Plastiki mu dziko

Mu 2050, kulemera kwa zinyalala za pulasitiki m'nyanja zidzaposa kulemera kwa nsomba pamodzi! Chenjezo lotere lidaphatikizidwa mu lipoti la Ellen MacArthur Foundation ndi McKinsey lofalitsidwa pamwambo wa World Economic Forum ku Davos mu 2016.

Monga tikuwerengera m'chikalatachi, chiŵerengero cha matani apulasitiki ndi matani a nsomba m'madzi a m'nyanja mu 2014 chinali chimodzi kapena zisanu. Mu 2025, padzakhala mmodzi mwa atatu, ndipo mu 2050 padzakhala zinyalala zambiri za pulasitiki ... Lipotilo linachokera pa zokambirana ndi akatswiri oposa 180 ndi kusanthula maphunziro ena oposa mazana awiri. Olemba lipotilo akuwona kuti 14% yokha ya mapulasitiki amapangidwanso. Pazinthu zina, kuchuluka kwa zobwezeretsanso kumakhalabe kokwera kwambiri, kuchira 58% ya mapepala ndi 90% yachitsulo ndi chitsulo.

1. Kupanga mapulasitiki padziko lonse mu 1950-2010

Chifukwa chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kusinthasintha komanso mwachiwonekere, chakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kudakwera pafupifupi mazana awiri kuchokera ku 1950 mpaka 2000 (1) ndipo akuyembekezeka kuwirikiza kawiri pazaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi.

2. Chithunzi cha ku Pacific paradaiso wa zisumbu za Tuvalu

. Timazipeza m’mabotolo, zojambulazo, mafelemu a mawindo, zovala, makina a khofi, magalimoto, makompyuta, ndi makola. Ngakhale mchenga wa mpira umabisa ulusi wopangidwa pakati pa masamba achilengedwe a udzu. Matumba apulasitiki ndi zikwama nthawi zina nyama zomwe zimadyedwa mwangozi zimangowonongeka m'mphepete mwa msewu ndi m'minda (2). Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chosowa njira zina, zinyalala za pulasitiki zimatenthedwa, kutulutsa utsi wapoizoni mumlengalenga. Zinyalala za pulasitiki zimatsekereza ngalande, zomwe zimapangitsa kusefukira kwa madzi. Amaletsa kumera kwa zomera ndi kuyamwa kwa madzi amvula.

3. Kamba amadya zojambula zapulasitiki

Tinthu tating'ono kwambiri ndizovuta kwambiri

Ofufuza ambiri amawona kuti zinyalala za pulasitiki zowopsa kwambiri si mabotolo a PET omwe amayandama m'nyanja kapena mabiliyoni a matumba apulasitiki akugwa. Vuto lalikulu ndi zinthu zomwe sitikuziwona kwenikweni. Izi ndi ulusi wopyapyala wa pulasitiki wolukidwa munsalu ya zovala zathu. Njira zambiri, misewu mazana ambiri, kudzera mu ngalande, mitsinje, ngakhale kudutsa mumlengalenga, imalowa m'chilengedwe, kulowa m'maketani a chakudya cha nyama ndi anthu. Kuipa kwa mtundu uwu wa kuipitsa kumafika kuchuluka kwa ma cell a cell ndi DNA!

Tsoka ilo, makampani opanga zovala, omwe akuti amakonza matani 70 biliyoni amtunduwu kukhala zidutswa mabiliyoni 150 za zovala, sizimayendetsedwa mwanjira iliyonse. Opanga zovala samatsatiridwa ndi zoletsa ndi zowongolera monga opanga mapulasitiki apulasitiki kapena mabotolo a PET omwe tawatchulawa. Zochepa zomwe zimanenedwa kapena zolembedwa ponena za kuthandizira kwawo ku kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki padziko lapansi. Palibenso njira zokhwima komanso zokhazikitsidwa bwino zotayira zovala zolumikizidwa ndi ulusi woyipa.

A zokhudzana ndi vuto zochepa ndi otchedwa pulasitiki ya microporous, ndiko kuti, tinthu ting'onoting'ono topanga tochepera 5 mm kukula kwake. Ma granules amachokera kuzinthu zambiri - mapulasitiki omwe amawonongeka m'chilengedwe, kupanga mapulasitiki, kapena kuphulika kwa matayala agalimoto panthawi yogwira ntchito. Chifukwa cha chithandizo cha kuyeretsa, tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono timatha kupezeka m'malo otsukira mano, ma gels osambira ndi zinthu zopukutira. Ndi zimbudzi, amaloŵa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Malo ambiri oyeretsera zimbudzi wamba sangathe kuwagwira.

