Operation Market Garden
Operation Market-Garden imadziwika ngati kugonja kwakukulu kwa Allies, koma izi sizodziwika bwino. Ajeremani adawonongeka kwambiri ndikumasula gawo la Netherlands, ndikupanga maziko a kuukira kwa Reich kudzera mu Reichswald, ngakhale ichi sichinali cholinga choyambirira.
Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yokhudzana ndi asitikali apamlengalenga, yomwe idachitika ndi Allies mu Seputembara 1944 m'gawo la Netherlands yomwe idalandidwa, inali ndi cholinga chochotsa asitikali aku Germany ndikudutsa mipanda yachitetezo yaku Germany yomwe imadziwika kuti "Siegfried Line" kuchokera kumpoto, yomwe imayenera kutero. Lolani kulowa mu Ruhr ndikufulumizitsa kutha kwa nkhondo. Nkhani yaikulu inali kugwidwa kwa milatho pa Rhine ndi mitsinje ina Germany asanawononge. Opaleshoniyo inakonzedwa ndi Marshal Montgomery, yemwe anali woyang'anira Gulu la Gulu Lankhondo la 21 ndipo anali pa mpikisano wothamanga ndi mkulu wa asilikali a 3 a US, General George Patton, kuti awone yemwe adzafike ku mafakitale a Third Reich poyamba. Montgomery ananyengerera General Dwight Eisenhower kuti achite opaleshoniyi, ngakhale kuti panali chiopsezo chachikulu chochichita.
Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa ku Normandy m’chilimwe cha 1944, asilikali a Germany anachoka ku France, ndipo magulu ankhondo a Allied anawathamangitsa, makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta zonyamula mafuta ndi zinthu zina zomwe zinayenera kunyamulidwa kuchokera ku madoko ochita kupanga ku Normandy ndi kutulutsa kochepa. madoko a Cherbourg ndi Havre. Pa Seputembala 2, asitikali aku Britain adalowa ku Belgium, ndipo patatha masiku awiri gulu la Guards Tank Division limasula Brussels, likudutsa m'dera la Belgian pafupifupi popanda kumenyana. Pa nthawi yomweyi, pa September 5, 1944, British XXX Corps, yomwe ikulimbana ndi kumpoto, inagonjetsa Antwerp ndi 11th Panzer Division kutsogolo. Panthawiyi, gulu la 1st Armored Division la Polish, lomwe lili mbali ya Canadian 1st Army, linatenga Ypres.
1st Allied Airborne Army, yomwe inalengedwa m'chilimwe cha 1944, inali ndi magawo asanu m'magulu awiri. British 1st Airborne Corps inali ndi 6th DPD ndi 1st DPD ndi 17th Polish Independent Parachute Brigade, pamene American 82nd Airborne Corps inali ndi 101st DPD, XNUMXst DPD ndi XNUMXth I am DPD.
Panthawi imeneyi, mkulu wa XXX Corps adalakwitsa kwambiri. Atangolandidwa Antwerp, kunali koyenera kupita ma kilomita angapo kumpoto ndikudula Midden-Zeeland Peninsula kudziko lonselo. Izi zitseka kuthawa kwa Gulu Lankhondo la Germany 15, lomwe linali kubwerera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Belgian, kudutsa Ostend, kumpoto chakum'mawa, kufananiza ndi a XXX Corps akuyenda kutsogolo kwakukulu.
Antwerp si m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma m'mphepete mwa Scheldt, mtsinje waukulu womwe umadutsa ku France, kuchokera ku Cambrai, kenako kudutsa ku Belgium. Pafupi ndi pakamwa pa Scheldt, imatembenukira kwambiri kumadzulo, kulowera kugombe lalitali lochokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa. Mphepete mwa nyanjayi ndi yopapatiza kwambiri m'munsi, ndiye kukulitsa chilumba cha Zuid-Beveland ndi chilumba cha Walcheren chogona kupitiriza, koma chogwirizana ndi chilumbachi ndi maulendo amtunda (chilumbacho chinali chisanadze ngalande za polders. ). Pamene asilikali a ku Britain analanda Antwerp, anamanga mbali ina ya asilikali a 15 kumadzulo kwa mzindawo. Komabe, kusowa kwa "kutsekedwa" kwa chisumbu chogwirizanitsa chilumba cha Zuid-Beveland ndi dziko lonse lapansi kunatanthauza kuti pakati pa 4 ndi 20 September Ajeremani adadutsa pakamwa pa Scheldt ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera, makamaka kuchokera ku 65th. ndi 000th Rifle Divisions (DP). Kusamutsidwa komwe kwatchulidwaku kunachitika kuchokera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Antwerp kupita ku Zuid-Beveland peninsula ndi chilumba cha Walcheren cholumikizana nacho, komwe ambiri adalowa mkati mwa Netherlands, pansi pa mphuno ya British XXX Corps, popeza Mkulu wa asilikali, Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks, anali kuganiza za kuwukira chakum'mawa kwa Netherlands ndi kupitirira ku Germany, ndi kuti Germany akhoza kusamutsidwa mwadongosolo chotero, izo sizinachitike kwa iye.
