Kuyambira Zakale mpaka Masewera Apamwamba

Poland sinadziwikepo chifukwa chamakampani amphamvu komanso amakono, koma panthawi yankhondo komanso ku Poland People's Republic, mitundu yambiri yosangalatsa ya magalimoto idapangidwa. M'nkhaniyi, tikumbukira zomwe zidachitika mumakampani amagalimoto aku Poland mpaka 1939.

Kodi ndi liti ndipo ndi kuti kumene galimoto yonyamula anthu inamangidwa ku Poland? Chifukwa cha magwero ang'onoang'ono omwe abwera kwa ife, n'zovuta kupereka yankho losavuta ku funsoli. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi ndi nthawi, ofufuza amapeza zinthu zatsopano m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zomwe zimafotokoza zamitundu yomwe sinadziwikepo kale. Komabe, pali zambiri zosonyeza kuti kanjedza ingagwiritsidwe ntchito Warsaw Society for the Exploitation of Motor Vehicles kakang'ono maulendo atatu. Tsoka ilo, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika za iwo chifukwa kampaniyo idasokonekera patatha miyezi ingapo ikugwira ntchito.

Choncho, galimoto yoyamba yolembedwa yolembedwa yomangidwa ku Poland imatengedwa kuti ndi Zakaleyomangidwa mu 1912 Galimoto ndi galimoto galimoto ku Krakow. Ambiri mwina motsogozedwa ndi Nymburk, amene anabadwira ku Czech Republic Bogumila Behine Panthawiyo, ma prototypes awiri a "trolleys zamagalimoto" adapangidwa - magalimoto ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi anthu awiri amtundu wa 2,2 mita. Inali ndi injini ya 25 cc ya ma silinda anayi.³ ndi 10-12 HP, mpweya utakhazikika, amene ankadya 7-10 L / 100 Km. M'kabukuka, kuyendetsa galimoto kunadziwika. Injiniyo “inali yolinganizidwa bwino ndipo inkayenda bwino kwambiri popanda kugwedezeka. Kuwotcha kunachitika mothandizidwa ndi maginito a Ruthard, omwe, ngakhale pa chiwerengero chochepa cha kusintha, amapereka nthawi yayitali, yamphamvu, kotero kuti sizovuta pang'ono kukhazikitsa injini. Kusintha kwa liwiro kumatheka chifukwa cha mapangidwe ovomerezeka omwe amalola kuthamanga kuwiri kutsogolo ndi liwiro limodzi lobwereranso. Mphamvu zidasamutsidwa kumawilo akumbuyo kudzera unyolo ndi shaft yothandizira." Mapulani a omwe adapanga Nyenyezi anali ofunitsitsa - magalimoto makumi asanu amayenera kumangidwa mu 1913, ndi magalimoto XNUMX pachaka m'zaka zotsatila, koma kusowa kwandalama kunalepheretsa cholinga ichi kukwaniritsidwa.

SCAF, Poland ndi Stetische

M'nthawi ya Commonwealth yachiwiri ya Polish-Lithuanian, pafupifupi ma prototypes angapo amagalimoto adapangidwa, omwe sanali otsika kuposa magalimoto omangidwa Kumadzulo, ndipo adawaposa pazinthu zambiri. Zojambula zapakhomo zidapangidwa m'ma 20s ndi 30s, ngakhale m'zaka khumi zapitazi chitukuko cha magalimoto aku Poland chidatsekedwa ndi pangano la layisensi lomwe linasainidwa mu 1932 ndi Fiat ya ku Italy, yomwe sinaphatikizepo kumanga ndi kugulitsa magalimoto apanyumba kwathunthu kwa zaka khumi. . . . Komabe, okonza a ku Poland sakanatha kuika manja awo pazifukwa izi. Ndipo analibe kusowa kwa malingaliro. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, prototypes chidwi kwambiri magalimoto analengedwa - onse anafuna ogula olemera, ndi anzawo Polish Volkswagen Beetle, i.e. galimoto kwa anthu ambiri.

Mu 1920, okonza awiri aluso ochokera ku Warsaw. Stefan Kozlowski i Anthony Fronczkowski, adapanga chithunzithunzi chokhala ndi dzina losavuta kumva Chithunzi cha SCAF

"Magalimoto a kampani yathu sakhala ndi magawo osiyana opangidwa kunja uko ndi kunja, koma osankhidwa pano: galimoto yonse ndi njinga yamoto, kupatula matayala, amapangidwa m'ma workshop athu, zigawo zake zonse zimasinthidwa mwapadera. kwa wina ndi mnzake kupanga kapangidwe kakang’ono ndi kogwirizana, kapangidwe kabwino ka masamu,” akuyamikira amene anapanga galimotoyo m’kabuku kotsatsa malonda. Dzina la galimotoyo linachokera ku zoyamba za opanga onsewo, ndipo chomeracho chinali ku Warsaw, pamsewu. Rakowiecka 23. Chitsanzo choyamba cha SKAF chinali galimoto yaying'ono yokhala ndi mipando iwiri yokhala ndi gudumu la 2,2 m, yokhala ndi injini ya silinda imodzi yokhala ndi 500 cmXNUMX.³, madzi atakhazikika. Kulemera kwa galimotoyo kunali makilogalamu 300 okha, zomwe zinapangitsa galimoto kukhala yotsika mtengo kwambiri - 8 lita imodzi ya mafuta a pharmacy ndi malita 1 a mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa 100 km. Tsoka ilo, galimotoyo sinakhudze ogula ndipo sanapite mu kupanga misa.

Zoterezi zinamuchitikiranso Anthu aku Poland, galimoto yomangidwa mu 1924 Chingerezi Mykola Karpovski, Katswiri wodziwika bwino ku Warsaw pankhani ya zosinthidwa zomwe zimayikidwa pamagalimoto oyendetsa kuzungulira likulu - kuphatikiza. wotchuka "MK petulo saving system" yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto a Ford, T. Karpovsky adasonkhanitsa galimoto yake kuchokera kumadera otchuka a Kumadzulo, koma nthawi yomweyo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zomwe zinali zosiyana panthawiyo, monga chizindikiro cha kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta kapena zipolopolo zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala pogwirizanitsa ndodo. Kope limodzi lokha la diaspora la ku Poland linapangidwa, lomwe pamapeto pake linathera pawindo la sitolo ya maswiti ya Franboli pa Marszałkowska Street, kenako anagulitsidwa ngati mphotho ya lottery yachifundo.

Magalimoto awiri aku Poland a Ralf-Stetysz akuwonetsedwa ku International Salon ku Paris mu 1927 (zosonkhanitsa za NAC)

Iwo ali ndi mwayi pang'ono. Jan Laski Oraz Werengani Stefan Tyshkevich. Woyamba wa iwo analengedwa mu Warsaw mu 1927 pa msewu. Siliva Malingaliro a kampani Automotive Construction Company AS, ndipo magalimoto opangidwa kumeneko m'magulu ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa Eng. Alexander Liberman, ankatumikira makamaka ma taxi ndi ma minibasi. Tyszkiewicz nayenso anatsegula fakitale yaing’ono ku Paris mu 1924: Zaulimi, zamagalimoto ndi ndege za Count Stefan Tyszkiewicz, kenako anasamukira ku Warsaw, pamsewu. Factory 3. Galimoto ya Count Tyshkevich - Ralph Stetish - adayamba kugonjetsa msika chifukwa anali ndi injini zabwino za 1500 cc³ ndi 2760 cm³, ndi kuyimitsidwa kosinthidwa kukhala misewu yowopsa yaku Poland. Chidwi cha mapangidwe chinali chosiyana chokhoma, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa galimoto kudutsa m'dambo. Stetishes adachita nawo bwino mpikisano wapakhomo ndi wakunja. Amawonetsedwanso ngati galimoto yoyamba yochokera ku Poland, pa International Motor Show ku Paris mu 1926. Tsoka ilo, mu 1929, moto unapsereza gulu lalikulu la magalimoto ndi makina onse ofunikira kuti apangidwe. Tyszkiewicz sanafune kuyamba kachiwiri, ndi chifukwa chake iye anali nawo kufalitsa "Fiats" ndi "Mercedes".

Malo ogulitsa magalimoto apakati

Wopambana komanso wamasewera

Magalimoto awiri abwino kwambiri asanayambe nkhondo adamangidwamo Malo ogulitsa magalimoto apakati ku Warsaw (kuyambira 1928 adasintha dzina lawo kukhala State Engineering Works). Choyamba Mtengo wa CWS T-1 - galimoto yoyamba yayikulu yaku Poland. Anapanga izo mu 1922-1924. Chingerezi Tadeusz Tanski. Zinakhala zochitika zapadziko lonse kuti galimotoyo ikhoza kupasuka ndikugwirizanitsa ndi kiyi imodzi (chida chokhacho chinafunika kumasula makandulo)! Galimotoyo inachititsa chidwi kwambiri pakati pa anthu payekha ndi asilikali, choncho kuyambira 1927 analowa kupanga misa. Pofika m'chaka cha 1932, pamene mgwirizano wa "Fiat" unasaina, pafupifupi mazana asanu ndi atatu a CWS T-1 adamangidwa. Zinalinso zofunika kuti zida ndi 3 yamphamvu yamphamvu unit mphamvu ya malita 61 ndi XNUMX HP, ndi mavavu mu aluminium mutu.

Muulamuliro wa Fiat, mainjiniya a CWS/PZInż sanataye mtima pa lingaliro lopanga limousine yapamwamba yaku Poland. Mu 1935, ntchito yokonza inayamba, chifukwa cha makinawo adatchulidwa masewera apamwamba. Team under management Chingerezi Mieczyslaw Dembicki m'miyezi isanu anapanga galimoto yamakono kwambiri, yomwe patapita nthawi inali ndi injini yamtengo wapatali ya 8-cylinder ya mapangidwe ake, ndi kusamuka kwa 3888 cc.³ ndi 96hp Komabe, chidwi kwambiri anali thupi - ntchito zaluso. ngl. Stanislav Panchakevich.

Aerodynamic, thupi lowoneka bwino lokhala ndi nyali zobisika muzitsulo zotchingira zidapangitsa Lux-Sport kukhala galimoto yamakono. Zambiri mwazinthu zatsopano zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'galimoto iyi zinali zisanachitike nthawi yawo. Zotsatira za ntchito ya okonza ku Poland anali, mwa zina: chimango chassis kapangidwe, pawiri pawiri wishbone kuyimitsidwa ntchito pa mawilo anayi, kawiri-kuchita hydraulic shock absorbers, zodziwikiratu zokometsera chassis zinthu, kuyimitsidwa ndi mipiringidzo torsion, Kukakamira komwe kumatha kusinthidwa mkati mwa kanyumbako, fyuluta yodzitchinjiriza yokha yamafuta, zopukutira za pneumatic ndi kuwongolera koyatsira vacuum. Liwiro pazipita galimoto anali za 135 Km / h.

Mmodzi mwa anthu amene anali ndi mwayi woyendetsa galimoto chitsanzo anali mkonzi wa isanayambe nkhondo "Avtomobil" Tadeusz Grabowski. Lipoti lake paulendowu limafotokoza bwino za ubwino wa limousine waku Poland:

"Choyamba, ndimachita chidwi ndi kumasuka kwa ntchito: clutch imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokoka, ndiyeno kusintha kwa gear pogwiritsa ntchito lever pansi pa chiwongolero, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zina. Zitha kusinthidwa popanda mpweya, ndi gasi, mofulumira kapena pang'onopang'ono - bokosi lamagetsi la Cotala limagwira ntchito pokhapokha ndipo sililola zolakwika. (...) Mwadzidzidzi ndikuwonjezera gasi: galimotoyo imadumphira kutsogolo, ngati kuti imachokera ku gulaye, nthawi yomweyo ikufika 118 km / h. (…) Ndikuwona kuti galimotoyo, mosiyana ndi magalimoto wamba okhala ndi thupi, samakumana ndi kukana mpweya wambiri. (...) Timapitiriza ulendo wathu, ndikuwona mzere wosiyana wa miyala yamtengo wapatali yopangidwa ndi miyala yam'munda. Ndimadziwiratu pang'onopang'ono mpaka XNUMX ndikugunda mabampu ndikuyembekeza kugudubuza ngati galimoto wamba. Ndakhumudwa kwambiri, galimoto imayendetsa bwino.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, inali imodzi mwa magalimoto okwera kwambiri padziko lapansi, monga umboni wakuti Ajeremani anakopera mayankho a Polish mu zilembo za Hanomag 1,3 ndi Adler 2,5 lita imodzi. 58 Kubuka kwa nkhondo kunasokoneza mapulani amenewa.

Zotsika mtengo komanso zabwino

wojambula waluso waku Poland Chingerezi Adam Gluck-Gluchowski chinali kupanga galimoto yaing'ono, yosavuta kusonkhanitsa komanso yotsika mtengo "kwa anthu." Lingaliro palokha silinali loyambirira. makampani akuluakulu a Kumadzulo ankagwira ntchito pa magalimoto oterowo, koma anazindikira mwa kuchepetsa magalimoto akuluakulu apamwamba, pamene Iraq (dzina limachokera ku kuphatikiza kwa mayina a injiniya ndi mkazi wake, Irena), omwe adayambitsidwa mu 1926, anali dongosolo lomwe linapangidwa kuchokera pachiyambi pamalingaliro atsopano. Zokhala zitatuzi poyamba zinali ndi injini za 500, 600 ndi 980 cc imodzi ndi mapasa.³. Glukhovsky adakonzekeranso kugwiritsa ntchito 1-lita boxer unit ndikumanganso anthu anayi. Tsoka ilo, makope atatu okha agalimoto yatsopanoyi adapangidwa.

Zoyesayesa zina zosangalatsa kupanga galimoto yotsika mtengo zinali zitsanzo AW, Antoni Ventskovski kapena VM Vladislav Mrajski. Komabe, chidwi kwambiri prototypes galimoto kwa anthu anali ntchito zaluso. Chingerezi Stefan Praglovsky, wogwira ntchito ku Galician-Carpathian Oil Joint Stock Company ku Lviv. Tikukamba za magalimoto otchulidwa ndi iye Galkar i Radwan.

Stefan Praglovsky anayamba ntchito yoyamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30. Popeza galimotoyo inkayenera kukhala yotsika mtengo, injiniyayo ankaganiza kuti teknoloji yopangira mapangidwe ake iyenera kulola kupanga zigawo zonse pamakina osavuta komanso osavuta. Pragłowski adagwiritsa ntchito njira zake zingapo komanso zamakono ku Galkar, kuphatikiza. chosinthira ma torque chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wosinthira magiya osasunthika (palibe clutch) ndikuyimitsidwa kodziyimira pawokha kwa mawilo onse. Chitsanzocho chinamalizidwa m'dzinja mu 1932, koma kugwa kwachuma padziko lonse ndi kusaina ndi boma la Poland pa mgwirizano womwe tatchula kale ndi Fiat anasiya ntchito ina pa Galcar.

Komabe, Stefan Praglovsky anali munthu wamakani ndi wotsimikiza mtima. Pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zinachitikira pomanga chitsanzo chake choyamba, mu 1933 anayamba kugwira ntchito pa makina atsopano - Radwan, yemwe dzina lake limatchedwa Praglowski malaya amtundu. Galimoto yatsopanoyi inali ya zitseko zinayi, yokhala ndi anthu anayi, yokhala ndi injini ya SS-25, yopangidwa ku Poland (Steinhagen ndi Stransky). Pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira zinthu, denga lake limapangidwa ndi dermatoid, pulasitiki yofanana ndi khungu. Mayankho onse atsopano omwe amadziwika kuchokera ku Galkar adawonekeranso ku Radwan. Galimoto yatsopanoyi, komabe, inali ndi thupi latsopano, lomwe linakhudza kalembedwe kake kamakono ndipo linapatsa galimotoyo mawonekedwe amasewera pang'ono. Galimotoyo, yomwe idaperekedwa kwa anthu, idadzutsa chidwi chachikulu (monga Galkar ndi WM, idangotengera 4 zloty), ndipo mayunitsi oyamba a Radwan amayenera kugubuduza pamzere wa msonkhano koyambirira kwa 40s.

Polish Fiat

Kutsatsa kwa Fiat 508 yaku Poland

Kumapeto kwa ulendo wodutsa mu nthawi za Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, tidzatchulanso Polish Fiat 508 Junak (monga chitsanzo chopangidwa m'dziko lathu chinatchedwa mwalamulo), "mwana" wofunika kwambiri wa mgwirizano wa chilolezo ndi Italy. Galimotoyo inachokera ku chitsanzo cha ku Italy, koma ku Poland kunasintha zambiri - chimango chinalimbikitsidwa, chitsulo cha kutsogolo, chitsulo cham'mbuyo, akasupe ndi mazenera a cardan adalimbikitsidwa, mabokosi a gearbox atatu adasinthidwa ndi ma-liwiro anayi. , mphamvu ya injini yawonjezeka kufika 24 hp, ndipo mawonekedwe oyimitsidwa asinthidwanso. Maonekedwe a thupi amakhalanso ozungulira. Kumapeto kwa kupanga, galimotoyo idapangidwa pafupifupi ku Poland kuchokera ku zigawo za Polish; ndi zosakwana 5% zokha za zinthu zomwe zidatumizidwa kunja. Iwo adalengezedwera pansi pa mawu okopa "zachuma kwambiri pazachuma komanso zabwino kwambiri pazachuma." Fiat 508 mosakayikira inali galimoto yotchuka kwambiri ku Poland isanayambe nkhondo. Nkhondo isanayambe, pafupifupi magalimoto 7 anapangidwa. makope. Kuwonjezera pa chitsanzo cha 508, tapanganso: chitsanzo chokulirapo 518 Mazuria, magalimoto 618 Bingu i 621 L ndi mitundu yankhondo ya 508, yotchedwa Jeep.

Mndandanda wazinthu zosangalatsa za nkhondo isanayambe nkhondo ndi, ndithudi, zazitali. Zinkawoneka kuti tidzalowa m'zaka za m'ma 40 ndi zojambula zamakono komanso zoyambirira. Tsoka ilo, ndi kuwuka kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II ndi zotulukapo zake zomvetsa chisoni, tinayenera kuyambira pachiyambi. Koma zambiri pa izi m'nkhani yotsatira.