Pokumbukira Rudolf Diesel: tsiku lokumbukira zaka 160 zakubadwa kwa namatetule

Nkhani yokhudza kuzama kwa wolota komanso wopanga injini ya dizilo

Wopanga luso Rudolf Diesel adapanga imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yamakampani. Komabe, mzimu wake wang'ambika umazunzidwa ndi tanthauzo la chilichonse chomwe adalenga.

Pa Tsiku la Valentine, February 14, 1898, mwana wamwamuna wa ku Sweden, Emanuel Nobel, anafika ku Bristol Hotel ku Berlin. Bambo ake a Ludwig Nobel atamwalira, iye analowa m’malo mwa kampani yake yamafuta, yomwe inali yaikulu kwambiri ku Russia panthaŵiyo. Emanuel ali ndi nkhawa komanso ali ndi nkhawa chifukwa mgwirizano womwe watsala pang'ono kupanga ndi wofunikira kwa iye. Amalume ake a Alfred ataganiza zopereka cholowa chake chachikulu, chomwe chinali ndi kampani yayikulu yophulika komanso gawo lalikulu mu kampani yamafuta ya Nobel Foundation yomwe adapanga, womalizayo adayamba kukumana ndi mavuto azachuma, ndipo adafunafuna mayankho amitundu yonse. . Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anaganiza zokumana ndi munthu wina yemwe kale ankadziwika pa nthawiyo, dzina lake Rudolf Diesel. Nobel akufuna kugula kwa iye ufulu wa patent kuti apange ku Russia injini yoyaka moto yaku Germany yochokera ku Germany. Emanuel Nobel wakonzekera 800 zizindikiro za golidi pazifukwa izi, komabe akuganiza kuti akhoza kukambirana za kuchepetsa mtengo.

Tsikuli ndi lotanganidwa kwambiri kwa Diesel - adzakhala ndi chakudya cham'mawa ndi Friedrich Alfred Krupp, ndiye kuti adzakhala ndi msonkhano ndi banki wa ku Sweden Markus Wallenberg, ndipo masana adzaperekedwa kwa Emanuel Nobel. Tsiku lotsatira, wogwira ntchito ku banki ndi woyambitsa bizinesiyo adasaina mgwirizano womwe unapangitsa kuti pakhale kampani yatsopano ya injini ya dizilo ku Sweden. Komabe, kukambirana ndi Nobel kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kuti Diesel adanena kuti Swede "amakonda kwambiri injini yake" kuposa iye. Kukayika kwa Emanuel sikuli kokhudzana ndi tsogolo la injini - monga technocrat samakayikira, koma monga wamalonda amakhulupirira kuti injini ya dizilo idzawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta onse. Mafuta omwewo omwe makampani a Nobel amapanga. Amangofuna kukonza tsatanetsatane.

Komabe, Rudolph sanafune kudikirira ndipo mosazengereza adauza Nobel kuti ngati a Sweden sangavomereze zomwe akuganiza, Diesel adzagulitsa setifiketi yake kwa mnzake John Rockefeller. Kodi chimalola bwanji injiniya wofuna kuthamangitsayi kuti asokoneze mphotho ya Nobel bwino komanso molimba mtima poyimitsa anthu awiri amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi? Palibe injini yake yomwe ingagwire ntchito moyenera mpaka pano, ndipo posachedwapa wasayina contract ndi wopanga mowa Adolphus Busch yokhudza ufulu wopanga ku United States. Komabe, kusakhulupirika kwake kunapindula, ndipo mgwirizano ndi Nobel unasokonekera.

Patatha zaka 15 ...

