Kuchuluka kwa Battery

Kachulukidwe wa electrolyte mu batire ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri kwa mabatire onse a asidi, ndipo aliyense wokonda galimoto ayenera kudziwa: kachulukidwe kake kamayenera kukhala kotani, momwe angayang'anire, ndipo koposa zonse, momwe mungakwezere kachulukidwe ka batri (mwachindunji). mphamvu yokoka ya asidi) m'zitini zilizonse zokhala ndi mbale zodzaza ndi yankho la H2SO4.

Kuyang'ana kachulukidwe ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zoyendetsera batire, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso kuyang'ana mulingo wa electrolyte ndikuyesa mphamvu ya batri. mu mabatire otsogolera kuchuluka kwake kumayesedwa mu g/cm3. Iye molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa yankhondi mosagwirizana ndi kutentha zamadzimadzi (kutentha kwambiri, kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono).

Mwa kachulukidwe ka electrolyte, mutha kudziwa momwe batire ilili. Ndicholinga choti ngati batire ilibe charger, ndiye muyenera kuyang'ana momwe madzi ake alili mu banki iliyonse.

Kuchuluka kwa electrolyte kumakhudza mphamvu ya batri ndi moyo wake wautumiki.  

Imayang'aniridwa ndi densimeter (hydrometer) pa kutentha kwa +25 ° C. Ngati kutentha kumasiyana ndi komwe kumafunikira, kuwerengera kumakonzedwa monga momwe tawonetsera patebulo.

Kotero, ife tinalingalira pang'ono kuti ndi chiyani, ndi zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa nthawi zonse. Ndipo ndi manambala ati omwe muyenera kuyang'ana, ndi zabwino zingati komanso zoyipa, kuchuluka kwa batire electrolyte kuyenera kukhala kotani?

Kodi kachulukidwe kake kayenera kukhala mu batri

Kusunga kachulukidwe koyenera ka electrolyte ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa batri ndipo ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zofunikira zimatengera nyengo. Chifukwa chake, kachulukidwe ka batri kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa potengera zofunikira ndi zikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu nyengo yotentha, kachulukidwe ka electrolyte ayenera kukhala pa mlingo 1,25-1,27 g/cm3 ±0,01 g/cm3. M'madera ozizira, ndi nyengo yozizira mpaka -30 madigiri, 0,01 g / cm3 zambiri, ndi m'madera otentha otentha - ndi 0,01g/cm3 zochepa. M'madera amenewo kumene nyengo yozizira imakhala yovuta kwambiri (mpaka -50 ° C), kotero kuti batire silimaundana, muyenera kutero onjezerani kachulukidwe kuchokera ku 1,27 mpaka 1,29 g/cm3.

Eni magalimoto ambiri amadzifunsa kuti: "Kodi kuchuluka kwa electrolyte mu batire m'nyengo yozizira kuyenera kukhala kotani, komanso zomwe ziyenera kukhala m'chilimwe, kapena palibe kusiyana, ndipo zizindikiro ziyenera kusungidwa pamlingo womwewo chaka chonse?" Chifukwa chake, tithana ndi nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo zithandizira kutulutsa, Battery electrolyte density table ogawikana m'madera nyengo.

Dziwani kuti muyenera kudziwa - m'munsi kachulukidwe wa electrolyte mu batire yodzaza kwathunthu, ndi adzakhala nthawi yaitali.

muyeneranso kukumbukira kuti, kawirikawiri, batire, kukhala pagalimoto, osapitilira 80-90% mphamvu zake mwadzina, kotero kachulukidwe wa electrolyte adzakhala m'munsi pang'ono kuposa pamene mokwanira mlandu. Choncho, mtengo wofunikira umasankhidwa pang'ono, kuchokera kuzomwe zasonyezedwa patebulo la kachulukidwe, kotero kuti pamene kutentha kwa mpweya kumatsika kufika pamlingo waukulu, batire imatsimikiziridwa kuti ikugwira ntchito osati kuzizira m'nyengo yozizira. Koma, ponena za nyengo ya chilimwe, kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe kumatha kuwopseza kuwira.

