Chiwonetsero cha Philippines 1944-1945
Maboti okwera onyamula asitikali amayandikira magombe a Leyte pa Okutobala 20, 1944. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya kum'mawa kwa chilumbacho inasankhidwa kuti ifike, ndipo magawo anayi m'magulu awiri nthawi yomweyo anafika pa izo - zonse kuchokera ku US Army. Gulu la Marine Corps, kupatulapo gulu la zida zankhondo, silinachite nawo ntchito ku Philippines.
Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ya asilikali apanyanja a Allied ku Pacific inali ndawala ya ku Philippines, yomwe inayamba m’dzinja mu 1944 mpaka m’chilimwe cha 1945. kutayika kwawo mwakuthupi kuchokera kumalingaliro apamwamba komanso amalingaliro. Kuphatikiza apo, Japan idachotsedwa ku Indonesia, Malaya ndi Indochina, ndipo aku America adalandira maziko olimba a kulumpha komaliza - kuzilumba zaku Japan. Kampeni ya ku Philippines ya 1944-1945 inali pachimake pa ntchito ya Douglas MacArthur, wamkulu wa "nyenyezi zisanu" waku America, m'modzi mwa akuluakulu awiri akuluakulu a zisudzo za Pacific.
Douglas MacArthur (1880-1962) adamaliza maphunziro a summa cum laude kuchokera ku West Point mu 1903 ndipo adatumizidwa ku Corps of Engineers. Atangomaliza maphunziro a sukuluyi, anapita ku Philippines, kumene anamanga malo asilikali. Anali mkulu wa kampani ya sapper ku Fort Leavenworth ku USA ndipo adayenda ndi abambo ake (Major General) kupita ku Japan, Indonesia ndi India mu 1905-1906. Mu 1914, adatenga nawo gawo paulendo wachilango waku America kupita ku doko la Mexican ku Veracruz panthawi ya Revolution ya Mexico. Anapatsidwa Mendulo ya Ulemu chifukwa cha ntchito zake m'chigawo cha Veracruz ndipo posakhalitsa adakwezedwa kukhala Major. Anatenga nawo gawo pankhondo ya Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse monga wamkulu wa ndodo ya 42 Infantry Division, adakwera paudindo wa Colonel. Kuyambira 1919-1922 iye anali mkulu wa West Point Military Academy ndi udindo wa brigadier General. Mu 1922, iye anabwerera ku Philippines monga mkulu wa Manila Military Region ndipo kenako mkulu wa 23 Infantry Brigade. Mu 1925 anakhala mkulu wa asilikali ndipo anabwerera ku United States kuti akatenge ulamuliro wa Corps mu 1928 ku Atlanta, Georgia. Kuchokera mu 1930-1932, adatumikiranso ku Manila, Philippines, ndipo, monga wamng'ono kwambiri, adatenga udindo wa Chief of Staff wa asilikali a US ku Washington, pamene adakwera pa udindo wa mkulu wa nyenyezi zinayi. Kuyambira XNUMX, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower ndi General MacArthur's aid-de-camp.
Mu 1935, pamene MacArthur anakhala mkulu wa asilikali a US Army, dziko la Philippines linapeza ufulu wodzilamulira, ngakhale lidali lodalira United States. Purezidenti woyamba wa ku Philippines pambuyo pa ufulu, Manuel L. Quezon, bwenzi la abambo ake a Douglas MacArthur, adapita kwa omalizawa kuti awathandize kukonza asilikali a ku Philippines. Posakhalitsa MacArthur anafika ku Philippines ndipo analandira udindo wa mkulu wa asilikali ku Philippines, pamene anakhalabe mkulu wa asilikali a ku America. Kumapeto kwa 1937, General Douglas MacArthur adapuma pantchito.
Mu Julayi 1941, Purezidenti Roosevelt ataitana Asilikali aku Philippines kuti agwire ntchito ya federal poyang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo cha nkhondo ku Pacific, adasankhanso MacArthur kuti agwire ntchito yake ndi udindo wa lieutenant general, ndipo mu Disembala adakwezedwa kukhala mtsogoleri wanthawi zonse. udindo wa general. Ntchito yovomerezeka ya MacArthur ndi Commander of the United States Army in the Far East - United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).
Pambuyo pa chitetezo chochititsa chidwi cha Philippines pa March 12, 1942, ndege ya B-17 inawulutsa MacArthur, mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamwamuna, ndi antchito ake angapo kupita ku Australia. Pa April 18, 1942, lamulo latsopano, Southwest Pacific, linapangidwa ndipo General Douglas MacArthur anakhala mtsogoleri wawo. Ankayang'anira ntchito za mabungwe ogwirizana (makamaka aku America) kuchokera ku Australia kudzera ku New Guinea, Philippines, Indonesia mpaka ku gombe la China. Linali limodzi mwa malamulo awiri ku Pacific; linali malo okhala ndi malo ambiri, kotero mkulu wa asilikali apansi anaikidwa pamutu wa lamuloli. Nayenso, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz anali woyang'anira Central Pacific Command, yomwe inkayang'aniridwa ndi madera a m'nyanja okhala ndi zisumbu zazing'ono. Asilikali a General MacArthur anayenda ulendo wautali ndi wouma khosi ku New Guinea ndi kuzilumba za Papua. M'chaka cha 1944, pamene Ufumu wa Japan anali atayamba kale kuphulika pa seams, funso linabuka - chotsatira?
Zolinga Zamtsogolo
M'chaka cha 1944, zinali zoonekeratu kwa aliyense kuti nthawi ya kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa Japan ikuyandikira. Pankhani ya General MacArthur, kuukira kwa Philippines kudakonzedweratu, kenako ku Formosa (tsopano Taiwan). Kuthekera koukira gombe lokhala ndi Japan ku China asanawononge zilumba za Japan kudaganiziridwanso.
Panthawiyi, kukambirana kudabuka ngati kunali kotheka kudutsa Philippines ndikuukira Formosa mwachindunji ngati malo abwino oti muthe kuukira Japan. Njira iyi idatetezedwa ndi adm. Ernest King, Chief of Naval Operations ku Washington (ie de facto Commander-in-Chief of the US Navy) ndipo - kwakanthawi - komanso General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the US Army. Komabe, akuluakulu ambiri ku Pacific, makamaka General MacArthur ndi antchito ake, ankaona kuukira Philippines mosapeŵeka - pa zifukwa zambiri. Adm. Nimitz adatsamira ku masomphenya a General MacArthur, osati masomphenya a Washington. Panali zifukwa zambiri, zandale komanso zolemekezeka za izi, ndipo pa nkhani ya General MacArthur panalinso zifukwa (osati popanda chifukwa) kuti amatsogoleredwa ndi zolinga zaumwini; Philippines inali pafupifupi nyumba yake yachiwiri.