Seputembara 29, 1913. Tsiku wamba ladzinja. Utsi wakuda unaphimba pakamwa pa Mtsinje wa Scheldt ku Netherlands, ndipo ma injini oyendetsa sitima yapamadzi a Dresden adadutsa m'malo omwe anali nawo, ndikuwoloka English Channel kupita ku England. M'ndegemo muli a Rudolf Diesel omwewo, omwe adatumiza akazi awo ku telegalamu yotsimikizira kuti ulendowu ukubwera bwino. Zikuwoneka kuti zili choncho. Pafupifupi 29 koloko madzulo, iye ndi omwe amagwira nawo ntchito, George Carels ndi Alfred Luckmann, adaganiza kuti yakwana nthawi yogona, adagwirana chanza ndikuyenda m'zipinda zawo. M'mawa, palibe amene angapeze Mr. Diesel, ndipo antchito ake omwe ali ndi nkhawa akamusaka munyumba yogona, bedi m'chipinda chake ndilopanda. Pambuyo pake, wokwerayo, yemwe adakhala msuweni wa Purezidenti wa India Jawaharlal Nehru, akumbukira momwe mayendedwe amunthuyo adalunjikidwira njanji ya sitimayo. Wamphamvuyonse yekha ndiye amadziwa zomwe zidachitika. Chowonadi ndi chakuti patsamba la XNUMX September mu diary ya Rudolf Diesel, mtanda wawung'ono umalembedwa mosamala mu pensulo ...

Patatha masiku khumi ndi anayi, oyendetsa sitima achi Dutch adapeza thupi la munthu womira. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake owopsa, woyendetsa sitima amasunthira nyanjayo kuti ipindule, ndikusunga zomwe akupezamo. Patatha masiku angapo, m'modzi mwa ana a Rudolf, a Eugen Diesel, adawazindikira kuti anali a bambo ake.

Mumdima wandiweyani wa chifunga umatha ntchito yolonjeza ya Mlengi wa chilengedwe chanzeru, chomwe chimatchedwa "injini ya dizilo". Komabe, ngati tiyang'ana mozama mu chikhalidwe cha wojambulayo, timapeza kuti moyo umang'ambika ndi zotsutsana ndi zokayikitsa, zomwe zimapereka chifukwa chomveka chodziwikiratu kuti ndi ovomerezeka osati malingaliro okhawo omwe angakhale adazunzidwa ndi nthumwi za ku Germany pofuna kuteteza. kugulitsa ma patent ku Ufumu wa Britain. madzulo a nkhondo yowoneka ngati yosapeŵeka, koma Dizeli uyu adadzipha. Kuzunzika kwakukulu ndi mbali yofunika ya dziko lamkati la mlengi wanzeru.

Kupanga kwanzeru kwanzeru

Rudolph adabadwa pa Marichi 18, 1858 ku likulu la France ku Paris. Kukula kwa malingaliro a chauvinist ku France munkhondo ya Franco-Prussian kunakakamiza banja lake kusamukira ku England. Komabe, ndalama zawo ndizosakwanira kwambiri, ndipo abambo ake amakakamizidwa kutumiza Rudolph wachichepere kwa mchimwene wa mkazi wake, yemwe siwangozi. Amalume ake a Diesel panthawiyo anali pulofesa wotchuka Barnikel, ndipo mothandizidwa adakwanitsa kuchita nawo Industrial School (pomwepo ndi Technical School, yomwe pano ndi University of Applied Science) ku Augsburg, kenako ku Technical University of Munich, kulandira digiri ya honors. adapambana konse. Kuchita bwino kwa talente wachinyamata ndizodabwitsa, ndipo kulimbikira komwe amayesetsa kukwaniritsa zolinga zake kumangodabwitsanso ena. Dizilo amalota zopanga injini yotentha, koma chodabwitsa, imathera mufiriji. Mu 1881, adabwerera ku Paris atapemphedwa ndi omwe adamupangira upangiri wakale, Pulofesa Karl von Linde, yemwe adapanga kampani yopanga ayezi yemwe adamutcha, ndipo adakhazikitsa maziko amakono ozizira a Linde. Kumeneko Rudolph anasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira mbewu. Panthawiyo, injini zamafuta zinali zikungoyamba kumene, ndipo pakadali pano, injini ina yotentha idapangidwa. Ndi makina opangira nthunzi, omwe adangopangidwa kumene ndi a Sweden Swede De Leval ndi a Chingerezi Parsons, ndipo ndiwopambana kuposa injini ya nthunzi.

Mofananamo ndi chitukuko cha Daimler ndi Benz ndi asayansi ena, akuyesera kupanga injini zoyendetsedwa ndi palafini. Panthawiyo, anali asanadziwe bwino momwe mafuta amathandizira komanso momwe amapangidwira (poyatsira mwadzidzidzi mwazinthu zina). Dizilo amayang'anira mosamala zochitikazi ndikulandila zambiri za zochitikazi, ndipo pambuyo pofufuza zambiri, zimamvetsetsa kuti china chake chofunikira sichikupezeka m'mapulojekiti onse. Anabwera ndi lingaliro latsopano lomwe linali losiyana kwambiri ndi injini za Otto.

