Yesani kuyendetsa kupezeka kwa Charles Goodyear ndi kulephera kwa Henry Ford

Mpira wachilengedwe umakhalabe chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'matayala apamagalimoto mpaka pano.

M'malemba a omwe adazindikira ku South America monga Eranando Cortez, mutha kupeza nkhani za mbadwa zomwe zimasewera ndi mipira ya utomoni, yomwe amathandizanso kuphimba mabwato awo. Zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pake, wasayansi waku France adalongosola mtengo m'chigawo cha Esmeralda, chomwe anthu amderalo amatcha heve. Ngati makungu apangidwa ndi makungwa ake, madzi oyera ngati mkaka ayamba kutuluka, omwe amakhala olimba komanso amdima mumlengalenga. Anali wasayansi uyu yemwe adabweretsa magulu oyamba a utomoniwu ku Europe, komwe Amwenye amatcha ka-hu-chu (mtengo woyenda). Poyamba, idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chofufutira pensulo, koma pang'onopang'ono idapeza ntchito zina zambiri. Komabe, zomwe zapezeka kwambiri m'derali ndi za a American Charles Goodyear, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pazowunikira zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala kuti apange mphira. Mbiri imati ntchito yake yayikulu kwambiri, kupezeka kwa njira yotchedwa vulcanization, kunachitika mwangozi Dunlop asanayambe kupanga matayala ampweya. M'ma 30, mkati mwa kuyesa kwa labotale ya Goodyear, chidutswa cha labala mwangozi chinagwera mu mbiya ya sulfure yosungunuka, ndikupereka fungo lodabwitsa. Amaganiza zofufuza mozama ndikupeza kuti m'mbali mwake mwawotchedwa, koma pachimake chakhala cholimba komanso chotanuka. Pambuyo pazoyesera mazana, Goodyear adatha kudziwa kuchuluka kosakanikirana ndi kutentha komwe mphira ingasinthe mawonekedwe ake osasungunuka kapena charring. Goodyear adasindikiza zipatso za ntchito yake papepala ndipo adakulunga mu mphira wina wolimba. Pang`onopang`ono kusinthidwa motere mphira (kapena mphira, monga ife tikhoza kuitcha izo, ngakhale mawuwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mankhwala lonse) walowa mu miyoyo ya anthu, akutumikira kupanga pacifiers, nsapato, masuti zoteteza ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chake nkhaniyi yabwerera kwa Dunlop ndi Michelin, omwe amawona tayalalo ngati chinthu chopangira zinthu zawo, ndipo monga tionere, kampani yabwino yamatayala pambuyo pake idzatchedwa Goodyear. Maso onse ali kudera la Putumayo, pamalire pakati pa Brazil, Ecuador, Peru ndi Colombia. Ndiko komwe Amwenye akhala akutchera mphira ku Brazil hevea kapena hevea brasiliensis, momwe amatchulidwira m'magulu asayansi. Ambiri a mphira waku Brazil asonkhanitsidwa m'mudzi wa Parao kwazaka zopitilira 50, ndipo ndipamene Michelin, Metzeler, Dunlop, Goodyear ndi Firestone amapita kukagula zinthu zamatsengazi. Zotsatira zake, idakulirakulira, ndipo njanji yapadera ya njanji yayitali ya 400 km idawongoleredwa kwa iyo. Mwadzidzidzi, boma lachikoloni la Chipwitikizi linatha kupanga ndalama zatsopano, ndipo kupanga labala kunakhala patsogolo. Komabe, a Hevea m'derali ndi achilengedwe ndipo amakula molakwika, kufalikira m'malo akulu kwambiri. Kuti akule, akuluakulu aku Brazil adanyamula Amwenye masauzande ambiri kumadera opindulitsa, motero kuwononga midzi yonse ku Brazil.

Kuchokera ku Brazil kupita ku Far East

Tizilombo tating'ono ta mphira wamasamba awa timachokera ku Belgian Congo mothandizidwa ndi Germany. Komabe, kusintha kwenikweni kwa migodi ya mphira yachilengedwe ndi ntchito ya a British, omwe adzayamba kulima migodi pazilumba zingapo zazikulu monga Borneo ndi Sumatra ku Far Asia-Pacific dera.

Zonsezi zinayamba chifukwa cha ntchito yachinsinsi ya boma lachifumu, lomwe linali litakonzekera kale kubzala zomera za rabara m'madera a Chingerezi ndi Dutch ku Southeast Asia, kumene nyengo ikufanana ndi ya Brazil. Katswiri wina wa zomera wa ku England anatumizidwa ku Brazil ndipo, ponamizira kuti amanyamula maluwa a orchid atakulungidwa mu moss ndi masamba a nthochi, anakwanitsa kutumiza kunja njere 70 za hevea. Posakhalitsa 000 mbewu zobzalidwa mosamala zidamera mnyumba ya mgwalangwa ku Kew Gardens, ndipo mbandezi zidatumizidwa ku Ceylon. Kenako mbande zomwe zakula zimabzalidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, motero kulima mphira wachilengedwe kumayamba. Mpaka lero, m'zigawo zomwe zikufunsidwa zakhazikika pano - oposa 3000% a mphira wachilengedwe amapangidwa ku Southeast Asia - ku Thailand, Malaysia ndi Indonesia. Komabe, miluyo imakonzedwa m’mizere yowirira kwambiri ya malo olimidwa, ndipo kuchotsa mphira kumathamanga kwambiri ndiponso kothandiza kwambiri kuposa ku Brazil. Pofika m’chaka cha 80, mitengo yopitirira 1909 miliyoni inkamera m’derali, ndipo mosiyana ndi anthu opondereza anthu ku Brazil, migodi ya labala ku Malaya ndi chitsanzo chabwino pa nkhani ya malonda. zobwerera kwambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, kukolola kungathe kuchitika chaka chonse, mosiyana ndi ku Brazil, kumene zimenezi sizitheka m’nyengo yamvula ya miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo ogwira ntchito ku Malaya amakhala ndi moyo wabwino ndipo amalandira malipiro abwino.