Kuchulukana kwakukulu kwa electrolyte kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa moyo wa batri. Kutsika kochepa kwa electrolyte mu batire kumabweretsa kuchepa kwamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyambitsa injini yoyaka mkati.

Battery electrolyte density table

Gome la kachulukidwe limapangidwa poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa mwezi wa Januware, kotero kuti madera anyengo okhala ndi mpweya wozizira mpaka -30 ° C ndi otsika ndi kutentha osatsika kuposa -15 safuna kuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka kwa acidity. . Chaka chonse (dzinja ndi chilimwe) kachulukidwe ka electrolyte mu batire sayenera kusinthidwa, koma fufuzani ndi onetsetsani kuti sichikuchoka pamtengo wadzina, koma m'madera ozizira kwambiri, kumene thermometer nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi -30 madigiri (m'thupi mpaka -50), kusintha kumaloledwa.

Kuchulukana kwa electrolyte mu batri m'nyengo yozizira

Kachulukidwe wa electrolyte mu batire m'nyengo yozizira ayenera kukhala 1,27 (m'madera ndi yozizira kutentha m'munsimu -35, osachepera 1.28 g/cm3). Ngati mtengo uli wotsika, ndiye kuti izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya electromotive komanso zovuta zoyambira mkati mwa injini yoyaka moto m'nyengo yozizira, mpaka kuzizira kwa electrolyte.

Kuchepetsa kachulukidwe kufika pa 1,09 g/cm3 kumabweretsa kuzizira kwa batire pa kutentha kwa -7°C.

Pamene kachulukidwe ka batire katsitsidwa m'nyengo yozizira, simuyenera kuthamanga nthawi yomweyo kuti mupeze yankho kuti mukweze, ndibwino kuti musamalire chinthu china - mtengo wapamwamba wa batri pogwiritsa ntchito charger.

Maulendo a theka la ola kuchokera kunyumba kupita kuntchito ndi kubwerera samalola kuti electrolyte itenthedwe, choncho, idzayimbidwa bwino, chifukwa batire imatenga mphamvu pokhapokha itatha kutentha. Chifukwa chake, rerefaction imawonjezeka tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo chifukwa chake, kachulukidwe amachepanso.

Ndikosafunika kwambiri kuchita zinthu zodziyimira pawokha ndi electrolyte; kusintha kokha kwa mlingo ndi madzi osungunuka kumaloledwa (kwa magalimoto - 1,5 cm pamwamba pa mbale, ndi magalimoto mpaka 3 cm).

Kwa batri yatsopano komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi yabwinobwino yosinthira kachulukidwe ka electrolyte (kutulutsa kwathunthu - kuchuluka kwathunthu) ndi 0,15-0,16 g / cm³.

Kumbukirani kuti kugwira ntchito kwa batri yotulutsidwa pa kutentha kwapansi pa zero kumabweretsa kuzizira kwa electrolyte ndikuwonongeka kwa mbale zotsogolera!

Malingana ndi tebulo la kudalira kwa malo oundana a electrolyte pa kachulukidwe kake, mukhoza kupeza minus chigawo cha thermometer pamene ayezi amapanga mu batri yanu.

g/cm³	1,10	1,11	1,12	1,13	1,14	1,15	1,16	1,17	1,18	1,19	1,20	1,21	1,22	1,23	1,24	1,25	1,28
° С	-8	-9	-10	-12	-14	-16	-18	-20	-22	-25	-28	-34	-40	-45	-50	-54	-74

Monga mukuwonera, ikaperekedwa mpaka 100%, batire imaundana pa -70 °C. Pamalipiro a 40%, amaundana kale pa -25 ° C. 10% sizimangopangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuyambitsa injini yoyaka mkati mkati mwa tsiku lachisanu, koma kuzizira kwathunthu mu chisanu cha 10 digiri.