“Mpweya wa mu injini yanga udzakhala wokhuthala kwambiri, ndiyeno jekeseni wa mafuta adzayamba mphindi yomaliza,” akutero injiniya waku Germany. "Kutentha kwapamwamba kumapangitsa kuti mafuta aziwotcha okha, ndipo kupanikizika kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti mafuta azikhala bwino kwambiri." Patatha chaka chimodzi atalandira chilolezo cha lingaliro lake, Diesel adasindikiza kabuku kamene kamakhala ndi mawu omveka komanso onyoza "Lingaliro ndi kumanga injini yotentha yotentha, yomwe iyenera kulowa m'malo mwa injini ya nthunzi ndi injini zoyatsira mkati zomwe tsopano zikudziwika."

Lingaliro loto

Ma projekiti a Rudolf Diesel amachokera ku maziko a chiphunzitso cha thermodynamics. Komabe, chiphunzitso ndi chinthu chimodzi ndipo kuchita ndi zosiyana. Dizilo sadziwa chomwe chidzakhala khalidwe la mafuta omwe adzalowetse mu masilinda a injini zake. Poyamba, anaganiza zoyesa mafuta a palafini, omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri panthawiyo. Komabe, izi mwachiwonekere si njira yothetsera vutolo - poyesa koyamba, injini yoyesera yopangidwa pafakitale yamakina ya Augsburg (yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti MAN heavy truck plant) idang'ambika, ndipo chopimitsira mphamvu chimodzi chinatsala pang'ono kupha woyambitsayo. centimita akuuluka. kuchokera kumutu kwake. Pambuyo poyesa kulephera, Dizilo adakwanitsabe kupanga makina oyesera, koma atangopanga masinthidwe ena ndipo pokhapokha atasintha kugwiritsa ntchito kachigawo kakang'ono ka mafuta, komwe kadzatchedwa "mafuta a dizilo" pambuyo pake.

Amalonda ambiri ayamba kukhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe Diesel akuchita, ndipo ntchito zake zatsala pang'ono kusintha dziko lamainjini otentha, chifukwa injini yake imapeza ndalama zambiri.

Umboni wa izi unaperekedwa mu 1898 yomweyi yomwe mbiri yathu inayamba, ku Munich, kumene Chiwonetsero cha Machinery chinatsegulidwa, chomwe chinakhala mwala wapangodya wa kupambana kwina kwa Dizeli ndi injini zake. Pali injini zochokera ku Augsburg, komanso injini ya 20 hp. chomera cha Otto-Deutz, chomwe chimayendetsa makinawo kuti asungunuke mpweya. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi njinga yamoto yopangidwa ku mafakitale a Krupp - ili ndi 35 hp. ndi kuzungulira hydraulic mpope shaft, kupanga ndege ya madzi kutalika mamita 40. Injiniyi imagwira ntchito pa mfundo ya injini ya dizilo, ndipo pambuyo pa chiwonetserochi, makampani aku Germany ndi akunja amagula ziphaso zake, kuphatikiza Nobel, yemwe amalandira ufulu wopanga. injini ku Russia. .

Ngakhale zingawoneke ngati zopanda pake, poyamba injini ya dizilo inalimbana kwambiri ndi dziko lawo. Zifukwa za izi ndizovuta kwambiri, koma zimagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti dzikolo lili ndi nkhokwe zazikulu za malasha ndipo pafupifupi palibe mafuta. Chowonadi ndi chakuti panthawiyi injini ya petulo imatengedwa ngati galimoto yaikulu yamagalimoto, yomwe ilibe njira ina, mafuta a dizilo adzagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazinthu zamakampani, zomwe zingathekenso ndi injini zamoto zoyaka malasha. Pamene akukumana ndi otsutsa ambiri ku Germany, Dizilo amakakamizika kukumana ndi opanga ambiri ku France, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Russia ndi America. Ku Russia, Nobel, pamodzi ndi kampani ya ku Sweden ya ASEA, anamanga bwinobwino zombo zoyamba zamalonda ndi akasinja ndi injini ya dizilo, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana loyamba la Russia linawoneka zombo zoyamba za dizilo za Minoga ndi Shark. M'zaka zotsatira Dizilo wapita patsogolo kwambiri pa kukonza injini yake, ndipo palibe chimene chingalepheretse njira yopambana ya chilengedwe chake - ngakhale imfa ya Mlengi wake. Idzasinthanso kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kake

Nkhondo yakuya yauzimu

Koma, monga tanena kale, pali zotsutsana zambiri kuseri kwa façade yokongola iyi. Kumbali imodzi, izi ndizomwe zimachitika nthawi yomwe zochitika zimachitika, ndipo mbali inayo, zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri za Rudolf Diesel. Ngakhale kuti anapambana, paulendo wake mu 1913 anadzipeza yekha kukhala wopanda ndalama. Kwa anthu wamba, Dizilo ndi woyambitsa wanzeru komanso wochita chidwi yemwe wakhala kale miliyoneya, koma m'machitidwe sangadalire zitsimikizo zakubanki kuti akwaniritse malonda. Ngakhale kuti adapambana, wojambulayo adagwa mu kupsinjika maganizo kwakukulu, ngati mawu oterowo analipo panthawiyo. Mtengo umene analipira polenga chilengedwe chake ndi waukulu kwambiri, ndipo akuvutika maganizo kwambiri poganizira ngati anthu akuzifuna. M’malo mokonzekera ulaliki wake, amatanganidwa ndi maganizo opezekapo ndipo amawerenga “ntchito yovuta koma yokhutiritsa kwambiri” (m’mawu akeake). Buku la filosofi iyi linapezeka m'nyumba yake pa sitima ya Dresden, momwe tepi yolembera silika inayikidwa pamasamba omwe mawu otsatirawa angapezeke: "Anthu obadwa mu umphawi, koma chifukwa cha luso lawo potsiriza anafika" a momwe amapezera ndalama zambiri, pafupifupi nthawi zonse amafika poganiza kuti talente ndiye mfundo yosasinthika ya likulu lawo, ndipo katundu ndi gawo lovomerezeka. Anthu omwewa nthawi zambiri amakhala paumphawi wadzaoneni. ”...

Kodi Dizilo amazindikira moyo wake m'lingaliro la mawu awa? Pamene ana ake aamuna Eugen ndi Rudolf anatsegula chuma cha banja kunyumba ku Bogenhausen, anapezamo ma marks zikwi makumi awiri okha. Zina zonse zimatengedwa ndi moyo wabanja wopambanitsa. Kupitilira kwapachaka kwa 90 Reichmarks kumapita mnyumba yayikulu. Zogawana m'makampani osiyanasiyana sizimapereka malipiro, ndipo ndalama zogulira mafuta m'minda yamafuta aku Galician zimasanduka nyumba zopanda pake. Anthu a m’nthaŵi ya Dizilo pambuyo pake anatsimikizira kuti chuma chake chinazimiririka mwamsanga monga momwe chinawonekera, kuti iye anali wanzeru kwambiri monga wonyada ndi wodzikonda kotero kuti sanaone kukhala koyenera kukambitsirana nkhani ndi andalama alionse. . Kudzidalira kwake n’kwapamwamba kwambiri moti sangakambirane ndi aliyense. Dizilo ngakhale amatenga nawo mbali m'makampani ongoyerekeza, ndipo izi zimadzetsa kutayika kwakukulu. Ubwana wake, makamaka bambo ake odabwitsa, omwe amagulitsa zinthu zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana popita, koma amaonedwa kuti ndi woimira mtundu wina wa mphamvu zachilendo, mwinamwake adakhudza kwambiri khalidwe lake. M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, Diesel mwiniwake, yemwe adatsutsana ndi khalidweli (zifukwa za khalidweli zili m'munda wa psychoanalysis), anganene kuti: "Sindikudziwanso ngati pali phindu lililonse pa zomwe ndapeza. zakwaniritsidwa m'moyo wanga. Sindikudziwa ngati magalimoto anga apangitsa moyo wa anthu kukhala wabwino. sindikudziwa kalikonse. ”…

Dongosolo lokonda kuyenda la mainjiniya aku Germany silingathe kuyendetsa zosazindikirika ndi kuzunzika mu moyo wake. Ngati injini yake itentha dontho lililonse, wopanga wake adzawotcha ...

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev