Iwo anafupikitsa mpweya
Zygmunt Wróblewski ndi Karol Olszewski anali oyamba padziko lapansi kusungunula mipweya yambiri yomwe amati ndi yosatha. Asayansi omwe tawatchulawa anali maprofesa pa yunivesite ya Jagiellonian kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Pali zinthu zitatu zakuthupi m'chilengedwe: zolimba, zamadzimadzi ndi gasi. Zikatenthedwa, zolimba zimasanduka madzi (mwachitsanzo, ayezi kukhala madzi, chitsulo amathanso kusungunuka), koma madzi? mu mpweya (mwachitsanzo, kutayikira kwa petulo, kutuluka kwa madzi). Asayansi amadzifunsa kuti: kodi njira yosinthirayi ndi yotheka? Kodi ndizotheka, mwachitsanzo, kupanga gasi kukhala liquefied kapena kulimba?
asayansi sanafe pa sitampu yotumizira
Inde, zinadziwika mwamsanga kuti ngati thupi lamadzimadzi lisandulika kukhala gasi likatenthedwa, ndiye kuti mpweyawo ukhoza kukhala wamadzimadzi. pozizira kwa iye. Choncho, anayesera liquefy mpweya ndi kuzirala, ndipo kunapezeka kuti sulfure dioxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine ndi mpweya wina akhoza condensed ndi kuchepa pang'ono kutentha. Kenako zinadziwika kuti mpweya ukhoza kusungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwa magazi. Pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yonse iwiri pamodzi, pafupifupi mpweya wonse ukhoza kusungunuka. Komabe, liquefying nitric oxide, methane, oxygen, nayitrogeni, carbon monoxide ndi mpweya. Iwo anatchedwa mipweya yosalekeza.
Komabe, kutentha kowonjezereka ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse kukana kwa mpweya wokhazikika. Ankaganiziridwa kuti mpweya uliwonse umene uli pamwamba pa kutentha kwina sungathe kukhazikika, ngakhale kuti pali kupanikizika kwambiri. Inde, kutentha kumeneku kunali kosiyana pa gasi lililonse.
Kufika kuzizira kwambiri sikunasamalidwe bwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Michal Faraday anasakaniza carbon dioxide yolimba ndi ether ndiyeno anatsitsa mphamvu ya m’chombocho. Kenako mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi ether unasanduka nthunzi; akamasanduka nthunzi, adatenga kutentha kuchokera ku chilengedwe ndipo adaziziritsa chilengedwe mpaka kutentha kwa -110 ° C (zowonadi, muzotengera za isothermal).
Zinadziwika kuti ngati gasi wina wagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchepa kwa kutentha ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga, ndiyeno panthawi yomaliza kupanikizika kunachepetsedwa kwambirikutentha kunatsika mofulumira. Komanso, otchedwa njira ya cascade. Nthawi zambiri, zimatengera kusankha mipweya ingapo, yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuti ikhale yovuta komanso yotsika komanso yotsika. Mothandizidwa ndi, mwachitsanzo, ayezi ndi mchere, mpweya woyamba umasungunuka; Pochepetsa kupanikizika mu chotengera chokhala ndi mpweya, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwake kumatheka. Mu chotengera chokhala ndi mpweya woyamba pali silinda yokhala ndi mpweya wachiwiri, komanso mopanikizika. Yotsirizirayo, itakhazikika ndi mpweya woyamba ndikudetsa nkhawa kachiwiri, imachepetsa ndikupereka kutentha kwambiri kuposa mpweya woyamba. Silinda yokhala ndi mpweya wachiwiri ili ndi chachitatu, ndi zina. Izi mwina ndi momwe kutentha kwa -240 ° C kunapezedwa.
Olshevsky ndi Vrublevsky adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri, i.e., kutsika koyamba, kuti awonjezere kupanikizika ndikuchepetsa kwambiri. Kupondereza mpweya wopanikizika kwambiri kungakhale koopsa ndipo zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ethylene ndi okosijeni zimapanga chisakanizo chophulika ndi mphamvu ya dynamite. Pamodzi mwa kuphulika kwa Wroblewski anangopulumutsa moyo mwangozichifukwa panthawiyo anali pafupi ndi kamera; Tsiku lotsatira, Olszewski anavulalanso kwambiri chifukwa chitsulo chachitsulo chokhala ndi ethylene ndi mpweya chinaphulika pafupi naye.
Pomalizira pake, pa April 9, 1883, asayansi athu anatha kulengeza zimenezo iwo anasungunuka mpweyakuti ndi madzi kwathunthu ndi colorless. Motero, maprofesa awiri a ku Krakow anali patsogolo pa sayansi yonse ya ku Ulaya.
Posakhalitsa, iwo liquefied nayitrogeni, carbon monoxide ndi mpweya. Kotero iwo anatsimikizira kuti "mipweya yosalekeza" kulibe, ndipo anapanga njira yopezera kutentha kwambiri.
