingamvetse zimene timapeza. Chiphunzitsocho chimakhala chovuta kwambiri komanso chovuta kwambiri. Timakumana ndi vuto ndi magawo otsatizana, miyeso ndi ma symmetries, ngakhale ndi wrench, koma sitingathe kufotokoza mfundo zosavuta. ” Akatswiri ambiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo mwachiwonekere amanyansidwa ndi chenicheni chakuti maulendo amaganizo a akatswiri amakono, monga malingaliro apamwambawo kapena nthanthi yamphamvu, alibe chochita ndi kuyesa kumene kukuchitika m’malaboratories, ndipo palibe njira yowayesa moyesera.

M'dziko la quantum, muyenera kuyang'ana mokulirapo

Monga wopambana mphoto ya Nobel Richard Feynman adanenapo, palibe amene amamvetsetsa dziko la quantum. Mosiyana ndi dziko lakale la Newtonian, momwe kuyanjana kwa matupi awiri ndi misa yambiri kumawerengedwa ndi ma equation, mu quantum mechanics tili ndi ma equation omwe satsatira kwambiri, koma ndi zotsatira za khalidwe lachilendo lomwe limawonedwa poyesera. Zinthu za quantum physics siziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi chilichonse "chakuthupi", ndipo machitidwe awo ndi gawo la danga laling'ono lotchedwa Hilbert space.

Pali zosintha zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi equation ya Schrödinger, koma chifukwa chiyani sichidziwika. Kodi izi zingasinthidwe? Kodi n'zothekanso kupeza malamulo ochuluka kuchokera ku mfundo za sayansi, monga momwe malamulo ndi mfundo zambirimbiri, mwachitsanzo, okhudza kayendedwe ka matupi m'mlengalenga, zinachokera ku mfundo za Newton? Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Pavia ku Italy Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano, Giulio Ciribella ndi Paolo Perinotti amatsutsa kuti ngakhale zochitika za quantum zomwe zimatsutsana momveka bwino ndi zomveka zimatha kupezeka poyesera zoyezetsa. Zomwe mukufunikira ndikuwona bwino - Mwinanso kusamvetsetsa kwa kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zake ndi chifukwa chowona mopanda malire. Malinga ndi asayansi omwe tawatchulawa mu New Scientist, kuyesa kwatanthauzo ndi koyezera mu quantum mechanics kuyenera kukwaniritsa zingapo. Izi ndi:

• chifukwa - zochitika zam'tsogolo sizingakhudze zochitika zakale;
• kusiyanitsa - limati tiyenera kukhala okhoza kulekana wina ndi mzake monga osiyana;
• kapangidwe - ngati tidziwa magawo onse a ndondomekoyi, timadziwa ndondomeko yonse;
• kupanikizika - pali njira zosamutsa zambiri zofunika za chip popanda kusamutsa chip chonse;
• tomography - ngati tili ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi magawo ambiri, ziwerengero za miyeso ndi magawo ndizokwanira kuwulula momwe dongosolo lonse likuyendera.

Anthu aku Italiya akufuna kukulitsa mfundo zawo zakuyeretsedwa, kuwona mokulirapo, komanso kuyesa koyenera kuphatikizanso kusasinthika kwa zochitika za thermodynamic ndi mfundo ya kukula kwa entropy, zomwe sizimasangalatsa akatswiri a sayansi. Mwinanso apa, kuwonetsetsa ndi kuyeza kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zakale zamawonedwe omwe ndi opapatiza kwambiri kuti asamvetsetse dongosolo lonse. “Choonadi chachikulu cha chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu n’chakuti kusintha kwaphokoso, kosasinthika, kungasinthidwe mwa kuwonjezera kamangidwe katsopano ka malongosoledwewo,” anatero wasayansi wa ku Italy Giulio Ciribella pokambirana ndi New Scientist.

Tsoka ilo, okayikira amati, "kuyeretsedwa" kwa zoyeserera ndi kuwunika kozama kungayambitse malingaliro amitundu yambiri momwe chotsatira chilichonse chimatheka komanso momwe asayansi, akuganiza kuti akuyesa njira yolondola ya zochitika, amango "kusankha" a. kupitiriza kwina powayeza.

5. Nthawi manja mu mawonekedwe a wotchi manja

Palibe nthawi?

Lingaliro la otchedwa Mivi ya nthawi (5) linayambitsidwa mu 1927 ndi British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington. Muvi uwu umasonyeza nthawi, yomwe nthawi zonse imayenda mbali imodzi, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera m'mbuyomo kupita ku mtsogolo, ndipo ndondomekoyi siingathe kusinthidwa. Stephen Hawking, m’buku lake lakuti A Brief History of Time, analemba kuti matenda amachuluka m’kupita kwa nthaŵi chifukwa timayesa nthaŵi mmene vuto limakulirakulira. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti tili ndi chisankho - tikhoza, mwachitsanzo, choyamba kuona zidutswa za galasi zosweka zomwazika pansi, ndiye nthawi yomwe galasi likugwa pansi, kenako galasi mumlengalenga, ndipo potsiriza m'manja mwa munthu wachigwira. Palibe ulamuliro wasayansi kuti "maganizo muvi wa nthawi" ayenera kupita njira yomweyo monga muvi thermodynamic, ndi entropy dongosolo kumawonjezera. Komabe, asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zimenezi zili choncho chifukwa kusintha kwamphamvu kumachitika muubongo wa munthu, mofanana ndi mmene timaonera m’chilengedwe. Ubongo uli ndi mphamvu zochitira, kuyang'ana ndi kulingalira, chifukwa "injini" yaumunthu imawotcha chakudya chamafuta ndipo, monga mu injini yoyaka mkati, njirayi ndi yosasinthika.

Komabe, pali zochitika pamene, pokhalabe ndi njira yomweyi ya muvi wamaganizo wa nthawi, entropy imawonjezeka ndi kuchepa mu machitidwe osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, posunga deta mu kukumbukira kompyuta. Ma module amakumbukidwe mumakina amachokera ku malo osasankhidwa kupita ku dongosolo lolemba la disk. Choncho, entropy mu kompyuta yafupika. Komabe, wasayansi aliyense adzanena kuti kuchokera ku chilengedwe chonse - ikukula, chifukwa zimatengera mphamvu kulembera diski, ndipo mphamvuyi imatayidwa mwa mawonekedwe a kutentha omwe amapangidwa ndi makina. Chifukwa chake pali kukana pang'ono "kwamalingaliro" kumalamulo okhazikitsidwa afizikiki. Zimakhala zovuta kuti tiganizire kuti zomwe zimatuluka ndi phokoso lochokera ku fan ndizofunika kwambiri kuposa kujambula ntchito kapena phindu lina pamtima. Nanga bwanji ngati wina alemba pa PC yawo mkangano womwe ungawononge sayansi yamakono, chiphunzitso champhamvu chogwirizana, kapena Chiphunzitso cha Chilichonse? Kungakhale kovuta kwa ife kuvomereza lingaliro lakuti, mosasamala kanthu za zimenezi, kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe chonse kwachuluka.

Kalelo mu 1967, equation ya Wheeler-DeWitt idawoneka, yomwe idatsata nthawi imeneyo kulibe. Anali kuyesa kugwirizanitsa masamu malingaliro a quantum mechanics ndi relativity general, sitepe yopita ku chiphunzitso cha quantum gravity, i.e. Chiphunzitso cha Chilichonse chofunidwa ndi asayansi onse. Sizinafike mpaka 1983 pamene akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo Don Page ndi William Wutters anapereka kufotokozera kuti vuto la nthawi likhoza kuchepetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la quantum entanglement. Malinga ndi lingaliro lawo, zinthu zokha za dongosolo lomwe lafotokozedwa kale lingathe kuyesedwa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a masamu, lingaliro ili limatanthauza kuti wotchi sigwira ntchito payokha kuchokera ku dongosolo ndipo imayamba pokhapokha itagwidwa ndi chilengedwe china. Komabe, ngati wina angatiyang’ane kuchokera ku chilengedwe china, amationa ngati zinthu zosasunthika, ndipo kungofika kwawo kwa ife kungachititse kuti tisokonezeke komanso kutichititsa kumva mmene nthawi imayendera.

Lingaliro limeneli linapanga maziko a ntchito ya asayansi ochokera ku bungwe lofufuza ku Turin, Italy. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Marco Genovese adaganiza zopanga chitsanzo chomwe chimaganizira za kuphatikizika kwa quantum. Zinali zotheka kukonzanso thupi losonyeza kulondola kwa kulingalira kumeneku. Chitsanzo cha Chilengedwe chapangidwa, chokhala ndi zithunzi ziwiri.

Gulu limodzi linali lolunjika - vertically polarized, ndipo linalo mopingasa. Chikhalidwe chawo cha quantum, motero polarization yawo, imadziwika ndi mndandanda wa zowunikira. Zikuoneka kuti mpaka kuwonetsetsa komwe kumatsimikizira kuti chimango chazidziwitso chikufika, ma photons ali mu classical quantum superposition, i.e. iwo anali olunjika ponse paŵiri chokwera ndi chopingasa. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti wowonerera akuwerenga wotchiyo amatsimikizira kuti quantum entanglement imakhudza chilengedwe chomwe amakhala gawo lake. Wopenyerera wotere amatha kuzindikira kusinthasintha kwa ma photon otsatizana potengera kuthekera kwa kuchuluka.

Lingaliro ili ndi loyesa kwambiri chifukwa limafotokoza mavuto ambiri, koma mwachibadwa limabweretsa kufunikira kwa "woyang'anira wamkulu" yemwe angakhale pamwamba pa ziganizo zonse ndikuwongolera chirichonse chonse.

6. Zosiyanasiyana - Kuwonera

Zomwe timawona komanso zomwe timaziwona ngati "nthawi" ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha koyezeka kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Pamene tikufufuza mozama mu dziko la ma atomu, ma protoni ndi ma photon, timazindikira kuti lingaliro la nthawi limakhala lochepa kwambiri. Malinga ndi asayansi, wotchi yomwe imatsagana nafe tsiku lililonse, kuchokera pakuwona kwakuthupi, siyiyesa njira yake, koma imatithandiza kukonza miyoyo yathu. Kwa iwo omwe anazolowera malingaliro a Newtonian a nthawi ya chilengedwe chonse komanso yophatikiza zonse, malingalirowa ndi odabwitsa. Koma si akatswiri amwambo asayansi okha amene savomereza. Katswiri wodziŵika bwino wa sayansi ya zakuthambo a Lee Smolin, amene tinamutchula kale kuti ndi mmodzi mwa opambana Mphotho ya Nobel ya chaka chino, amakhulupirira kuti nthawi ilipo ndipo ndi yeniyeni. Kamodzi - monga akatswiri ambiri a sayansi - iye ananena kuti nthawi ndi chinyengo subjective.

Tsopano, m’buku lake lakuti Reborn Time, iye amaona zinthu mosiyana kwambiri ndi zasayansi ndipo amadzudzula chiphunzitso cha zingwe chodziwika bwino m’gulu la asayansi. Malinga ndi iye, mitundu yosiyanasiyana kulibe (6) chifukwa tikukhala m’chilengedwe chimodzi komanso nthawi imodzi. Amakhulupirira kuti nthawi ndi yofunika kwambiri komanso kuti zomwe timakumana nazo pa nthawi ino si zachinyengo, koma ndi chinsinsi chomvetsetsa chikhalidwe chenichenicho.

Entropy zero

Sandu Popescu, Tony Short, Noah Linden (7) ndi Andreas Winter anafotokoza zomwe anapeza mu 2009 m'magazini yotchedwa Physical Review E, yomwe inasonyeza kuti zinthu zimapindula mofanana, mwachitsanzo, kugawidwa kofanana kwa mphamvu, polowa m'mayiko a quantum entanglement ndi awo. malo ozungulira. Mu 2012, Tony Short adatsimikizira kuti kusokonekera kumayambitsa nthawi yofanana. Pamene chinthu chimagwirizana ndi chilengedwe, monga pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta khofi tikuwombana ndi mpweya, zambiri zokhudza katundu wawo "zimatulutsa" kunja ndipo zimakhala "zowonongeka" m'chilengedwe chonse. Kutayika kwa chidziwitso kumapangitsa kuti khofi ikhale yolimba, ngakhale kuti ukhondo wa chipinda chonsecho ukupitirizabe kusintha. Malinga ndi Popescu, matenda ake amasiya kusintha pakapita nthawi.

7. Noah Linden, Sandu Popescu ndi Tony Short

Pamene ukhondo wa chipindacho umasintha, khofi ikhoza kusiya mwadzidzidzi kusakanikirana ndi mpweya ndikulowa mu chikhalidwe chake choyera. Komabe, pali mayiko ochulukirapo osakanikirana ndi chilengedwe kuposa omwe ali ndi maiko oyera omwe amapezeka ku khofi, choncho pafupifupi sizichitika konse. Kusatheka kwachiwerengeroku kumapereka chithunzithunzi chakuti muvi wa nthawi ndi wosasinthika. Vuto la muvi wa nthawi limasokonezedwa ndi makina a quantum, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa chilengedwe.

Chigawo choyambirira chilibe mawonekedwe enieni ndipo chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuthekera kokhala m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi ina iliyonse, kachidutswa kakang’ono kamakhala ndi mwayi wokwana 50 peresenti wokhota mokhotakhota komanso 50 peresenti ya kutembenukira kumbali ina. Theorem, yolimbikitsidwa ndi zochitika za fizikiki John Bell, akunena kuti zenizeni zenizeni za tinthu kulibe ndipo zimasiyidwa kuti zizitsogoleredwa ndi mwayi.

Ndiye kusatsimikizika kwa quantum kumabweretsa chisokonezo. Pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagwirizana, sitingathe kufotokozedwa paokha, paokha kupanga mwayi wodziwika kuti dziko loyera. M'malo mwake, amakhala zigawo zomangika za kugawa kovutirako komwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timafotokoza pamodzi. Kugawa kumeneku kungasankhe, mwachitsanzo, ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tizungulira mosiyana. Dongosolo lonse liri mu chikhalidwe choyera, koma chikhalidwe cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagwirizanitsa ndi tinthu tina.

Chifukwa chake, onsewa amatha kuyenda motalikirana zaka zambiri zopepuka, ndipo kuzungulira kwa chilichonse kumakhala kolumikizana ndi mnzake.

Lingaliro latsopano la muvi wa nthawi limafotokoza izi ngati kutayika kwa chidziwitso chifukwa cha quantum entanglement, yomwe imatumiza kapu ya khofi molingana ndi chipinda chozungulira. Pamapeto pake, chipindacho chimafika pofanana ndi chilengedwe chake, ndipo icho, pang'onopang'ono, chimayandikira kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe chonse. Asayansi akale omwe adaphunzira za thermodynamics adawona njirayi ngati kutha pang'onopang'ono kwa mphamvu, ndikuwonjezera entropy ya chilengedwe.

Masiku ano, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti chidziŵitsocho chimabalalika kwambiri, koma sichizimiririka. Ngakhale kuti entropy imawonjezeka kwanuko, amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe chonse chimakhalabe paziro. Komabe, mbali imodzi ya muvi wa nthawi imakhalabe yosathetsedwa. Asayansi amatsutsa kuti kuthekera kwa munthu kukumbukira zakale, koma osati zam'tsogolo, kungamvekenso ngati mapangidwe a ubale pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Tikamawerenga uthenga papepala, ubongo umalankhulana nawo kudzera m’mafotoni ofika m’maso.

Kuyambira tsopano m’pamene tingakumbukire zimene uthenga uwu ukutiuza. Popescu akukhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso chatsopano sichifotokoza chifukwa chake chiyambi cha chilengedwe chinali kutali ndi kufanana, ndikuwonjezera kuti chikhalidwe cha Big Bang chiyenera kufotokozedwa. Ofufuza ena awonetsa kukayikira za njira yatsopanoyi, koma chitukuko cha lingaliro ili ndi masamu atsopano a masamu tsopano akuthandizira kuthetsa mavuto a chiphunzitso cha thermodynamics.

Fikirani zida za nthawi ya danga

Fiziki ya black hole ikuwoneka kuti ikusonyeza, monga momwe masamu ena amasonyezera, kuti chilengedwe chathu sichili ndi mbali zitatu konse. Ngakhale zomwe mphamvu zathu zimatiuza, zenizeni zozungulira ife zitha kukhala hologram - chiwonetsero cha ndege yakutali, kwenikweni yamitundu iwiri. Ngati chithunzithunzi cha chilengedwechi chili cholondola, chinyengo cha mbali zitatu za nthawi ya mlengalenga chikhoza kuthetsedwa mwamsanga pamene zida zofufuzira zomwe tili nazo zikhala zomveka bwino. Craig Hogan, pulofesa wa physics ku Fermilab amene watha zaka zambiri akuphunzira mmene chilengedwe chimakhalira, akusonyeza kuti mlingo umenewu wangofikira kumene.

8. GEO600 Gravitational Wave Detector

Ngati chilengedwe ndi hologram, ndiye kuti tangofikira malire a chigamulo chenicheni. Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zakuthambo amapititsa patsogolo malingaliro ochititsa chidwi akuti nthawi yomwe tikukhalamo sikuti ikupitirirabe, koma, monga chithunzi cha digito, ili pamlingo wake wofunikira kwambiri wopangidwa ndi "tirigu" kapena "ma pixel." Ngati ndi choncho, chenicheni chathu chiyenera kukhala ndi “chigamulo” chomaliza. Umu ndi momwe ofufuza ena amatanthauzira "phokoso" lomwe lidawonekera pazotsatira za GEO600 gravitational wave detector (8).

Pofuna kuyesa lingaliro lodabwitsali, Craig Hogan, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya mphamvu yokoka, iye ndi gulu lake anapanga interferometer yolondola kwambiri padziko lonse, yotchedwa Hogan holometer, yomwe yapangidwa kuti izindikire chiyambi cha nthawi ya mlengalenga m'njira yolondola kwambiri. Kuyesera, kotchedwa Fermilab E-990, si chimodzi mwa zina zambiri. Imeneyi ikufuna kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa danga lokha komanso kupezeka kwa zomwe asayansi amachitcha "phokoso la holographic".

Holometer imakhala ndi ma interferometers awiri omwe amaikidwa mbali ndi mbali. Amawongolera matabwa a laser a kilowatt pachida chomwe chimawagawa m'miyendo iwiri ya perpendicular kutalika kwa mita 40, yomwe imawonetsedwa ndikubwerera pomwe idagawanika, ndikupanga kusinthasintha kwa kuwala kwa nyali zowala (9). Ngati amayambitsa kusuntha kwina mu chipangizo chogawanitsa, izi zidzakhala umboni wa kugwedezeka kwa danga lokha.

9. Chiwonetsero chazithunzi cha kuyesa kwa holographic

Chovuta chachikulu cha gulu la Hogan ndikutsimikizira kuti zotsatira zomwe apeza sizongosokoneza zomwe zimangochitika kunja kwa kuyesako, koma chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa nthawi. Choncho, magalasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu interferometer adzagwirizanitsidwa ndi mafupipafupi a phokoso laling'ono kwambiri lomwe limachokera kunja kwa chipangizocho ndikutengedwa ndi masensa apadera.

Anthropic chilengedwe

Kuti dziko lapansi ndi munthu akhale mmenemo, malamulo a fizikiya ayenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe enieni, ndipo zokhazikika zakuthupi ziyenera kukhala ndi zikhalidwe zosankhidwa bwino ... ndipo zili choncho! Chifukwa chiyani?

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mfundo yakuti pali mitundu inayi ya kugwirizana m'chilengedwe: mphamvu yokoka (kugwa, mapulaneti, milalang'amba), electromagnetic (maatomu, particles, kukangana, elasticity, kuwala), nyukiliya yofooka (gwero la mphamvu ya nyenyezi) ndi nyukiliya yamphamvu ( amamanga mapulotoni ndi manyutroni kukhala ma atomiki nyukiliya). Mphamvu yokoka ndi yofooka nthawi 1039 kuposa maginito amagetsi. Zikadakhala zofooka pang'ono, nyenyezi zikanakhala zopepuka kuposa Dzuwa, supernovae sikanaphulika, zinthu zolemera sizikanapanga. Zikanakhala zamphamvu pang’ono, zolengedwa zazikulu kuposa mabakiteriya zikanaphwanyidwa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri nyenyezi zikanagundana, kuwononga mapulaneti ndi kudziwotcha mofulumira kwambiri.