Pamene kachulukidwe ka electrolyte sikudziwika, kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa kwa batri kumafufuzidwa ndi pulagi ya katundu. Kusiyana kwamagetsi m'maselo a batri imodzi sikuyenera kupitirira 0,2V.

Kuwerenga kwa fork voltmeter, B	Digiri yotulutsa batri,%
1,8-1,7	0
1,7-1,6	25
1,6-1,5	50
1,5-1,4	75
1,4-1,3	100

Ngati batire yatulutsidwa ndi 50% m'nyengo yozizira komanso kuposa 25% m'chilimwe, iyenera kuwonjezeredwa.

Kuchulukana kwa electrolyte mu batri m'chilimwe

M'chilimwe, batire imadwala chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi., chifukwa chake, popeza kuti kuchulukitsidwa kowonjezereka kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa mbale zotsogolera, ndi bwino ngati zili choncho 0,02 g/cm³ pansi pa mtengo wofunikira (makamaka kumadera akummwera).

M'chilimwe, kutentha pansi pa hood, kumene bateri nthawi zambiri imakhalapo, kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Zinthu zotere zimathandizira kuti madzi asamasefuke kuchokera ku asidi ndi zochitika za electrochemical mu batire, zomwe zimapereka kutulutsa kwamakono ngakhale pamlingo wovomerezeka wa electrolyte (1,22 g/cm3 kwa malo ofunda anyengo). Ndicholinga choti, pamene mlingo wa electrolyte umatsika pang'onopang'ono, ndiye kuchuluka kwake kumawonjezeka, amene Imathandizira njira dzimbiri chiwonongeko cha maelekitirodi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwongolera kuchuluka kwamadzi mu batri ndipo, ikatsika, onjezerani madzi osungunuka, ndipo ngati izi sizichitika, ndiye kuti kuchulukitsitsa ndi sulfation kumawopseza.

Kuchulukirachulukira kopitilira muyeso kwa electrolyte kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa moyo wa batri.

Ngati batire yatulutsidwa chifukwa cha kusasamala kwa dalaivala kapena zifukwa zina, muyenera kuyesa kubwezeretsanso kumayendedwe ake pogwiritsa ntchito charger. Koma asanalipire batire, amayang'ana pamlingo wake ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, amawonjezera madzi osungunuka, omwe amatha kusanduka nthunzi panthawi yogwira ntchito.

Patapita nthawi, kachulukidwe wa electrolyte mu batire, chifukwa dilution nthawi zonse ndi distillate, amachepetsa ndi kugwera pansi pa mtengo chofunika. Ndiye ntchito ya batire kumakhala kosatheka, kotero kumakhala koyenera kuonjezera kachulukidwe ka electrolyte mu batire. Koma kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwake, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungayang'anire kusalimba uku.

Momwe mungayang'anire kuchuluka kwa batri

Kuonetsetsa kuti batire ikugwira ntchito moyenera, kachulukidwe ka electrolyte ayenera kukhala fufuzani chilichonse makilomita 15-20 zikwi thamanga. Kuyeza kachulukidwe mu batire kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo monga densimeter. Chipangizo cha chipangizochi chimakhala ndi chubu lagalasi, mkati mwake muli hydrometer, ndipo pamapeto pake pali nsonga ya mphira mbali imodzi ndi peyala kumbali inayo. kuti muwone, muyenera: tsegulani chingwe cha batri, kumiza mu yankho, ndikujambula pang'ono electrolyte ndi peyala. Hydrometer yoyandama yokhala ndi sikelo iwonetsa zonse zofunika. Tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane momwe mungayang'anire kachulukidwe ka batri pang'ono pang'ono, chifukwa palinso mtundu wa batri monga wopanda kukonzanso, ndipo ndondomekoyi ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi iwo - simudzasowa zipangizo zilizonse.