Kutha kochititsa mantha kwa zinyalala

Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wa 2010-2011 ndi ulendo wapamadzi wotchedwa Malaspina, mosayembekezereka anapeza kuti panali zinyalala zochepa kwambiri za pulasitiki m'nyanja kuposa momwe amaganizira. Kwa miyezi. Asayansi anali kuwerengera nsomba zomwe zingayerekeze kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki ya m'nyanja m'mamiliyoni a matani. Panthawiyi, lipoti la kafukufuku lomwe linatuluka mu magazini ya Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences mu 2014 ikukamba za… 40. mawu. Asayansi apeza zimenezo 99% ya pulasitiki yomwe iyenera kuyandama m'madzi anyanja ikusowa!

4. Pulasitiki ndi nyama

Zonse zili bwino? Ayi ndithu. Asayansi amalingalira kuti pulasitiki yosowayo yalowa mumchenga wa chakudya cham'nyanja. Choncho: zinyalala zimadyedwa kwambiri ndi nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Izi zimachitika pambuyo pogawanika chifukwa cha machitidwe a dzuwa ndi mafunde. Kenako tinsomba tating'onoting'ono toyandama titha kusokonezedwa ndi chakudya chawo - tinthu tating'ono ta m'nyanja. Zotsatira za kudya tinthu tating'ono ta pulasitiki ndi kukhudzana kwina ndi pulasitiki sizikudziwika bwino, koma mwina sizothandiza (4).

Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosamala kofalitsidwa m'magazini ya Science, matani oposa 4,8 miliyoni a zinyalala zapulasitiki amalowa m'nyanja chaka chilichonse. Komabe, imatha kufika matani 12,7 miliyoni. Asayansi omwe adawerengerawo akuti ngati chiŵerengero chawo chinali pafupifupi matani 8 miliyoni, zinyalalazo zikanaphimba zisumbu 34 za kukula kwa Manhattan pagawo limodzi.

Olemba kwambiri mawerengedwewa ndi asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya California ku Santa Barbara. M’kati mwa ntchito yawo, iwo anagwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma la United States ndi mayunivesite ena. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti malinga ndi ziwerengerozi, kuchokera ku 6350 mpaka 245 zikwi. matani apulasitiki otayira m'nyanja amayandama pamwamba pa madzi a m'nyanja. Ena onse ali kwina. Malinga ndi asayansi, onse pansi pa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo, ndithudi, mu zamoyo za nyama.

Tili ndi data yatsopano komanso yowopsa kwambiri. Chakumapeto kwa chaka chatha, Plos One, malo osungiramo zinthu zasayansi pa intaneti, inafalitsa ntchito yogwirizana ya ofufuza ochokera m’malo ambiri asayansi amene anayerekezera unyinji wonse wa zinyalala zapulasitiki zoyandama pamwamba pa nyanja za dziko lapansi ndi matani 268! Kuwunika kwawo kumatengera zambiri za maulendo 940 omwe adachitika mu 24-2007. m'madzi otentha ndi Mediterranean.

"Makontinenti" (5) a zinyalala zapulasitiki sizokhazikika. Zotengera kayeseleledwe kuyenda kwa mafunde a madzi m'nyanja, asayansi anatha kudziwa kuti sasonkhana pamalo amodzi - m'malo mwake, amanyamulidwa pamtunda wautali. Chifukwa cha zochita za mphepo pamwamba pa nyanja ndi kuzungulira kwa Dziko lapansi (kudzera mu mphamvu yotchedwa Coriolis), mafunde amadzi amapangidwa m'magulu asanu akuluakulu a dziko lathu lapansi - i.e. Kumpoto ndi Kumwera kwa Pacific, Kumpoto ndi Kumwera kwa Atlantic ndi Nyanja ya Indian, kumene zinthu zonse zapulasitiki zoyandama ndi zinyalala zimawunjikana pang’onopang’ono. Izi cyclically mobwerezabwereza chaka chilichonse.