Panthawiyi, Guards Armored Division, ikupita kum'mwera, mwadzidzidzi inakhazikika pa Albert Canal m'tawuni ya Belgian ya Lommel, pafupi ndi malire ndi Netherlands, akuthamanga pafupifupi kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa, Germany isanatembenukire kum'mwera, ndikupanga. chotulukira kum'mwera kuli chinenero chaching'ono cha Chidatchi, mkati mwake muli mzinda wa Maastricht. Kuchokera ku France kudutsa ku Belgium konse, Ajeremani adatha kuchoka ku magulu ankhondo a Allied omwe akuwathamangitsa, ndipo panali pa Albert Canal kuti mzere waukulu wa chitetezo unapangidwa. Chinali chotchinga madzi achilengedwe, chotambalala, cholumikiza Antwerp (Scheldt) ndi Liège (Meuse). Ngalande imeneyi inali njira yamadzi yolunjika kuchokera ku malo odziwika bwino a mafakitale otchuka chifukwa cha kupanga zitsulo, ndi doko lalikulu la nyanja. Mosa yodutsa ku Liège, kumbali ina, idayenda kumpoto chakum'mawa kumalire a Germany-Dutch osati kutali ndi iyo, idatembenukira kumpoto pafupi ndi Venlo, ndipo idatembenukira chakumadzulo pafupi ndi Nijmegen, kufananiza nthambi ziwiri za Rhine kumpoto, ndendende kupyola mumsewu. Netherlands , kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo kupita ku North Sea.
Njira zingapo zazikulu zotumizira zimadutsa ku Netherlands, zomwe zimakumbidwa mosavuta kuno chifukwa cha mpumulo wokhazikika wa South Holland. Kuphatikiza apo, malo adambo okhala ndi madambo ambiri adathandizira bungwe lachitetezo pano. Komabe, kwakanthawi, kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa Seputembara 1944, asitikali aku Germany adakankhira mtsinje wa Albert Canal, womwe ukuyenda molingana ndi malire a Belgian-Dutch. Ndipo mosayembekezereka, pa Seputembara 10, 1944, gulu lachiwiri la 2 Irish Guards Battalion, motsogozedwa ndi 5th Guards Tank Brigade kuchokera ku Guards Armored Division, adalowa m'mudzi wa Lommel pafupi ndi tawuni ya Neerpelt ndikugwira mlatho womwewo pa Albert Canal, kudutsa. zomwe a Guards Shermans adadutsamo, akukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa ngalandeyo. Kuchokera m'tawuni iyi, msewu Nambala 69 unapita ku Eindhoven, kumene kumpoto pang'ono kwa mzindawu, ku Son, unadutsa Wilhelmina Canal, kenako kudutsa Manda, kumene msewuwo unadutsa Meuse ndi Nimegen, kumene msewu, mu kutembenuka, anawoloka nthambi kum'mwera kwa Rhine - Waal , kuti Arnhem, kumene msewu anawoloka North Rhine - Lower Rhine. Kenaka msewu womwewo unapita kumpoto mpaka kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Netherlands, kugawanika ku Meppel kukhala nthambi yopita ku Leeuwarden, pafupi ndi nyanja, ndi Groningen, kufupi ndi malire ndi Germany. Kenako Netherlands inatha, apa gombe anatembenukira kummawa, pafupi Emden, amene anali kale mu Germany.
Pamene pa August 13, Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery anapereka lingaliro loyamba la opaleshoni yatsopano, panthawiyi yotchedwa "Comet", adafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mlatho wogwidwa pamwamba pa Albert Canal, womwe panthawiyi unatchedwa "Joe's Bridge" polemekeza. wa mkulu wa 3rd Irish Guards Battalion - lieutenant colonel. John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur, Mechanized Infantry Battalion (oyamba ake a JOE, komanso dzina la Lieutenant Colonel Vandeleur) kuti ayambe kuwukira Highway 69 ku Arnhem kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja. Choncho, asilikali ake akadakhala kumpoto kwa mipanda ya Germany yotchedwa "Siegfried Line", yomwe inadutsa malire onse ndi France, Luxembourg ndi Belgium, komanso mbali ya Netherlands, ndipo inatha ku Kleve, kumene Rhine imayenda. ku mbali ya Dutch, pang'ono kumbuyo kwa malire, kugawanika kukhala mikono iwiri ikuluikulu: Waal kum'mwera ndi Lower Rhine kumpoto, kuwoloka Netherlands ndikusiya North Sea. Kutuluka kumpoto kwa Lower Rhine kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kutembenukira kummawa ndikuukira Germany kumpoto kwa Siegfried Line ndi kumpoto kwa Ruhr, kulowera ku Münster. Kuukira kwa Ruhr ku Germany kukanakhala tsoka kwa nkhondo ya Germany ndipo kuyenera kuti kuthetseratu nkhondoyo.