Kutulutsa kwa batri kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kachulukidwe ka electrolyte - kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono, ndipamenenso batire imatulutsidwa.

Kachulukidwe chizindikiro pa batire lopanda kukonza

Kachulukidwe ka batire lopanda kukonza kumawonetsedwa ndi chizindikiro chamtundu pawindo lapadera. Chizindikiro chobiriwira akuchitira umboni zimenezo Zonse zili bwino (digiri ya malipiro mkati mwa 65 - 100%) ngati kachulukidwe wagwa ndi recharging chofunika, ndiye chizindikirocho chidzatero wakuda. Pamene zenera kusonyeza bulb yoyera kapena yofiira, ndiye muyenera mwachangu kuwonjezera ndi madzi osungunuka. Koma, mwa njira, chidziwitso chenichenicho cha tanthauzo la mtundu wina pawindo chili pa chomata cha batri.

Tsopano tikupitilizabe kumvetsetsa momwe mungayang'anire kuchuluka kwa electrolyte ya batri wamba wa asidi kunyumba.

Kuyang'ana kachulukidwe ka electrolyte, kuti mudziwe kufunikira kwa kusintha kwake, kumachitika kokha ndi batire yodzaza.

Kuwona kuchuluka kwa electrolyte mu batri

Chifukwa chake, kuti tithe kuyang'ana molondola kuchuluka kwa electrolyte mu batri, choyamba timayang'ana mulingo ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, konzani. Kenako timalipira batire ndikupitilira kuyesa, koma osati nthawi yomweyo, koma titapumula kwa maola angapo, popeza mutangotha ​​​​kulipira kapena kuwonjezera madzi padzakhala deta yolakwika.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kachulukidwe mwachindunji kumadalira kutentha kwa mpweya, choncho tchulani tebulo lokonzekera lomwe takambirana pamwambapa. Mukatenga madzi kuchokera ku batri, gwirani chipangizocho pamlingo wamaso - hydrometer iyenera kukhala yopumula, yoyandama mumadzi, osakhudza makoma. Kuyeza kumapangidwa mu chipinda chilichonse, ndipo zizindikiro zonse zimalembedwa.

Tebulo lodziwira kuchuluka kwa batire ndi kachulukidwe ka electrolyte.

Температура	Kulipira
	100%	70%	Zatulutsidwa
pamwamba +25	1,21 - 1,23	1,17 - 1,19	1,05 - 1,07
+25	1,27 - 1,29	1,23 - 1,25	1,11 - 1,13

Kuchuluka kwa electrolyte kuyenera kukhala kofanana m'maselo onse.

Kachulukidwe motsutsana ndi ma voltage malinga ndi charger

Kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri m'maselo amodzi akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa zolakwika m'menemo (ndiko, kuzungulira kwakanthawi pakati pa mbale). Koma ngati ili yochepa m'maselo onse, ndiye kuti izi zimasonyeza kutulutsa kwakukulu, sulfure, kapena kutha kwa ntchito. Kuyang'ana kachulukidwe, kuphatikiza kuyeza voteji pansi pa katundu ndi popanda, kudzatsimikizira chomwe chimayambitsa kuwonongeka.

Ngati ndi okwera kwambiri kwa inu, ndiye kuti simuyenera kukondwera kuti batire ili mu dongosolo, mwina yophika, ndipo pa electrolysis, pamene electrolyte zithupsa, kachulukidwe wa batire amakhala apamwamba.

Pamene muyenera kuyang'ana kachulukidwe ka electrolyte kuti mudziwe mlingo wa batire, mukhoza kuchita popanda kuchotsa batire pansi pa nyumba ya galimoto; mudzafunika chipangizocho, multimeter (yoyezera voteji) ndi tebulo la chiŵerengero cha deta yoyezera.