5. Mapu a kugawidwa kwa zinyalala zapulasitiki m'nyanja yamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kudziwa mayendedwe osamukira ku "makontinenti" awa ndi chifukwa cha kuyerekezera kwanthawi yayitali pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera (nthawi zambiri zothandiza pakufufuza zanyengo). Njira yotsatiridwa ndi zinyalala zamapulasitiki mamiliyoni angapo yaphunziridwa. Ma Modelling adawonetsa kuti m'nyumba zomangidwa pamtunda wa makilomita mazana angapo, madzi otuluka analipo, kutenga gawo la zinyalala kupitilira kuchuluka kwawo kwakukulu ndikuwongolera kummawa. Inde, pali zinthu zina monga mafunde ndi mphamvu ya mphepo zomwe sizinaganiziridwe pokonzekera phunziro ili pamwambapa, koma ndithudi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa liwiro ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka pulasitiki.

"Malo" a zinyalala awa ndi magalimoto abwino kwambiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma virus ndi mabakiteriya, omwe amatha kufalikira mosavuta.

Momwe mungayeretsere "makontinenti a zinyalala"

Zitha kusonkhanitsidwa ndi manja. Zinyalala za pulasitiki ndi temberero kwa ena, ndi gwero la ndalama kwa ena. amayendetsedwa ngakhale ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Osonkhanitsa Dziko Lachitatu pulasitiki yosiyana kunyumba. Amagwira ntchito ndi manja kapena makina osavuta. Mapulasitiki amaphwanyidwa kapena kudula mu zidutswa zing'onozing'ono ndikugulitsidwa kuti apitirize kukonza. Oyimira pakati pawo, oyang'anira ndi mabungwe aboma ndi mabungwe apadera. Mgwirizanowu umapatsa osonkhanitsa ndalama zokhazikika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi njira yochotsera zinyalala zapulasitiki ku chilengedwe.

Komabe, kusonkhanitsa pamanja sikukwanira. Chifukwa chake, pali malingaliro azinthu zolakalaka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kampani yaku Dutch Boyan Slat, monga gawo la polojekiti ya The Ocean Cleanup, imapereka kukhazikitsa zolumikizira zinyalala zoyandama m'nyanja.

Malo oyendetsa zinyalala pafupi ndi chilumba cha Tsushima, chomwe chili pakati pa Japan ndi Korea, achita bwino kwambiri. Siziyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zilizonse zakunja. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kumachokera ku chidziwitso cha zotsatira za mphepo, mafunde a nyanja ndi mafunde. Zinyalala za pulasitiki zoyandama, zogwidwa mumsampha wokhotakhota ngati arc kapena kagawo (6), zimakankhidwira kudera lomwe zimawunjikana ndipo zimatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta. Tsopano popeza yankho layesedwa pamlingo wocheperako, makhazikitsidwe akuluakulu, ngakhale ma kilomita zana, afunika kumangidwa.

6. Kutolera zinyalala za pulasitiki zoyandama monga gawo la polojekiti ya The Ocean Cleanup.

Woyambitsa wotchuka komanso miliyoneya James Dyson adapanga ntchitoyi zaka zingapo zapitazo. MV Reciklonkapena chotsukira chotsuka chachikulu cha bargeamene ntchito yake idzakhala kuyeretsa madzi a m’nyanja zinyalala, makamaka pulasitiki. Makinawa agwire zinyalala ndi ukonde kenako nkuyamwa ndi zotsukira zitsulo zinayi za centrifugal. Lingaliro ndiloti kuyamwa kuyenera kuchitika m'madzi osati kuyika nsomba pangozi. Dyson ndi wopanga zida zamafakitale achingerezi, yemwe amadziwika bwino kwambiri kuti ndi amene anayambitsa chotsukira chotsuka chotsuka chimphepo chopanda thumba.

Ndipo chochita ndi unyinji wa zinyalala, mukakhala ndi nthawi kusonkhanitsa izo? Palibe kusowa kwa malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, David Katz waku Canada akuwonetsa kupanga mtsuko wapulasitiki ().

Zinyalala zitha kukhala mtundu wandalama pano. Atha kusinthidwa ndi ndalama, zovala, chakudya, mafoni owonjezera, kapena chosindikizira cha 3D., zomwe, zimakulolani kupanga zinthu zatsopano zapakhomo kuchokera ku pulasitiki yokonzedwanso. Lingaliroli lakhazikitsidwa ngakhale ku Lima, likulu la dziko la Peru. Tsopano Katz akufuna chidwi akuluakulu a ku Haiti mwa iye.

