Main nkhondo thanki T-72
Main nkhondo thanki T-72Kusintha kwa tanki yayikulu ya T-72:
Tank t-72
MBT T-72 idapangidwa ndi Uralvagonzavod ku Nizhny Tagil. Kupanga kwa tanki kumakonzedwa pafakitale ku Nizhny Tagil. Kuyambira 1979 mpaka 1985, thanki T-72A anali kupanga. Pamaziko ake, anapangidwa Baibulo katundu T-72M, ndiyeno kusinthidwa ake zina - thanki T-72M1. Kuyambira 1985, thanki ya T-72B ndi mtundu wake wa T-72S zatulutsidwa. Matanki a mndandanda wa T-72 adatumizidwa kumayiko omwe kale anali Pangano la Warsaw, komanso ku India, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Kuwait, Algeria ndi Finland. Pamaziko a thanki T-72, BREM-1, wosanjikiza MTU-72 thanki mlatho, ndi IMR-2 injiniya chotchinga galimoto anapangidwa ndi kuikidwa mu kupanga misa. Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha thanki T-72Chiyambi cha ndondomeko ya kupanga thanki ya T-72 inakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la Council of Ministers la USSR la August 15, 1967 "Pakukonzekeretsa asilikali a Soviet ndi akasinja atsopano a T-64 ndikukulitsa luso la kupanga kwawo" , mogwirizana ndi zimene anakonza kuti akonze siriyo kupanga akasinja T-64 osati pa Kharkov Bzalani ya Transport Engineering dzina lake Malyshev (KhZTM), komanso mabizinesi ena makampani, kuphatikizapo Uralvagonzavod (UVZ), kumene T-62 sing'anga thanki anapangidwa pa nthawi imeneyo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chigamulochi kunatsimikiziridwa ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga za Soviet mu 1950-1960s. Munali zaka zimenezo pamene utsogoleri wapamwamba wa asilikali-zaukadaulo wa dziko D.F. Ustinov, L. V. Smirnov, S.A. Zverev ndi P.P. Poluboyarov (woyang'anira zida zankhondo, kuyambira 1954 mpaka 1969 - wamkulu wa zida zankhondo za Soviet Army) adapanga kubetcha kosatsutsika pa thanki ya T-64, yomwe idapangidwa mu KB-60 (kuyambira 1966 - Kharkov Design Bureau for Mechanical Engineering. - KMDB) motsogozedwa ndi A. A. Morozov. Tanki T-72 "Ural"
T-72 idatengedwa ndi Soviet Army pa Ogasiti 7, 1973. Lingaliro lakuti A. A. Morozov anali kuonjezera mlingo wa makhalidwe waukulu tactical ndi luso thanki popanda kuwonjezera misa. Tanki chitsanzo, analengedwa mu chimango cha lingaliro ili - "chinthu 20" - anaonekera mu 430. Pa makinawa, njira zatsopano zaumisiri zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe, choyamba, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza kuyika kwa injini ya H-1957TD yokhala ndi mikwingwirima iwiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mabokosi ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono asanu. Mayankho aukadaulo awa adapangitsa kuti athe kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa MTO ndi voliyumu yonse yosungidwa ya thanki kukhala pamitengo yaying'ono kwambiri - 5 ndi 2,6 m3 motsatana. Pofuna kusunga nkhondo yaikulu ya thanki mkati mwa matani 36, njira zochepetsera galimotoyo zinatengedwa: mawilo ang'onoang'ono a msewu okhala ndi mayamwidwe amkati ndi ma aluminium alloy discs ndi mipiringidzo yafupikitsa ya torsion adayambitsidwa. Kusungidwa kolemera komwe kunapezedwa kudzera muzatsopanozi kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kulimbikitsa chitetezo chankhondo cha hull ndi turret. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha mayesero a "chinthu 430", kusakhulupirika kwa injini ya 5TD kunawululidwa. Kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa gulu la cylinder-piston lophatikizidwa m'mapangidwe ake, kuphatikizapo kukana kowonjezereka pa malo ogulitsira, kumayambitsa kusokonezeka pafupipafupi pakugwira ntchito kwabwino kwa pistoni ndi kulephera kwa manifolds otulutsa mpweya. Komanso, zinapezeka kuti kutentha mwina mpweya (+25 ° C ndi m'munsimu), injini sakanakhoza kuyamba popanda preheated ndi chowotcha. Zolakwika zambiri zamapangidwe zidawululidwanso mumayendedwe opepuka a tanki. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale pakupanga mapangidwe, "chinthu 430" chinayamba kutsalira pamitundu yaposachedwa yakunja malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake. Pofika m'chaka cha 1960, ndalama zambiri zinali zitagwiritsidwa ntchito kale pa ntchitozi, ndipo kuthetsa kwawo kungatanthauze kuzindikira zolakwika za zisankho zonse zam'mbuyo. Panthawi imeneyi, A. A. Morozov anapereka kapangidwe luso la thanki "chinthu 432". Poyerekeza ndi "chinthu 430", chinaphatikizapo zatsopano zambiri, kuphatikizapo: mfuti ya 115 mm yosalala yokhala ndi cartridge cartridge; makina onyamula mfuti, omwe amalola kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ogwira nawo ntchito kwa anthu atatu; zida zophatikizika za hull ndi turret, komanso anti-cumulative side skrini; mphamvu mpaka 3 hp awiri-stroke dizilo 700TDF ndi zina zambiri. Tank t-64
thanki analowa utumiki mu 1969 monga T-64A sing'anga thanki. Kumayambiriro kwa 1962, galimoto yoyesera ya "chinthu 432" inapangidwa. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nsanja yaukadaulo, mayesero apanyanja adayamba. Woyamba thanki wathunthu anali okonzeka mu September 1962, chachiwiri - pa October 10. Kale pa Okutobala 22, m'modzi wa iwo adawonetsedwa pabwalo la maphunziro a Kubinka kwa utsogoleri wapamwamba wa dziko. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, N.S. Khrushchev adalandira zitsimikiziro za kuyamba kwatsala pang'ono kupanga tanki yatsopano, popeza posakhalitsa zidakhala zopanda pake. Mu 1962-1963 anapangidwa prototypes asanu "chinthu 432" thanki. Mu 1964, gulu loyendetsa la akasinja linapangidwa mu kuchuluka kwa mayunitsi 90. Mu 1965, magalimoto ena 160 anachoka m’fakitale.
T-64 thanki opangidwa kwa nthawi yochepa - mpaka 1969 - mu 1963 ntchito inayamba pa thanki "chinthu 434". Izo zinachitika pafupifupi kufanana ndi ikukonzekera bwino "chinthu 432": mu 1964 anamaliza ntchito luso, mu 1966-1967 prototypes, ndipo mu May 1968 - thanki T-64A, zida 125. -mm D-81 cannon, idayikidwa muutumiki. Chigamulo cha Council of Ministers of the USSR cha August 15, 1967 chinatchulanso kutulutsidwa kwa "reserve" ya thanki ya T-64. Zinali zofunika chifukwa cha kusowa mphamvu kwa kupanga injini 5TDF mu Kharkov, amene sakanakhoza kupereka buku la kupanga akasinja T-64 pa zomera zina mu nthawi yamtendere ndi nkhondo. Chiwopsezo cha mtundu wa Kharkiv wa magetsi opangira magetsi kuchokera kumagulu olimbikitsa zidawonekera osati kwa otsutsa okha, komanso kwa othandizira, kuphatikiza A.A. Morozov mwiniwake. Apo ayi, n'zosatheka kufotokoza mfundo yakuti mapangidwe a "reserve" anapangidwa ndi A.A. Morozov kuyambira 1961. Makinawa, omwe adalandira dzina lakuti "chinthu 436", ndipo pambuyo pa kukonzanso - "chinthu 439", chinapangidwa mosasamala. Komabe, mu 1969, prototypes anayi a thanki "chinthu 439" anapangidwa ndi kuyesedwa ndi MTO watsopano ndi injini V-45, Baibulo bwino la V-2 banja injini dizilo. Tank T-64A (chinthu 434)
Sing'anga thanki T-64A (chinthu 434) chitsanzo 1969 Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kukayikira kwakukulu kunapezeka mu Unduna wa Chitetezo ngati kunali koyenera kupanga akasinja a T-64 ndi injini ya 5TDF konse. Kale mu 1964 injini iyi mokhazikika inagwira ntchito maola 300 pamalo oima, koma pansi pa zikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito pa thanki, moyo wautumiki wa injini sunapitirire maola 100! Mu 1966, pambuyo poyesedwa m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, zida zotsimikizika za maola 200 zidakhazikitsidwa, pofika 1970 zidakwera mpaka maola 300. Mu 1945, injini ya V-2 pa thanki ya T-34-85 inagwiranso chimodzimodzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri! Koma ngakhale maola awa 300 injini ya 5TDF sinathe kupirira. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1966 mpaka 1969, 879 injini anali kunja dongosolo mu asilikali. Chakumapeto kwa 1967, pa mayesero ku Belarusian Military District, injini za akasinja 10 zinagwa m'maola ochepa chabe a ntchito: singano za mtengo wa Khirisimasi zinatseketsa mphepo yamkuntho yoyeretsa mpweya, ndipo fumbi linagwedeza mphete za pistoni. M'chilimwe cha chaka chamawa, mayesero atsopano anayenera kuchitidwa ku Central Asia ndipo njira yatsopano yoyeretsera mpweya inayambitsidwa. Grechko mu 1971, pamaso inapita patsogolo mayesero asilikali a akasinja khumi ndi asanu T-64, anauza Kharkovites kuti:
“Mwanjira ina, pamalo ophunzirira zida zankhondo, ndinaganiza zoyang’ana thanki iyi. Anakwera mu chipinda chomenyera nkhondo. Sindinkakonda zojambulira zodzitchinjiriza komanso kusungitsa kuwombera mu turret. Kuwombera kunali koyima m'mphepete mwa nsanjayo ndipo kunali kochepa kwambiri kuti dalaivala afikire. Ngati wavulala kapena kugunda, zingakhale zovuta kumutulutsa mu thanki. Nditakhala pampando wa dalaivala, ndinamva ngati ndili mumsampha: panali zitsulo ponseponse, luso loyankhulana ndi antchito ena linali lovuta kwambiri. Nditafika kunyumba, ndidalangiza maofesi a Kovalev ndi Bystritsky kuti apange chojambulira chatsopano cha tanki ya T-62. A Comrades anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchitoyi. Kuthekera kwa kuwombera m'mizere iwiri, pansi pa nthaka yozungulira, kunapezeka, zomwe zimathandizira kupeza dalaivala ndikuwonjezera kupulumuka kwa thanki panthawi yowombera. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1965, tinali titamaliza kupanga makinawa, koma sizinali zomveka kuti tiwudziwitse, chifukwa panthawiyi Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU ndi Bungwe la Ministers la USSR linali litapereka lamulo loti akhazikitse lamuloli. Tanki ya Kharkov kuti ipangidwe ndi ife ... thanki ya T-125. Ponena za miyeso yakunja, mfuti zonsezo zinali zofanana. Nthawi zambiri, tinkakonza ntchito zathu zonse kuti zigwirizane ndi zikondwerero zina. Ntchitoyi idaperekedwa ku chikondwerero cha 115th cha October Revolution. Posachedwapa, chitsanzo chimodzi cha thanki T-62 ndi mfuti 50 mm. Anadziwa thanki "chinthu 167" 1961
Chassis galimoto imeneyi anali maziko a chilengedwe cha undercarriage wa thanki T-72. Pamodzi ndi ofesi yokonza injini ya Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, motsogoleredwa ndi I.Ya. Trashutin, mwayi wokakamiza injini ya banja la V-2 ku mphamvu ya 780 hp inaphunzira. chifukwa chowonjezera. Pa imodzi mwazojambulazo ("chinthu 167"), chowongolera chowongolera chachisanu ndi chimodzi chinakhazikitsidwa ndikuyesedwa. Udindo wa "chinthu 167" m'tsogolo "makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu ziwiri" ndi ofunika kwambiri. Zotsatirazi zinayikidwa pa thanki iyi: injini ya dizilo ya 700-horsepower V-26 yokhala ndi kupititsa patsogolo, galimoto yatsopano yapansi (6 zothandizira ndi zodzigudubuza 3 pa bolodi) ndi kusalala kowonjezereka, jenereta yatsopano, dongosolo la hydro-servo mayunitsi opatsirana ndi anti-radiation lining. Popeza kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu zatsopanozi kunawonjezera kuchuluka kwa galimotoyo, kuti ikhale mkati mwa malire a matani 36,5, chitetezo cha zida chinayenera kufooka. Makulidwe a m'munsi wakutsogolo mbale mbale inachepetsedwa kuchokera 100 mpaka 80 mm, mbali - kuchokera 80 mpaka 70 mm, kumbuyo mbale - kuchokera 45 mpaka 30 mm. Akasinja awiri oyambirira "chinthu 167" anapangidwa mu kugwa kwa 1961. Iwo bwinobwino anapambana fakitale zonse lonse ndiyeno kumunda mayesero Kubinka. Thanki idalimbikitsidwa kuti itengedwe, koma Wachiwiri kwa