Peresenti yolipira	Kuchuluka kwa electrolyte g/cm³ (**)	Mphamvu yamagetsi V (***)
100%	1,28	12,7
80%	1,245	12,5
60%	1,21	12,3
40%	1,175	12,1
20%	1,14	11,9
0%	1,10	11,7

**Kusiyana kwa ma cell sikukuyenera kupitirira 0,02–0,03 g/cm³. *** Mtengo wamagetsi ndiwovomerezeka pamabatire omwe akhala akupumula kwa maola osachepera 8.

Ngati ndi kotheka, kusintha kwa kachulukidwe kumapangidwa. Padzakhala kofunikira kusankha voliyumu inayake ya electrolyte kuchokera ku batri ndikuwonjezera kukonza (1,4 g / cm3) kapena madzi osungunuka, ndikutsatiridwa ndi mphindi 30 zolipiritsa ndi oveteredwa panopa ndi kukhudzana kwa maola angapo kuti kufanana kachulukidwe m'zipinda zonse. Choncho, tidzakambirana zambiri za momwe tingakwezere bwino kachulukidwe mu batri.

Musaiwale kuti kusamala kwambiri kumafunika posamalira electrolyte, popeza ili ndi sulfuric acid.

Momwe mungawonjezere kachulukidwe mu batri

M'pofunika kukweza kachulukidwe pamene kunali koyenera mobwerezabwereza kusintha mlingo ndi distillate kapena sikokwanira kwa yozizira ntchito batire, komanso pambuyo mobwerezabwereza recharge yaitali. Chizindikiro cha kufunikira kwa njira yotereyi ndi kuchepetsa nthawi yolipira / kutulutsa. Kuphatikiza pa kulipiritsa batire moyenera komanso mokwanira, pali njira zingapo zowonjezera kachulukidwe:

• kuwonjezera kwambiri moyikira electrolyte (chotchedwa kukonza);
• kuwonjezera asidi.

Momwe mungayang'anire moyenera ndikuwonjezera kachulukidwe mu batri.

Kuti muwonjezere ndikusintha kachulukidwe ka electrolyte mu batri, mudzafunika:

1) hydrometer;

2) chikho choyezera;

3) chidebe kuti dilution wa electrolyte latsopano;

4) peyala enema;

5) kukonza electrolyte kapena asidi;

6) madzi osungunuka.

Zofunikira za ndondomekoyi ndi izi:

1. Ma electrolyte ochepa amatengedwa kuchokera ku banki ya batri.
2. M'malo momwemo, timawonjezera electrolyte yokonza, ngati kuli kofunikira kuonjezera kachulukidwe, kapena madzi osungunuka (ndi kachulukidwe ka 1,00 g / cm3), ngati, m'malo mwake, kuchepa kwake kumafunika;
3. ndiye batire iyenera kuyikidwa pa recharging, kuti muyilipirire ndi ovotera panopa kwa theka la ola - izi zidzalola madzi kusakaniza;
4. Pambuyo pochotsa batire pa chipangizocho, padzakhalanso kofunikira kudikirira osachepera ola limodzi/awiri, kuti kachulukidwe m'mabanki onse atuluke, kutentha kumatsika ndi mavuvu onse a gasi atuluke kuti athetse zolakwika pakuwongolera. kuyeza;
5. Onaninso kachulukidwe ka electrolyte ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, bwerezani njira yosankha ndikuwonjezera madzi ofunikira (onjezaninso kapena kuchepetsa), kuchepetsa gawo la dilution, ndiyeno muyesenso.

Kusiyana kwa kachulukidwe ka electrolyte pakati pa mabanki sikuyenera kupitilira 0,01 g/cm³. Ngati chotsatiracho sichinakwaniritsidwe, ndikofunikira kuchita zowonjezera, zolipiritsa zofananira (panopa ndi 2-3 nthawi zochepa kuposa zomwe mwadzina).

kuti mumvetse momwe mungawonjezere kachulukidwe mu batire, kapena mosinthanitsa - muyenera kuchepetsa gawo la batire lomwe limayesedwa, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti voliyumu yomwe ili mkati mwake mu cubic centimita ndi chiyani. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa electrolyte mu banki imodzi ya batire la makina 55 Ah, 6ST-55 ndi 633 cm3, ndi 6ST-45 ndi 500 cm3. Chigawo cha electrolyte zikuchokera pafupifupi motere: asidi sulfuric (40%); madzi osungunuka (60%). Gome lomwe lili pansipa likuthandizani kukwaniritsa kachulukidwe ka electrolyte mu batri:

electrolyte density formula

Chonde dziwani kuti tebulo ili limapereka kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa electrolyte yowongolera yokhala ndi kachulukidwe ka 1,40 g / cm³, ndipo ngati madziwo ali ndi kachulukidwe kosiyana, ndiye kuti njira yowonjezera iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kwa iwo omwe amapeza mawerengedwe ovuta kwambiri, zonse zitha kuchitika mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya gawo la golide:

Timatulutsa madzi ambiri kuchokera ku batri ndikutsanulira mu kapu yoyezera kuti tipeze voliyumu, kenaka onjezerani theka la kuchuluka kwa electrolyte, gwedezani kuti musakanize. Ngati mulinso kutali ndi mtengo wofunikira, onjezerani gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a voliyumu yomwe idatulutsidwa kale ndi electrolyte. Choncho, iyenera kuwonjezeredwa, nthawi iliyonse ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwake, mpaka cholingacho chikwaniritsidwe.

Tikukulimbikitsani kuti musamalire zonse. Chilengedwe cha acidic chimakhala chovulaza osati pokhudzana ndi khungu, komanso m'njira yopuma. Njira yokhala ndi electrolyte iyenera kuchitidwa m'zipinda zokhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso mosamala kwambiri.

Momwe mungakwezere kachulukidwe mu accumulator ngati idagwa pansi pa 1.18

Pamene kachulukidwe wa electrolyte ndi zosakwana 1,18 g/cm3, sitingathe kuchita ndi electrolyte mmodzi, tiyenera kuwonjezera asidi (1,8 g/cm3). Njirayi ikuchitika molingana ndi chiwembu chofanana ndi chowonjezera cha electrolyte, timangotenga gawo laling'ono la dilution, chifukwa kachulukidwe kake ndi kokwera kwambiri ndipo mutha kudumpha chizindikiro chomwe mukufuna kale kuchokera ku dilution yoyamba.

Pokonzekera njira zonse, tsanulirani asidi m'madzi, osati mosemphanitsa.

Ngati electrolyte wapeza bulauni (bulauni) mtundu, sadzakhalanso kupulumuka chisanu, chifukwa ichi ndi chizindikiro cha kulephera pang'onopang'ono kwa batire. Mthunzi wakuda womwe umasanduka wakuda nthawi zambiri umasonyeza kuti misa yogwira ntchito yokhudzana ndi electrochemical reaction inagwa pa mbale ndikulowa mu yankho. Choncho, pamwamba pa mbale zatsika - ndizosatheka kubwezeretsanso kachulukidwe koyambirira kwa electrolyte panthawi yolipira. Batire ndi yosavuta kusintha.

Avereji ya moyo wautumiki wa mabatire amakono, malinga ndi malamulo ogwirira ntchito (kuteteza kutulutsa kwakukulu ndi kuchulukitsitsa, kuphatikiza ndi vuto lamagetsi owongolera), ndi zaka 4-5. Chifukwa chake sizomveka kuchita zinthu zosokoneza, monga: kubowola mlanduwo, kutembenuza kuti kukhetsa madzi onse ndikusinthanso - izi ndi "masewera" athunthu - ngati mbale zagwa, palibe chomwe chingachitike. Yang'anani pamalipiro, yang'anani kachulukidwe mu nthawi, sungani bwino batire ya galimoto ndipo mudzapatsidwa mizere yambiri ya ntchito yake.