Kuchulukana kwa Chilengedwe ndi pafupi ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, ndiko kuti, pansi pake nkhaniyi ikanatha mofulumira popanda kupanga milalang'amba kapena nyenyezi, ndipo pamwamba pake Chilengedwe chikanakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri. Kuti izi zichitike, kulondola kofanana ndi magawo a Big Bang kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa ± 10-60. Ma inhomogeneities oyambirira a Chilengedwe chaching'ono anali pamlingo wa 10-5. Zikanakhala zazing’ono, milalang’amba sikanapanga. Zikanakhala zazikulu, mabowo aakulu akuda akanapanga m’malo mwa milalang’amba.

The symmetry wa particles ndi antiparticles mu Chilengedwe chasweka. Ndipo pa baryon iliyonse (proton, neutron) pali zithunzi 109. Zikanakhalapo zina, milalang’amba sikanapanga. Zikanakhala zochepa, sibwenzi nyenyezi. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa miyeso yomwe tikukhalamo ikuwoneka ngati "yolondola". Zomangamanga zovuta sizingachitike mu miyeso iwiri. Ndi zoposa zinayi (miyeso itatu kuphatikiza nthawi), kukhalapo kwa mayendedwe okhazikika a mapulaneti ndi milingo yamphamvu ya ma elekitironi mu maatomu kumakhala kovuta.

10. Munthu ngati pakati pa chilengedwe chonse

Lingaliro la mfundo ya anthropic linayambitsidwa ndi Brandon Carter mu 1973 pamsonkhano ku Krakow woperekedwa ku chikondwerero cha 500 cha kubadwa kwa Copernicus. M'mawu ambiri, atha kupangidwa m'njira yoti Chilengedwe Chowoneka chiyenera kukwaniritsa zomwe chimakumana nacho kuti tiziwonere. Mpaka pano, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya izo. Mfundo yofooka ya anthropic imanena kuti tikhoza kukhalapo mu chilengedwe chomwe chimapangitsa kukhalapo kwathu kukhala kotheka. Zikadakhala kuti zosinthazi zikadakhala zosiyana, sitikadawona izi, chifukwa sitikadakhalapo. Mfundo yamphamvu ya anthropic (mafotokozedwe mwadala) imanena kuti chilengedwe ndi chakuti tikhoza kukhalapo (10).

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a quantum physics, chiwerengero chilichonse cha chilengedwe chikanakhalapo popanda chifukwa. Tinakhala m’chilengedwe chapadera, chimene chinayenera kukwaniritsa zinthu zingapo zosaoneka bwino kuti munthu akhalemo. Ndiye tikukamba za dziko la anthropic. Kwa wokhulupirira, mwachitsanzo, chilengedwe chimodzi cholengedwa ndi Mulungu ndi chokwanira. Malingaliro adziko okonda chuma samavomereza izi ndipo amalingalira kuti pali maiko ambiri kapena kuti chilengedwe chamakono ndi siteji chabe mu chisinthiko chopanda malire cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mlembi wa lingaliro lamakono la kulingalira kwa chilengedwe monga kuyerekezera ndi theorist Niklas Boström. Malinga ndi iye, zenizeni zomwe timaziwona ndizongoyerekeza zomwe sitikuzidziwa. Wasayansiyo adanenanso kuti ngati kuli kotheka kupanga chifaniziro chodalirika cha chitukuko chonse kapena chilengedwe chonse pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yamphamvu yokwanira, ndipo anthu oyerekeza amatha kuzindikira, ndiye kuti ndizotheka kuti zitukuko zotsogola zapanga chiwerengero chachikulu chokha. za zoyerekeza zotere, ndipo timakhala mu imodzi mwazofanana ndi Matrix (11).

Apa mawu akuti “Mulungu” ndi “Matrix” ananenedwa. Apa ife tikufika malire kulankhula za sayansi. Ambiri, kuphatikizapo asayansi, amakhulupirira kuti ndi chifukwa chenicheni cha kupanda mphamvu kwa physics yoyesera kuti sayansi imayamba kuloŵa m’malo amene amatsutsana ndi zenizeni, kununkhiza kwa metaphysics ndi nthano za sayansi. Tikuyembekezerabe kuti physics idzagonjetsa vuto lake lachidziwitso ndikupezanso njira yosangalalira ngati sayansi yotsimikiziridwa moyesera.