Minister of Defense Marshal V.I. Chuikov ndi Wachiwiri kwa Wapampando wa State Committee for Defense Technology S.N. Makhonin adamupatsa chiwongola dzanja chosakwanira. Makamaka, kutaya pang'ono kwa interchangeability ndi akasinja T-55 ndi T-62 anati drawback waukulu. Mu Nizhny Tagil Design Bureau, chitonzo ichi chinatengedwa mozama ndipo anayesa kupanga galimoto ndi kupitiriza kwambiri chassis. Umu ndi momwe "chinthu 166M" chinawonekera. Makinawa amasiyana ndi seriyo T-62 makamaka pakuyika injini ya V-36F ndi mphamvu ya HP 640. ndi kuyimitsidwa bwino. Chipinda chapansicho chinali ndi zothandizira zisanu ndi zodzigudubuza zitatu zomwe zidakwera. Zodzigudubuza zinali zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa "chinthu 167". Ngakhale kuti liwiro la kuyenda linakula poyerekeza ndi T-62, mayesero anasonyeza kupanda pake Baibulo ili chassis. Ubwino wa mapangidwe asanu ndi limodzi odzigudubuza unawonekera. Ngakhale "chinthu 167" kapena "chinthu 166M" sichinafike pamlingo wa "chinthu 434" ndipo sichikhoza kuonedwa ngati njira yokwanira ku thanki ya Kharkov. Koma "chinthu 167M" kapena T-62B chinakhala njira ina. Ntchito ya thanki iyi idaganiziridwa ndi Scientific and Technical Council of the State Committee for Combating the War pa February 26, 1964. Galimoto yatsopano, yolengezedwa ndi L.N. Kartsev monga wamakono wa thanki siriyo, wosiyana kwambiri ndi T-62. Inali ndi chiboliboli ndi turret yokhala ndi chitetezo chophatikizika cha zida zakutsogolo, chonyamula "chinthu 167", mfuti ya 125-mm D-81 yosalala yokhala ndi "Rain" stabilizer, chojambulira chamtundu wa carousel, ndi B- 2 injini yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 780 hp. yokhala ndi chowonjezera, ma radiator owongolera, zosefera mpweya, mafuta ndi mafuta, komanso mayunitsi owonjezera otumizira. Komabe, msonkhanowo unakana ntchito yomanga thanki yatsopano. Komabe, pofika kumapeto kwa 1967, zigawo zingapo za thanki yayikulu idayesedwa ndikuyesedwa ku Uralvagonzavod. Pa imodzi mwa akasinja amtundu wa T-62, chojambulira chodziwikiratu (mutu wa "Acorn") chinakhazikitsidwa ndikuyesedwa, kuphatikiza ndi mfuti ya 125-mm. Makinawa adalandira dzina loti T-62Zh. Chitsanzo choyamba cha thanki "chinthu 172" chinapangidwa m'chilimwe cha 1968, chachiwiri - mu September. Iwo anali osiyana ndi thanki T-64A mu reconfigured kwathunthu kumenyana chipinda, popeza electro-hydro-makina potsegula limagwirira T-64 thanki m'malo ndi electromechanical automatic loader ndi mphasa ejection limagwirira, ndi unsembe wa Chelyabinsk V. -45K injini. Zigawo zina zonse ndi misonkhano anasamutsidwa ku thanki Kharkov, kapena kani, iwo anakhalabe m'malo, chifukwa choyamba "172 zinthu" anatembenuzidwa "makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zinayi". Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, akasinja onsewa adadutsa mayeso a fakitale ndikuthamangira kumalo ophunzitsira a chigawo chankhondo cha Turkestan. Makhalidwe amphamvu a akasinja anali okwera kwambiri: pafupifupi liwiro pa khwalala anali 43,4-48,7 Km / h, pazipita anafika 65 Km / h. Tanki yodziwika bwino
Anadziwa thanki "chinthu 172" 1968 Ntchito akasinja "chinthu 172" (okwana mayunitsi 20 anapanga) anapitiriza mpaka chiyambi cha February 1971. Panthawiyi, zigawo ndi misonkhano yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ku Nizhny Tagil inali itabweretsedwa kukhala yodalirika kwambiri. Zonyamula zodziwikiratu zinali ndi kulephera kumodzi kwa ma 448 onyamula, ndiko kuti, kudalirika kwawo pafupifupi kumagwirizana ndi kupulumuka kwapakati pamfuti ya 125-mm D-81T (zozungulira 600 ndi projectile ya caliber ndi 150 yokhala ndi projekiti yaying'ono). Vuto lokhalo la "chinthu 172" linali kusadalirika kwa galimotoyo "chifukwa cha kulephera kwadongosolo kwa ma