Bizinesi yochotsa mphira wachilengedwe ndi yofanana ndi bizinesi yochotsa mafuta: msika umakonda kuchulukirachulukira ndikuyankha izi mwa kupeza minda yatsopano kapena kubzala minda yatsopano. Komabe, ali ndi nthawi yolowa muulamuliro, ndiko kuti, amafunikira zaka 6-8 kuti apereke zokolola zoyamba asanalowe mumsika ndikuchepetsa mitengo. Tsoka ilo, mphira wopangidwa, womwe tidzakambirana pansipa, ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochepa zomwe zimapangidwira zomwe sizingakwaniritse zina mwazofunikira kwambiri zachirengedwe choyambirira ndipo sizisiya zina. Mpaka pano, palibe amene adapanga zinthu zokwanira kuti zilowe m'malo mwa 100%, chifukwa chake zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matayala osiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe komanso zopangidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, umunthu umadalira kwathunthu minda ya ku Asia, yomwe, nayonso, siyingawonongeke. Hevea ndi chomera chosalimba, ndipo anthu a ku Brazil amakumbukirabe nthawi zomwe minda yawo yonse inawonongedwa ndi mtundu wapadera wa mutu - pachifukwa ichi, lero dziko sililinso pakati pa olima akuluakulu. Kuyesa kulima mbewu zina zolowa m'malo ku Europe ndi America kwalephera mpaka pano, osati pazifukwa zaulimi zokha, komanso pazifukwa zaukadaulo - mafakitale amatayala tsopano ayamba kugwira ntchito molingana ndi zolemetsa. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, dziko la Japan linalanda madera omwe ankakula kwambiri, zomwe zinawakakamiza kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, kuyambitsa ntchito yokonzanso zinthu, ndikuyang'ana njira zina. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amatha kupanga gulu la zopangira mphira ndikupanga zoperewera, koma, monga tanenera kale, palibe kusakaniza komwe kungalowe m'malo mwachilengedwe chapamwamba kwambiri. Kale m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, pulogalamu yopititsa patsogolo mphira wabwino kwambiri ku United States idathetsedwa, ndipo bizinesiyo idadaliranso mphira wachilengedwe.

Mayesero a Henry Ford

Koma tisamawoneretu zochitika - m'zaka za m'ma 20s m'zaka za zana lapitalo, Achimereka anali okhudzidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kulima hevea paokha ndipo sanafune kukhalabe odalira zofuna za British ndi Dutch. Katswiri wamakampani Harvey Firestone adayesetsa kulima mbewu za mphira ku Liberia mothandizidwa ndi Henry Ford, ndipo Thomas Edison adawononga ndalama zake zambiri kufunafuna mbewu zina zomwe zingamere ku North America. Komabe, Henry Ford nayenso anavutika kwambiri m’derali. Mu 1927, adapereka ndalama zogulira ntchito ya madola mamiliyoni ambiri ku Brazil yotchedwa Fordland, pomwe Mngelezi Henry Wickman adakwanitsa kutulutsa mbewu za hevea zomwe zidayambitsa bizinesi ya rabara ya ku Asia. Ford anamanga mzinda wonse wokhala ndi misewu ndi nyumba, mafakitale, masukulu ndi matchalitchi. Madera akuluakulu amafesedwa ndi mamiliyoni a mbewu zoyamba kuchokera ku Dutch East Indies. Mu 1934, zonse zinalonjeza kupambana kwa ntchitoyi. Ndiyeno zosasinthika zimachitika - chinthu chachikulu ndikutchetcha zomera. Mofanana ndi mliri, m’chaka chimodzi chokha umawononga minda yonse. Henry Ford sanafooke ndipo anayesanso kachiwiri, pamlingo waukulu kwambiri, kumanga mzinda waukulu kwambiri ndikubzala mbewu zambiri.

Zotsatira zake ndizofanana, ndipo ulamuliro ku Far East monga wopanga wamkulu wa mabala achilengedwe.

Kenako kunadza Nkhondo Yadziko II. Anthu a ku Japan analanda derali ndikuwopseza kukhalapo konse kwa makampani a mphira aku America. Boma likuyambitsa ntchito yaikulu yokonzanso zinthu, koma dziko likukumanabe ndi kusowa kwakukulu kwa zinthu za labala, kuphatikizapo zopangira. America idapulumutsidwa ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wotsatira ndi mgwirizano pa lingaliro lopanga mwachangu mafakitale opanga - pakutha kwa nkhondo, zopitilira 85% za kupanga mphira zinali zoyambira izi. Panthawiyo, pulogalamuyo inawonongera boma la United States ndalama zokwana madola 700 miliyoni ndipo inali imodzi mwa ntchito zabwino kwambiri za uinjiniya za nthawi yathu ino.

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev