Mbali ya palafini: mbiri ndi kupanga mankhwala, mitundu yake ndi kukula

Palafini ndi chinthu chowonekera chokhala ndi mafuta, chowoneka bwino kapena chowala, chachikasu. Chinthucho chimapezeka polekanitsa zigawo za multicomponent ndi distillation kapena mwachindunji distillation mafuta. Kusakaniza koyaka kwa ma hydrocarbons amadzimadzi kumakhala ndi malo otentha kuchokera ku +150 ° C mpaka +250 ° C. Chifukwa cha katundu wa mafuta ndi makhalidwe ake, mukhoza kugula palafini kutumikira magalimoto ndi ndege, komanso zipangizo kuyatsa ndi zina zambiri.

Dzina lakuti palafini limachokera ku Greek Greek "Κηρός", kutanthauza sera

Mbiri ya kugawa palafini ku Russia

The chilinganizo palafini, kachulukidwe ake, kuyaka ndi makhalidwe ena zinachititsa kuti m'malo mpweya kuyatsa ndi mitundu yonse ya mafuta. Inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mafuta achuluke, ndipo makampani opanga mafuta a palafini adakhudza kuwongolera njira zamigodi komanso kuchuluka kwa golide wakuda.

Kufunika kwa mafuta a palafini kunakula kwambiri pamene kunabwera mbaula za palafini ndi sitovu za palafini zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse kuphika.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, makina ulimi ndi carburetor ndi injini dizilo anayamba kudzazidwa ndi palafini. Koma zimenezi zinayambitsa mavuto.

Nambala ya octane ya palafini ili pansi pa mayunitsi 40, ndipo kusakhazikika kumakhala koipa kuposa mafuta, kotero kuyambitsa injini yozizira kunali kovuta kwambiri. Pankhani imeneyi, makinawo anali ndi thanki ina yaing'ono ya gasi.

Mafuta a palafini ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magalimoto monga mafuta anali ochuluka, ndipo posakhalitsa anasinthidwa ndi mafuta a petulo ndi dizilo.

Kutchuka kwa mafuta a palafini kunayambiranso pakati pa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ndikutukuka kwa mafakitale oyendetsa ndege ndi rocket.

Njira yopezera palafini

Mosasamala kanthu za momwe mafuta amapangidwira (kusungunula mwachindunji kapena kukonzanso), chinthucho chimasefedwa m'madzi, zonyansa zamkati, ndi zina. Madziwo akafika pa kutentha kwina, tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana timawiritsa ndikuwonekera:

• Kufikira 250 ° C - naphtha ndi mafuta.
• Kuchokera ku 250 ° C mpaka 315 ° C - mafuta a palafini-gasi.
• Kuyambira 300 ° C mpaka 350 ° C - mafuta (dzuwa).

Malinga ndi GOST 12.1.007-76, gulu lowopsa la palafini ndi 4, lomwe liyenera kuganiziridwa pakupanga, kuyendetsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Madziwo amatha kuyaka kwambiri, ndipo nthunzi yake ikalumikizana ndi mpweya, imapanga zosakaniza zophulika.

Palafini, ngati akhudzana ndi maso ndi khungu, angayambitse mkwiyo.

The zikuchokera palafini

The zikuchokera palafini makamaka zimadalira zigawo mankhwala ndi njira pokonza mafuta mafuta. Kuphatikiza pa zonyansa za okosijeni, nayitrogeni ndi sulfure, lili ndi ma hydrocarbon:

view	Peresenti
Malire	20 mpaka 60
Zopanda malire	Mpaka 2
Njinga	5 mpaka 25
Naphthenic	20 mpaka 50

Palafini RO ndi zina zimatha kusiyana. Pa +20 ° C ziwerengero ndi izi:

• Kachulukidwe kuchokera 0,78 mpaka .85 g/cm³.
• Viscosity kuchokera 1,2 mpaka 4,5 mm²/s.

Kuwala kumayambira +28 mpaka +72 ° C, pomwe kutentha kodziwotcha kumatha kufika +400 ° C. Kachulukidwe wa palafini, monga zizindikiro zina, zimasiyanasiyana ndi gradation wa zizindikiro matenthedwe ndi zinthu zina.

Kachulukidwe wapakati wa palafini ndi 0.800 kg/m³·

Kodi palafini amagwiritsidwa ntchito chiyani?

Monga imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino zamafuta, palafini yapezeka m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Zida zopangira zitha kukhala zoyenera kupanga:

• Mafuta a ndege.
• zowonjezera mafuta a rocket.
• Mafuta opangira zida zowombera.
• Kuwonjezera mafuta pazida zapakhomo.
• Zosungunulira zotsika mtengo.
• Njira zosinthira nyengo yozizira ndi dizilo yaku arctic.

Kale komanso masiku ano, palafini wowunikira wabwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Itha kupezeka mukupanga m'ma workshops, ma workshops apanyumba, etc. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti kusamala kuyenera kuchitidwa pakugwira ntchito.

The zizindikiro kuunikira kalasi palafini

Palafini (GOST 18499-73) idapangidwa kuti ikhale yaukadaulo - imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa ndi kudzoza njira, kuchotsa dzimbiri, ndi zina zambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ndiyoyenera kuyimitsa zikopa, kuwonetsa ziwonetsero zamoto ndi ntchito zina zambiri.

Mu wowerengeka mankhwala, ndikololedwa kuchiza matenda osiyanasiyana ndi palafini. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa nsabwe. Mu Mlingo wosiyanasiyana, ndi zonyansa zina ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito, tikulimbikitsidwa kupewa matenda:

• M'mimba thirakiti.
• mantha dongosolo.
• Ndi cardio-vascular system.
• Mapapo, etc.

Palafini wakhala maziko opaka, mafuta odzola ndi njira zina zamankhwala.

Waukulu mitundu palafini

Lalafini akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu ochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito. Pali magulu anayi akuluakulu:

1. Zaukadaulo

Lalafini luso ndi oyenera kupanga propylenes, ethylenes ndi ma hydrocarbons ena. Nthawi zambiri, chinthucho chimakhala ngati zosungunulira zotsukira magawo ovuta amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso makulidwe. Komanso, zopangira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta opangira zida zogwirira ntchito.

Malinga ndi makonzedwe a GOST, mu palafini luso zili onunkhira hydrocarbons si oposa asanu peresenti.

2. Roketi

Kutentha kwapadera kwa kuyaka kwa palafini kumathandizira kuti pakhale kukwera kwa reverse mulingo wofunikira kuti ma rocket agwire ntchito. Lili ndi zonyansa zochepa, chifukwa zomwe zopangira zimatengedwa kuti ndizoyera kwambiri. Zina mwazinthu ndi:

• The osachepera zili sulfure mapangidwe.
• Makhalidwe abwino odana ndi kuvala.
• kukhazikika kwamankhwala.
• Kukana kwa matenthedwe oxidation.

Mafuta a roketi amafananiza bwino ndi kusungirako kwa nthawi yaitali m'mitsuko yotsekedwa, nthawiyo imafika zaka khumi

3. Ndege

Palafini wandege atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka mafuta ndi kupatsa mafuta ndege. Kuonjezera apo, imakhala ngati firiji muzitsulo zotentha. Chinthucho chimakhala ndi anti-kuvala komanso kutentha kochepa.

Dielectric constant ya palafini ndi 1,8-2,1 (ε). Chizindikirochi chikuwonetsa kangati mphamvu yolumikizirana yamagetsi awiri amagetsi pamalo abwinobwino imakhala yocheperako kuposa mu vacuum.

Mafuta a ndege amagawidwa m'magulu asanu - RT, TS-1, T-1, T-1C, T-2  

4. Kuunikira

Kutentha kwa palafini pakuwunikira kumachokera ku +35 ° С mpaka +75 ° С. Zida zapamwamba kwambiri zimadziwika ndi kuyaka popanda mwaye ndi mwaye, pomwe zimapereka kuwala kokwanira. Komanso, subspecies iyi yamafuta amafuta imatha kukhala m'malo mwa zosungunulira zotsika mtengo.

Kuchuluka kwa paraffinic hydrocarbon pakuyatsa palafini kumapangitsa kuti chinthucho chikhale chokwera kwambiri

Mutha kuphunzira zambiri za kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a palafini amitundu yosiyanasiyana patsamba la TC "AMOX". Imbani, akatswiri a kampaniyo amalankhula zamafuta amafuta ndikukuthandizani kusankha mtundu wabwino kwambiri wamafuta, malinga ndi zomwe mukufuna!

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