Kubwezeretsanso kumagwira ntchito, koma osati zonse

Mawu akuti "pulasitiki" amatanthauza zipangizo, chigawo chachikulu chomwe ndi ma polima opangidwa, achilengedwe kapena osinthidwa. Pulasitiki imatha kupezedwa kuchokera ku ma polima oyera komanso kuchokera ku ma polima osinthidwa ndikuwonjezera zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mawu oti "pulasitiki" m'chilankhulo chodziwika bwino amaphatikizanso zinthu zomalizidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti zisinthidwe komanso zomalizidwa, bola zitapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zitha kugawidwa ngati mapulasitiki.

Pali mitundu pafupifupi makumi awiri ya pulasitiki. Iliyonse imabwera m'njira zingapo kuti ikuthandizireni kusankha zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito. Pali magulu asanu (kapena asanu ndi limodzi). mapulasitiki ambiri: polyethylene (PE, kuphatikizapo kachulukidwe wapamwamba ndi wotsika, HD ndi LD), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) ndi polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Izi zotchedwa zazikulu zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi (7) zimakwirira pafupifupi 75% ya zofuna za ku Europe za mapulasitiki onse ndipo zikuyimira gulu lalikulu kwambiri la mapulasitiki omwe amatumizidwa kumalo otayirako matalala.

Kutaya zinthuzi mwa kuyaka panja sikuvomerezedwa ndi akatswiri komanso anthu onse. Kumbali ina, zowotchera zowononga zachilengedwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pachifukwa ichi, kuchepetsa zinyalala mpaka 90%.

Kusungira zinyalala kumalo otayirako zinyalala sizowopsa monga kuziwotcha panja, koma sizikuvomerezedwanso m'maiko ambiri otukuka. Ngakhale sizowona kuti "pulasitiki ndi yolimba," ma polima amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti asawonongeke kuposa chakudya, mapepala, kapena zinyalala zachitsulo. Kutalika kokwanira kuti, mwachitsanzo, ku Poland pamlingo wapano wa kupanga zinyalala za pulasitiki, zomwe ndi pafupifupi 70 kg pa munthu aliyense pachaka, komanso pakuchira komwe mpaka posachedwapa sanadutse 10%, mulu wa zinyalala izi ufikira matani 30 miliyoni pazaka zopitilira khumi..

Zinthu monga chilengedwe chamankhwala, kuwonekera (UV) komanso, kugawanika kwa zinthu kumakhudza kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa pulasitiki. Matekinoloje ambiri obwezeretsanso (8) amangodalira kufulumizitsa njirazi. Zotsatira zake, timapeza tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta ma polima kuti titha kutembenuzanso kukhala zinthu zina, kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe titha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira extrusion, kapena titha kupita kumlingo wamankhwala - kwa biomass, madzi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana. mpweya, carbon dioxide, methane, nayitrogeni.

8. Ukadaulo wokonzanso zinthu ndi mapulasitiki

Njira yotaya zinyalala za thermoplastic ndi yosavuta, chifukwa imatha kubwezeretsedwanso nthawi zambiri. Komabe, pakukonza, kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa polima kumachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwamakina a chinthucho. Pazifukwa izi, gawo lina lazinthu zobwezerezedwanso ndizomwe zimawonjezedwa pakukonza, kapena zinyalalazo zimasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zomwe zimafunikira magwiridwe antchito ochepa, monga zoseweretsa.

Vuto lalikulu kwambiri pakutaya zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thermoplastic ndi kufunika kosankha malinga ndi mtundu, zomwe zimafuna luso la akatswiri komanso kuchotsa zonyansa kwa iwo. Izi sizothandiza nthawi zonse. Mapulasitiki opangidwa kuchokera ku ma polima olumikizidwa pamtanda sangabwezerenso.

Zida zonse za organic zimatha kuyaka, koma zimakhalanso zovuta kuziwononga motere. Njirayi siyingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zomwe zili ndi sulfure, halogens ndi phosphorous, chifukwa zikawotchedwa, zimatulutsira mumlengalenga mpweya wochuluka wa poizoni, womwe umayambitsa mvula yotchedwa asidi.

Choyamba, mankhwala onunkhira a organochlorine amamasulidwa, kawopsedwe kamene kamakhala kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa potaziyamu cyanide, ndi hydrocarbon oxides mu mawonekedwe a dioxanes - C.₄H₈O₂ ndi furans - C₄H₄Za kumasulidwa mumlengalenga. Amawunjikana m’chilengedwe koma n’zovuta kuzizindikira chifukwa chochepa kwambiri. Kutengeka ndi chakudya, mpweya ndi madzi ndikuwunjikana m'thupi, zimayambitsa matenda oopsa, zimachepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi, zimakhala ndi khansa ndipo zingayambitse kusintha kwa majini.

Gwero lalikulu la mpweya wa dioxin ndikuwotcha zinyalala zomwe zili ndi chlorine. Pofuna kupewa amasulidwe zoipa mankhwala, makhazikitsidwe okonzeka ndi otchedwa. afterburner, pa min. 1200 ° C.

Zinyalala zimasinthidwanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana

umisiri kukonzanso zinyalala zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi njira zambirimbiri. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kusonkhanitsa koyenera kwa matope, ndiko kuti, kulekanitsa pulasitiki ku zinyalala. Pamalo opangira zinthu, kusanja koyambirira kumachitika, kenaka kugaya ndikupera, kulekanitsa matupi akunja, kenako kusanja mapulasitiki ndi mtundu, kuyanika ndikupeza chinthu chomaliza kuchokera kuzinthu zopezeka.

Sizingatheke nthawi zonse kusanja zinyalala zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ndi mtundu wake. Ndicho chifukwa chake amasanjidwa ndi njira zambiri zosiyana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagawidwa m'makina ndi mankhwala. Njira zamakina zikuphatikizapo: kulekanitsa pamanja, kuyandama kapena pneumatic. Ngati zinyalalazo zaipitsidwa, kusanja koteroko kumachitika monyowa. Mankhwala njira zikuphatikizapo hydrolysis - kuwonongeka kwa ma polima (zida zopangiranso ma polyester, polyamides, polyurethanes ndi polycarbonates) kapena otsika kutentha pyrolysis, omwe, mwachitsanzo, mabotolo a PET ndi matayala ogwiritsidwa ntchito amatayidwa.

Pansi pa pyrolysis kumvetsetsa kusinthika kwamafuta azinthu zachilengedwe m'malo opanda mpweya kapena opanda mpweya. Kutentha kochepa kwa pyrolysis kumapitirira kutentha kwa 450-700 ° C ndipo kumabweretsa mapangidwe, mwa zina, mpweya wa pyrolysis, womwe umakhala ndi nthunzi yamadzi, haidrojeni, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide ndi dioxide, komanso hydrogen sulfide ndi ammonia, mafuta, phula, madzi ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, pyrolysis coke ndi fumbi lokhala ndi zitsulo zolemera kwambiri. Kuyikako sikufuna mphamvu, chifukwa imagwira ntchito pa mpweya wa pyrolysis wopangidwa panthawi yobwezeretsanso.

Mpaka 15% ya mpweya wa pyrolysis umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyikapo. Njirayi imapanganso 30% pyrolysis madzi, ofanana ndi mafuta amafuta, omwe amatha kugawidwa m'magawo monga: 30% mafuta, zosungunulira, 50% mafuta amafuta ndi 20% mafuta.

Zina mwazinthu zachiwiri zomwe zimachokera ku tani imodzi ya zinyalala ndi: mpaka 50% carbon pyrocarbonate ndi zinyalala zolimba, malinga ndi mtengo wa calorific pafupi ndi coke, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta olimba, activated carbon for filters kapena ufa ngati pigment kwa utoto ndi 5% zitsulo (zotsalira) pa pyrolysis matayala galimoto.

Nyumba, misewu ndi mafuta

Njira zobwezeretsanso zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi njira zazikulu zamakampani. Sapezeka muzochitika zilizonse. Wophunzira za uinjiniya waku Denmark Lisa Fuglsang Vestergaard (9) adabwera ndi lingaliro lachilendo akukhala mumzinda waku India wa Joygopalpur ku West Bengal - bwanji osapanga njerwa zomwe anthu angagwiritse ntchito pomanga nyumba kuchokera kumatumba amwazikana ndi mapaketi?

9. Lisa Fulsang Westergaard

Sizinali kungopanga njerwa, koma kukonza njira yonse kuti anthu okhudzidwa nawo apindule. Malinga ndi dongosolo lake, zinyalala zimasonkhanitsidwa koyamba ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, zimatsukidwa. Zinthu zomwe zasonkhanitsidwazo zimakonzedwa pozidula m’tidutswa ting’onoting’ono ndi lumo kapena mipeni. Zopangira zowonongeka zimayikidwa mu nkhungu ndikuyika pa kabati ya dzuwa pomwe pulasitiki imatenthedwa. Pambuyo pa ola limodzi, pulasitiki idzasungunuka, ndipo ikazizira, mukhoza kuchotsa njerwa yomalizidwa mu nkhungu.

njerwa zapulasitiki ali ndi mabowo awiri omwe timitengo tansungwi timatha kulumikizamo, kupanga makoma okhazikika popanda kugwiritsa ntchito simenti kapena zomangira zina. Ndiye makoma apulasitiki oterewa amatha kupakidwa mwachikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, ndi dongo lomwe limawateteza ku dzuwa. Nyumba zopangidwa ndi njerwa zapulasitiki zimakhalanso ndi ubwino wakuti, mosiyana ndi njerwa zadongo, zimagonjetsedwa ndi mvula yamkuntho, mwachitsanzo, mvula yamkuntho, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimakhala zolimba kwambiri.

Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti zinyalala za pulasitiki zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku India. kupanga misewu. Onse opanga misewu mdziko muno akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala za pulasitiki komanso zosakaniza za bituminous molingana ndi lamulo la boma la India la Novembala 2015. Izi ziyenera kuthandiza kuthetsa vuto lomwe likukulirakulira lakukonzanso pulasitiki. Tekinoloje iyi idapangidwa ndi Prof. Rajagopalan Vasudevan of the Madurai School of Engineering.

Njira yonseyi ndi yosavuta. Zinyalala zimayamba kuphwanyidwa mpaka kukula kwake pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera. Kenako amawonjezeredwa kumagulu okonzekera bwino. Zinyalala zobwerera kumbuyo zimasakanizidwa ndi phula lotentha. Njirayi imayikidwa pa kutentha kwa 110 mpaka 120 ° C.

Pali zabwino zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zinyalala zamapulasitiki pomanga misewu. Njirayi ndi yophweka ndipo safuna zipangizo zatsopano. Pa kilogalamu iliyonse yamwala, 50 magalamu a asphalt amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi la izi likhoza kukhala zinyalala zapulasitiki, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa phula lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinyalala za pulasitiki zimathandizanso kuti pamwamba pakhale bwino.

Martin Olazar, mainjiniya ku Yunivesite ya Basque Country, wapanga njira yosangalatsa komanso yodalirika yopangira zinyalala mumafuta a hydrocarbon. Chomera, chomwe woyambitsayo akufotokoza ngati poyenga mgodi, imachokera pa pyrolysis ya biofuel feedstocks kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu injini.

Olazar wapanga mitundu iwiri ya mizere yopanga. Yoyamba imapanga biomass. Yachiwiri, yosangalatsa kwambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso zinyalala zapulasitiki kukhala zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, mwachitsanzo, popanga matayala. Zinyalalazo zimayendetsedwa ndi njira yofulumira ya pyrolysis mu riyakitala pa kutentha kochepa kwa 500 ° C, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mphamvu zisungidwe.

Ngakhale kuti pali malingaliro atsopano ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wobwezeretsanso, ndi gawo lochepa chabe la matani 300 miliyoni a zinyalala zapulasitiki zomwe zimapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 15% yokha yamapaketi amatumizidwa ku makontena ndipo 5% yokha ndi yomwe imasinthidwanso. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mapulasitiki amawononga chilengedwe, kumene amakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, nthawi zina zaka mazana ambiri.

Lolani zinyalala zisungunuke

Kubwezeretsanso zinyalala zapulasitiki ndi njira imodzi. Ndikofunikira, chifukwa tapanga kale zinyalala zambiri, ndipo gawo lalikulu lamakampaniwa limaperekabe zinthu zambiri kuchokera kuzinthu zapulasitiki zazikulu zamatani asanu. Komabe M'kupita kwa nthawi, kufunika kwachuma kwa mapulasitiki owonongeka, zipangizo za m'badwo watsopano, mwachitsanzo, zochokera ku wowuma, polylactic acid kapena ... silika, zikhoza kuwonjezeka..

10. d2w matumba a zinyalala za agalu osawola.

Kupanga zinthu zimenezi kudakali kokwera mtengo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto. Komabe, bilu yonseyo siyinganyalanyazidwe chifukwa imapatula ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukonzanso ndi kutaya.

Limodzi mwa malingaliro okondweretsa kwambiri pazitsulo za pulasitiki zowonongeka zimapangidwa kuchokera ku polyethylene, polypropylene ndi polystyrene, zikuwoneka kuti ndi teknoloji yogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowonjezera pakupanga kwawo, zomwe zimadziwika ndi misonkhano. d2w ndi (10) kapena MOTO.

Chodziwika bwino, kuphatikiza ku Poland, kwa zaka zingapo tsopano ndi chinthu cha d2w cha kampani yaku Britain Symphony Environmental. Ndiwowonjezera pakupanga mapulasitiki ofewa komanso olimba, omwe timafunikira kudziwononga kofulumira, kosamalira zachilengedwe. Mwaukadaulo, ntchito ya d2w imatchedwa oxybiodegradation wa mapulasitiki. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa zinthuzo kukhala madzi, carbon dioxide, biomass ndi kufufuza zinthu popanda zotsalira zina komanso popanda mpweya wa methane.

Dzina la generic d2w limatanthawuza mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amawonjezeredwa panthawi yopanga monga zowonjezera ku polyethylene, polypropylene ndi polystyrene. Zomwe zimatchedwa d2w prodegradant, zomwe zimathandizira ndikufulumizitsa njira yachilengedwe yowonongeka chifukwa cha mphamvu ya zinthu zilizonse zosankhidwa zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuwonongeka, monga kutentha, Dzuwa, kupanikizika, kuwonongeka kwa makina kapena kutambasula kosavuta.

Kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala a polyethylene, opangidwa ndi maatomu a carbon ndi haidrojeni, kumachitika pamene mgwirizano wa carbon-carbon wathyoka, womwe umachepetsanso kulemera kwa maselo ndipo umayambitsa kutaya mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa unyolo. Chifukwa cha d2w, kuwononga zinthu kwachepetsedwa mpaka masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Nthawi yopuma - zomwe ndizofunikira, mwachitsanzo, muzojambula zamakono - zikhoza kukonzedwa panthawi yopanga zinthuzo poyang'anira moyenera zomwe zili ndi mitundu ya zowonjezera. Akangoyamba, ndondomeko yowonongeka idzapitirira mpaka kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa mankhwala, kaya ndi pansi pa nthaka, pansi pa madzi kapena kunja.

Kafukufuku wachitika kuti atsimikizire kuti kudzipatula kuchokera ku d2w ndikotetezeka. Mapulasitiki okhala ndi d2w ayesedwa kale m'ma laboratories aku Europe. Laborator ya Smithers/RAPRA yayesa kukwanira kwa d2w pakudya ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogulitsa zakudya ku England kwa zaka zingapo. Zowonjezera zilibe poizoni ndipo ndizotetezeka ku nthaka.

Zachidziwikire, mayankho monga d2w sangalowe m'malo mwa zobwezeretsanso zomwe zafotokozedwa kale, koma zitha kulowa pang'onopang'ono pakubwezeretsanso. Pamapeto pake, prodegradant ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuzinthu zopangira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha njirazi, ndipo timapeza zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka ndi oxybiodegradable.

Chotsatira ndi mapulasitiki, omwe amawola popanda njira zamakampani. Zoterezi, mwachitsanzo, monga zomwe ma circular-thin electronic circuits amapangidwa, omwe amasungunuka atagwira ntchito m'thupi la munthu., yomwe inaperekedwa koyamba mu October chaka chatha.

Kutulukira kusungunula mabwalo amagetsi ndi gawo la kafukufuku wokulirapo wa zomwe zimatchedwa zosakhalitsa - kapena, ngati mukufuna, "zosakhalitsa" - zamagetsi () ndi zida zomwe zidzatha akamaliza ntchito yawo. Asayansi apanga kale njira yopangira tchipisi kuchokera ku zigawo zoonda kwambiri, zotchedwa nanomembrane. Amasungunuka mkati mwa masiku kapena masabata angapo. Kutalika kwa ndondomekoyi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi katundu wa silika wosanjikiza womwe umaphimba machitidwe. Ochita kafukufuku ali ndi mphamvu zowongolera zinthuzi, mwachitsanzo, posankha magawo oyenerera osanjikiza, amasankha nthawi yomwe idzakhalabe chitetezo chokhazikika kwa dongosolo.

Monga adafotokozera BBC Prof. Fiorenzo Omenetto wa ku yunivesite ya Tufts ku United States: “Zamagetsi zosungunuka zimagwira ntchito modalirika monga mmene mabwalo amakakhalira kale, zimasungunukira kumene zikupita m’malo amene ali, pa nthawi imene mlengiyo ananena. Zitha kukhala masiku kapena zaka."

Malinga ndi Prof. John Rogers wa pa yunivesite ya Illinois, kupeza zotheka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendetsedwa zowonongeka zikubwerabe. Mwina chiyembekezo chosangalatsa cha kupangidwa kumeneku pankhani ya kutaya zinyalala zachilengedwe.

Kodi mabakiteriya angathandize?

Mapulasitiki osungunuka ndi amodzi mwazinthu zam'tsogolo, kutanthauza kusinthira kuzinthu zatsopano. Kachiwiri, yang'anani njira zowola mwachangu zinthu zowononga zachilengedwe zomwe zili kale m'chilengedwe ndipo zingakhale bwino zitasowa pamenepo.

Posachedwa Kyoto Institute of Technology idasanthula kuwonongeka kwa mabotolo mazana angapo apulasitiki. Pochita kafukufuku, anapeza kuti pali bakiteriya yomwe imatha kuwola mapulasitiki. Iwo anamuyitana iye . Zomwe anapezazo zinafotokozedwa m’nyuzipepala yotchuka yotchedwa Science.

Cholengedwa ichi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma enzyme awiri kuchotsa PET polima. Imodzi imayambitsa machitidwe a mankhwala kuti iwononge mamolekyu, ina imathandizira kutulutsa mphamvu. Bakiteriyayo adapezeka m'modzi mwa zitsanzo 250 zomwe zidatengedwa pafupi ndi malo obwezeretsanso mabotolo a PET. Zinaphatikizidwa m'gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timawola pamwamba pa PET nembanemba pamlingo wa 130 mg/cm² patsiku pa 30°C. Asayansi adakwanitsanso kupeza tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta PET tomwe timapanga. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti idachitadi pulasitiki ya biodegrade.

Pofuna kupeza mphamvu kuchokera ku PET, bakiteriya amayamba kutulutsa PET pogwiritsa ntchito puloteni ya Chingerezi (PET hydrolase) kukhala mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MGET), yomwe imapangidwa ndi hydrolyzed mu sitepe yotsatira pogwiritsa ntchito enzyme ya Chingerezi (MGET hydrolase) . pa ma monomers apulasitiki oyambirira: ethylene glycol ndi terephthalic acid. Mabakiteriya amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa mwachindunji kuti apange mphamvu (11).

11. Kuwonongeka kwa PET ndi mabakiteriya 

Tsoka ilo, zimatenga masabata asanu ndi limodzi athunthu ndi mikhalidwe yoyenera (kuphatikiza kutentha kwa 30 ° C) kuti gulu lonse livumbulutse kachidutswa kakang'ono ka pulasitiki. Sizisintha mfundo yoti zomwe zapezeka zitha kusintha mawonekedwe obwezeretsanso.

Ndithudi sitiyenera kukhala ndi zinyalala zapulasitiki zomwazika ponseponse (12). Monga momwe zapezedwa posachedwa pankhani ya sayansi ya zinthu, titha kuchotsa pulasitiki wokulirapo komanso wovuta kuchotsa kwamuyaya. Komabe, ngakhale titasintha posachedwapa ku pulasitiki yotha kuwonongeka kwathunthu, ife ndi ana athu tidzayenera kuthana ndi zotsalira kwa nthawi yayitali. nthawi ya pulasitiki yotayidwa. Mwinamwake ili lidzakhala phunziro labwino kwa umunthu, lomwe silidzasiya luso lamakono popanda lingaliro lachiwiri chifukwa chakuti ndilotsika mtengo komanso losavuta?