hydraulic shock absorbers, mawilo apamsewu, mapini ndi mayendedwe, mipiringidzo ya torsion ndi idlers." Kenako mu UVZ Design Bureau, yomwe kuyambira Ogasiti 1969 idatsogozedwa ndi V.N. Venediktov anaganiza ntchito pa "chinthu 172" galimotoyo "chinthu 167" ndi mawilo mphira TACHIMATA msewu kuchuluka m'mimba mwake ndi mayendedwe amphamvu kwambiri ndi lotseguka zitsulo hinge, ofanana ndi njanji T-62 thanki. . Kukula kwa thanki yotere kunachitika pansi pa dzina lakuti "chinthu 172M". Injini, yomwe idakwera mpaka 780 hp, idalandira index ya B-46. Njira yoyeretsera mpweya ya makaseti ya magawo awiri, yofanana ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa thanki ya T-62. Kulemera kwa "chinthu 172M" chinawonjezeka mpaka matani 41. Koma makhalidwe amphamvu anakhalabe pa mlingo womwewo chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa injini mphamvu 80 HP, mafuta thanki mphamvu malita 100 ndi njanji m'lifupi ndi 40 mm. Kuchokera ku thanki ya T-64A, zida zodziwika bwino za zida zankhondo zokhala ndi zida zophatikizika komanso zosiyanitsa zidasungidwa. Kuyambira Novembala 1970 mpaka Epulo 1971, akasinja a "chinthu 172M" adadutsa mayeso afakitale ndipo pa Meyi 6, 1971 adaperekedwa kwa Minister of Defense A.A. Grechko and the Defense industry S.A. Zverev. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, gulu loyamba la magalimoto 15 linapangidwa, lomwe, pamodzi ndi akasinja a T-64A ndi T-80, adadutsa miyezi yambiri yoyesedwa mu 1972. Kumapeto kwa mayesero, "Lipoti la zotsatira za mayesero ankhondo a akasinja 15 172M opangidwa ndi Uralvagonzavod mu 1972" adawonekera. "1. Akasinja anapambana mayeso, koma njanji moyo 4500-5000 Km sikokwanira ndipo sapereka chofunika thanki mtunda wa 6500-7000 Km popanda m'malo njanji. 2. Tank 172M (nthawi ya chitsimikizo - 3000 km) ndi injini ya V-46 - (350 m / h) idagwira ntchito modalirika. Pa mayesero ena mpaka 10000-11000 Km, ambiri a zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi misonkhano, kuphatikizapo injini V-46, ankagwira ntchito modalirika, koma angapo zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi misonkhano anasonyeza zosakwanira chuma ndi kudalirika. 3. thanki akulimbikitsidwa kukhazikitsidwa mu utumiki ndi kupanga misa, malinga ndi kuchotsa zofooka anazindikira ndi kutsimikizira mphamvu ya kuchotsedwa kwawo pamaso kupanga misa. Kukula ndi nthawi yakusintha ndikuwunika ziyenera kuvomerezedwa pakati pa Unduna wa Zachitetezo ndi Unduna wa Zachitetezo. " "Chinthu 172M"
Kuyesera thanki "chinthu 172M" 1971 Ndi chigamulo cha Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU ndi Council of Ministers of the USSR ya August 7, 1973, "chinthu 172M" chinatengedwa ndi Soviet Army pansi pa dzina la T-72 "Ural". Lamulo lolingana la Minister of Defense of the USSR linaperekedwa pa August 13, 1973. M'chaka chomwecho, gulu loyamba la makina 30 linapangidwa. Kubwerera - Patsogolo >> |
• T-72 (1973) - chitsanzo choyambirira;
Koma onsewa sanali akasinja aja. Mu March 1963 ndi May 1964, "chinthu 432" chinaperekedwa kwa mayesero a boma, koma sanawapambane. Pokhapokha chakumapeto kwa 1966 pamene bungwe la boma lidawona kuti n'zotheka kuyika thankiyo pansi pa dzina la T-64, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi chisankho cha Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU ndi Council of Ministers ya USSR ya December 30. , 1966. Magalimoto onse 250 opangidwa mu 1964-1965 adachotsedwa patatha zaka zinayi.
Monga gawo lamakono a akasinja siriyo pa UVZ Design Bureau motsogozedwa ndi L. N. Kartsev, chitsanzo cha thanki T-62 ndi mizinga 125 mamilimita D-81 ndi autoloader latsopano, otchedwa cabinless mtundu, anapangidwa ndi kupanga. L.H. Kartsev akufotokoza ntchito izi ndi maganizo ake a kudziwana ndi basi Loader wa thanki T-64
