Tanki yayikulu yankhondo Strv-103
Zamkatimu
Tanki yayikulu yankhondo Strv-103(S-Tank kapena Tank 103)
Asilikali aku Sweden pano akufunika akasinja akuluakulu 200-300. Njira zitatu zothetsera vutoli zidakambidwa: mwina pangani tanki yanu yatsopano, kapena gulani akasinja ofunikira kunja (pafupifupi maiko onse akuluakulu omanga akasinja amapereka akasinja awo), kapena konzekerani kupanga tanki yakunja yosankhidwa pansi pa chilolezo pogwiritsa ntchito zina. Zigawo za Swedish pamapangidwe ake. Kuti agwiritse ntchito njira yoyamba, Bofors ndi Hoglund adapanga gulu lomwe linapanga lingaliro la luso la kupanga thanki ya Stridsvagn-2000. Tanki yolemera matani 58 ndi gulu la anthu 3, cannon yaikulu (mwina 140 mm), mizinga yodziwikiratu ya 40 mm, mfuti yotsutsana ndi ndege ya 7,62-mm, iyenera kukhala ndi chitetezo cha zida za modular. kapangidwe kamene kamapereka chitetezo chokwanira. Kuyenda kwa thanki sikuyenera kukhala koyipa kuposa matanki akuluakulu amakono chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito injini ya dizilo ya 1475 hp. ndi., kufala zodziwikiratu, kuyimitsidwa hydropneumatic, amene amalola, mwa zina, kusintha malo angular a makina mu ndege kotalika. Kuchepetsa nthawi ndi ndalama zachitukuko, zida zomwe zilipo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga: injini, kutumiza, mfuti zamakina, zida zowongolera moto, chitetezo ku zida zowononga, ndi zina zotero, koma msonkhano wa chassis, zida zazikulu. ndi automatic loader yake iyenera kupangidwanso mwatsopano. Kumapeto kwa 80s makampani Swedish Hoglund ndi Bofors anayamba kupanga thanki Stridsvagn-2000, amene anakonza m'malo Centurion wakale. Chitsanzo cha kukula kwa thanki iyi chinapangidwanso, koma mu 1991 utsogoleri wa Unduna wa Zachitetezo udatseka ntchito ya Stridsvagn-2000 mogwirizana ndi lingaliro la boma la Sweden kugula thanki yayikulu yankhondo kunja.
The M1A2 "Abrams", "Leclerc akasinja" ndi "Leopard-2" akasinja nawo mayeso mpikisano. Komabe, aku Germany adapereka mawu abwinoko operekera, ndipo galimoto yawo idaposa akasinja aku America ndi French pamayeso. Kuyambira 1996, akasinja Leopard-2 anayamba kulowa Swedish asilikali pansi. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, akatswiri a ku Sweden adapanga ndi kuyesa zitsanzo za thanki yowala yodziwika bwino, yotchedwa SHE5 XX 20 (inkatchedwanso wowononga tank). Imayikidwa pamwamba pa thupi la galimoto yotsatiridwa kutsogolo, yomwe imakhalanso ndi antchito (anthu atatu). Galimoto yachiwiri ili ndi injini ya dizilo ya 120 hp. ndi., zida ndi mafuta. Ndi okwana kumenyana kulemera matani oposa 600, thanki iyi anafika liwiro la 20 Km / h pa mayesero madera chipale chofewa, koma anakhalabe siteji prototype. Mu 60, kampani Bofors analandira dongosolo asilikali 1960 prototypes, ndipo mu 10 anapereka prototypes awiri. Pambuyo kusintha, thanki anaikidwa mu utumiki pansi pa dzina la "1961" ndipo anayamba kupanga mu 5.
Chifukwa cha njira zosazolowereka za masanjidwe, okonzawo adakwanitsa kuphatikiza chitetezo chapamwamba, zozimitsa moto komanso kuyenda bwino mu thanki yokhala ndi misa yocheperako. Chofunikira chophatikiza chitetezo chapamwamba ndi zozimitsa moto pamapangidwe a thanki ndikuyenda bwino ndi misa yocheperako zidakhutitsidwa ndi okonzawo makamaka chifukwa cha mayankho osazolowereka. Tanki ili ndi mawonekedwe osasamala okhala ndi "casemate" yoyika zida zazikulu mu chombocho. Mfutiyi imayikidwa papepala lakutsogolo popanda kukakamiza kupopera molunjika komanso mopingasa. Chitsogozo chake chikuchitika mwa kusintha malo a thupi mu ndege ziwiri. Pamaso pa makinawo pali chipinda cha injini, kumbuyo kwake ndi chipinda chowongolera, chomwe chimalimbananso. Mu chipinda chokhalamo kumanja kwa mfuti ndi mtsogoleri, kumanzere ndi dalaivala (iyenso ndi mfuti), kumbuyo kwake, moyang'ana kumbuyo kwa galimoto, ndi woyendetsa wailesi.
Mtsogoleriyo ali ndi turret yotsika kwambiri ya 208 ° yokhala ndi chivundikiro chimodzi. Kumbuyo kwa galimotoyo kumakhala ndi chojambulira mfuti. Chiwembu chokhazikitsidwa chomwe chinapangitsa kuti azitha kuyika mosavuta mfuti ya 105-mm 174 yopangidwa ndi Bofors pang'ono. Poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo choyambira, mbiya ya 174 imakulitsidwa mpaka 62 calibers (motsutsana ndi 52 calibers a Chingerezi). Mfuti ili ndi hydraulic recoil brake ndi spring knurler; kupulumuka kwa mbiya - mpaka kuwombera 700. Katunduyu amaphatikizanso kuwomberana kokhala ndi zida zoboola zida zazing'ono, zophatikizika ndi zipolopolo za utsi. Zipolopolo zonyamulidwa ndizowombera 50, zomwe - 25 zokhala ndi zipolopolo zazing'ono, 20 zokhala ndi zochulukira ndipo 5 ndi utsi.
Kusasunthika kwa mfuti pokhudzana ndi thupi kunapangitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito chojambulira chosavuta komanso chodalirika, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti mfuti ifike pamtunda wa 15 mozungulira / min. Mukakwezanso mfutiyo, chotengera cha cartridge chomwe chidagwiritsidwa ntchito chimatulutsidwa kudzera pa hatch kuseri kwa thanki. Kuphatikiza ndi ejector yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa mbiya, izi zimachepetsa kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wa chipinda chogonamo. Chojambulira chodziwikiratu chimatsitsidwanso pamanja kudzera pamahatchi awiri aft ndipo zimatenga mphindi 5-10. Chitsogozo cha mfuti mu ndege ofukula ikuchitika ndi longitudinal kugwedezeka kwa hull chifukwa chosinthika hydropneumatic kuyimitsidwa, mu ndege yopingasa - ndi kutembenuza thanki. Mfuti ziwiri zamakina za 7,62-mm zokhala ndi zipolopolo za 2750 zimayikidwa kumanzere kwa mbale yakutsogolo m'bokosi lokhala ndi zida zokhazikika. Utsogoleri wa mfuti zamakina umachitika ndi thupi, i.e. mfuti zamakina zimagwira ntchito ya coaxial ndi cannon, kuwonjezera apo, kumanja kunayikidwa mfuti yamakina 7,62-mm. Mfuti ndi mfuti zamakina zimawomberedwa ndi mkulu wa akasinja kapena woyendetsa. Mfuti ina imayikidwa pa turret pamwamba pa hatch ya woyendetsa galimoto. Kuchokera pamenepo mutha kuwotcha pamlengalenga komanso pansi, turret imatha kuphimbidwa ndi zishango zankhondo.
Woyang'anira galimoto ndi dalaivala ali ndi ma binocular ophatikizira zida za ORZ-11, zokhala ndi makulitsidwe osiyanasiyana. Simrad laser rangefinder imapangidwa m'maso mwa wowomberayo. Chipangizo cha wolamulira chimakhazikika mu ndege yowongoka, ndipo turret yake ili mu ndege yopingasa. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsulo zosinthika za periscope zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtsogoleriyo ali ndi mipiringidzo inayi - imayikidwa pamphepete mwa kapu ya mkulu, dalaivala mmodzi (kumanzere kwa ORZ-11), oyendetsa mawailesi awiri. Zida zowonera pa thanki zimakutidwa ndi zotsekera zankhondo. Chitetezo cha makinawo chimatsimikiziridwa osati ndi makulidwe a zida za zida zowotcherera, komanso ndi ngodya zazikulu za zida zankhondo, makamaka mbale yakutsogolo, malo ang'onoang'ono a kutsogolo ndi mbali. , ndi pansi ngati mbiya. Chofunikira kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe otsika agalimoto: mwa akasinja akuluakulu omenyera nkhondo, galimoto yankhondo iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri. Kuti muteteze ku kuwonedwa kwa adani, zida ziwiri zowombera utsi za 53-mm zokhala ndi mipiringidzo inayi zili m'mbali mwa kapu ya wamkulu. Chidutswa chothamangitsira ogwira ntchito chimapangidwa m'chombocho. Yambani thanki Mfuti ya 81P / -103 imayikidwanso papepala lakutsogolo la hull popanda mwayi wopopera molunjika komanso wopingasa. Chitsogozo chake chikuchitika mwa kusintha malo a thupi mu ndege ziwiri.
Zochita za tanki yayikulu yankhondo ya STRV - 103
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Kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo pa nkhondo, palibe akasinja atsopano omwe adapangidwa ku Sweden. Mu 1953, akasinja a 80 Centurion Mk 3 okhala ndi mfuti 83,4 mamilimita, osankhidwa 51P / -81, adagulidwa ku UK, ndipo pambuyo pake pafupifupi 270 Centurion MK 10 akasinja okhala ndi mfuti 105 mm adagulidwa. Komabe, makinawa sanakhutiritse mokwanira gulu lankhondo la Sweden. Choncho, kuyambira m'ma 50s anayamba kuphunzira za kuthekera ndi expediency kupanga thanki yathu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, utsogoleri wa asilikali unachokera ku lingaliro ili: thanki ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu Swedish Defense system pakali pano komanso m'tsogolomu, makamaka poteteza madera otseguka kum'mwera kwa dziko komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baltic. Mbali za Sweden anthu ochepa (8,3 miliyoni anthu) ndi gawo lalikulu (450000 Km.2), kutalika kwa malire (makilomita 1600 kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera), zotchinga madzi ambiri (nyanja zoposa 95000), nthawi yochepa yotumikira msilikali. Chifukwa chake, thanki yaku Sweden iyenera kukhala ndi chitetezo chabwino kuposa thanki ya Centurion, yoposa mphamvu yamoto, komanso kuyenda kwa thanki (kuphatikiza kutha kuthana ndi zopinga zamadzi) kuyenera kukhala pamlingo wamitundu yabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mogwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi, thanki 51P / -103, amatchedwanso "5" thanki.
