Humanization wa robot - makina a munthu

Tikasankha luntha lochita kupanga kuchokera ku nthano zodziwika bwino, zitha kukhala zodalirika komanso zothandiza kwambiri. Munthu ndi makina - kodi kuphatikiza uku kumapanga tandem yosaiwalika?

Atagonjetsedwa ndi Deep Blue supercomputer mu 1997, Garry Kasparov anapumula, kuganiza mozama ndipo ... anabwerera ku mpikisano mu mtundu watsopano - mogwirizana ndi makina otchedwa centaur. Ngakhale wosewera wamba wophatikizidwa ndi kompyuta wamba amatha kugonjetsa makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri a chess - kuphatikiza kwa malingaliro amunthu ndi makina kwasintha masewerawo. Choncho, atagonjetsedwa ndi makina, Kasparov anaganiza zolowa nawo mgwirizano, womwe uli ndi gawo lophiphiritsira.

ndondomeko kusokoneza malire pakati pa makina ndi anthu ikupitirira kwa zaka. Timawona momwe zipangizo zamakono zingasinthire ntchito zina za ubongo wathu, chitsanzo chabwino cha mafoni a m'manja kapena mapiritsi omwe amathandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kukumbukira. Ngakhale otsutsa ena amanena kuti amazimitsanso ntchito zambiri zaubongo mwa anthu omwe kale anali opanda zilema ... Mulimonsemo, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makina zimalowetsa kwambiri maganizo a anthu - zikhale zowoneka, monga zolengedwa za digito kapena zomwe zili mu zenizeni zowonjezera, kapena kumva. , monga mawu a othandizira anzeru opangira nzeru monga Alexa.

Dziko lathu lapansi likuwoneka kapena lodzaza ndi nzeru za "achilendo", ma aligorivimu omwe amatiwonera, kulankhula nafe, kuchita malonda nafe, kapena kutithandiza kusankha zovala ngakhale mnzathu wamoyo m'malo mwathu.

Palibe amene amanena mozama kuti pali luntha lochita kupanga lofanana ndi laumunthu, koma ambiri adzavomereza kuti machitidwe a AI ali okonzeka kuyanjana kwambiri ndi anthu ndikupanga kuchokera ku "hybrid", makina-anthu machitidwe, pogwiritsa ntchito zabwino kuchokera kumbali zonse ziwiri.

AI ikuyandikira pafupi ndi anthu

General Artificial Intelligence

Asayansi Mikhail Lebedev, Ioan Opris ndi Manuel Casanova ochokera ku yunivesite ya Duke ku North Carolina akhala akuphunzira mutu wowonjezera mphamvu za malingaliro athu kwa nthawi ndithu, monga momwe tafotokozera kale ku MT. Malinga ndi iwo, pofika chaka cha 2030, dziko limene nzeru zaumunthu zidzakulitsidwa ndi zoikamo muubongo lidzakhala lodziwika tsiku ndi tsiku.

Ray Kurzweil ndi maulosi ake nthawi yomweyo amabwera m'maganizo. ukadaulo umodzi. Katswiri wina wotchuka wa m’tsogoloyu analemba kalekale kuti ubongo wathu ndi wochedwa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi liwiro limene makompyuta a makompyuta amatha kukonza zinthu. Ngakhale luso lapadera la malingaliro aumunthu kusanthula zambiri zambiri pa nthawi yomweyo, Kurzweil amakhulupirira kuti posachedwapa kukula computational liwiro la makompyuta digito adzakhala kwambiri kuposa luso ubongo. Akuwonetsa kuti ngati asayansi atha kumvetsetsa momwe ubongo umachitira zinthu zosokoneza komanso zovuta, ndikuzikonza kuti zimvetsetse, izi zipangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chaukadaulo komanso kusintha kwanzeru kopanga motsogozedwa ndi omwe amatchedwa General AI. Ndi ndani?

Artificial intelligence nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu: yopapatiza Oraz Mfundo zambiri (AGI).

Yoyamba yomwe titha kuwona kutizungulira masiku ano, makamaka pamakompyuta, machitidwe ozindikiritsa mawu, othandizira ngati Siri mu iPhone, makina ozindikira zachilengedwe omwe amayikidwa m'magalimoto odziyimira pawokha, mumayendedwe osungitsa ma hotelo, pakuwunika kwa x-ray, kuyika zolemba zosayenera pa Internet. , kuphunzira kulemba mawu pa kiyibodi foni yanu ndi zambiri ntchito zina.

General Artificial Intelligence ndi zina zambiri kukumbukira maganizo a munthu. Ndi mawonekedwe osinthika omwe amatha kuphunzira chilichonse chomwe mungaphunzire kuchokera pakumeta tsitsi mpaka kumanganso ma spreadsheets kulingalira ndi ziganizo zochokera deta. AGI sinamangidwebe (mwamwayi ena amati), ndipo timadziwa zambiri za izo kuchokera m'mafilimu kusiyana ndi zenizeni. Zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za izi ndi HAL 9000 kuyambira 2001. Space Odyssey" kapena Skynet kuchokera mndandanda wa "Terminator".

Kafukufuku wa 2012-2013 wa magulu anayi a akatswiri ofufuza a AI Vincent S. Muller ndi wafilosofi Nick Bostrom adawonetsa mwayi wa 50 peresenti kuti nzeru zamakono (AGI) zidzapangidwa pakati pa 2040 ndi 2050, ndipo pofika 2075 mwayi udzawonjezeka kufika 90% . . Akatswiri amaloseranso siteji yapamwamba, yotchedwa nzeru zopangapangazomwe amazifotokoza kuti ndi “luntha loposa nzeru za munthu m’mbali zonse”. M'malingaliro awo, ziwoneka zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pakukwaniritsidwa kwa OGI. Akatswiri ena a AI amati maulosi awa ndi olimba mtima kwambiri. Popeza sitimvetsetsa bwino momwe ubongo wamunthu umagwirira ntchito, okayikira akuchedwetsa kutuluka kwa AGI ndi zaka mazana ambiri.

Maso apakompyuta HAL 1000

Palibe amnesia

Cholepheretsa chachikulu ku AGI yowona ndi chizolowezi cha machitidwe a AI kuiwala zomwe aphunzira asanayese kupita ku ntchito zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la AI lozindikiritsa nkhope lidzasanthula zithunzi zambiri za nkhope za anthu kuti zizindikire bwino, mwachitsanzo, pamasamba ochezera. Koma popeza kuphunzira machitidwe a AI samamvetsetsa kwenikweni tanthauzo la zomwe akuchita, ndiye tikafuna kuwaphunzitsa kuchita china kutengera zomwe aphunzira kale, ngakhale ndi ntchito yofanana (kunena, kutengeka). kuzindikira nkhope), ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuyambira pachiyambi. Kuphatikiza apo, titaphunzira ma aligorivimu, sitingathenso kusintha, kuwongolera mwanjira ina kuposa kuchuluka.

Kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi akhala akuyesetsa kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli. Ngati atapambana, machitidwe a AI atha kuphunzira kuchokera kumagulu atsopano a maphunziro osalemba zambiri zomwe anali nazo kale.

Irina Higgins wa Google DeepMind adapereka njira pamsonkhano ku Prague mu Ogasiti zomwe zitha kuthetsa kufooka kwa AI komweko. Gulu lake lapanga "AI wothandizila" - ngati munthu wamasewera apakanema oyendetsedwa ndi algorithm omwe amatha kuganiza mwanzeru kuposa ma aligorivimu wamba - wokhoza "kulingalira" zomwe amakumana nazo m'malo amodzi angawonekere kwina. Mwanjira imeneyi, neural network idzatha kulekanitsa zinthu zomwe zakumana nazo m'malo ofananirako kuchokera ku chilengedwe chokha ndikuzimvetsetsa m'makonzedwe atsopano kapena malo. Nkhani ya arXiv ikufotokoza kafukufuku wa sutikesi yoyera kapena algorithm yozindikiritsa mipando. Akaphunzitsidwa, algorithm imatha "kuwawona" m'dziko latsopano ndikuwazindikira akakumana.

Mwachidule, mtundu uwu wa algorithm ukhoza kusiyanitsa zomwe umakumana nazo ndi zomwe waziwonapo kale - monga momwe anthu ambiri amachitira, koma mosiyana ndi ma algorithms ambiri. Dongosolo la AI limasinthira zomwe likudziwa zapadziko lapansi popanda kuphunziranso ndikuyambiranso chilichonse. Kwenikweni, dongosololi limatha kusamutsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chomwe chilipo pamalo atsopano. Zoonadi, chitsanzo cha Ms. Higgins palokha si AGI, koma ndi sitepe yoyamba yofunikira ku ma algorithms osinthika omwe samavutika ndi makina amnesia.

Polemekeza kupusa

Mikael Trazzi ndi Roman V. Yampolsky, ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Paris, amakhulupirira kuti yankho la funso la kusinthika kwa munthu ndi makina ndikuyambitsa nzeru zopangira ma algorithms komanso "kupusa kopanga". Izi zipangitsanso kukhala otetezeka kwa ife. Zachidziwikire, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) imathanso kukhala yotetezeka pochepetsa mphamvu yakukonza ndi kukumbukira. Komabe, asayansi amazindikira kuti kompyuta yanzeru kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, ikhoza kuyitanitsa mphamvu zambiri kudzera mu cloud computing, kugula zipangizo ndi kutumiza, kapena ngakhale kuyendetsedwa ndi munthu wosayankhula. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyipitsa tsogolo la AGI ndi tsankho la anthu komanso zolakwika zamalingaliro.

Ofufuza amaona kuti zimenezi n’zomveka. Anthu ali ndi malire omveka bwino owerengera (kukumbukira, kukonza, kuwerengera, ndi "kuthamanga kwa wotchi") ndipo amadziwika ndi kukondera kwachidziwitso. General yokumba nzeru si choncho. Choncho, ngati iti ikhale pafupi ndi munthuyo, iyenera kuchepetsedwa motere.

Trazzi ndi Yampolsky akuwoneka kuti amaiwala pang'ono kuti ili ndi lupanga lakuthwa konsekonse, chifukwa zitsanzo zosawerengeka zimasonyeza momwe kupusa ndi tsankho zingakhale zoopsa.

Maganizo ndi makhalidwe

Lingaliro la otchulidwa pamakina okhala ndi zowoneka bwino, zonga za anthu akhala akulimbikitsa malingaliro amunthu kalekale. Kale liwu loti "roboti" lisanatchulidwe, malingaliro adapangidwa okhudza ma golem, ma automatons, ndi makina ochezeka (kapena ayi) okhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi mzimu wa zamoyo. Ngakhale kuti makompyuta ali ponseponse, sitimva ngati talowa mu nthawi ya robotics yodziwika, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku masomphenya a mndandanda wa Jetsons. Masiku ano, maloboti amatha kusesa m'nyumba, kuyendetsa galimoto, ndi kuyang'anira mndandanda wazosewerera paphwando, koma onse amasiya zambiri zomwe zingakhudze umunthu wawo.

Komabe, izi zitha kusintha posachedwa. Ndani akudziwa ngati zambiri khalidwe ndi campy makina ngati vekitala Anki. M'malo moganizira za kuchuluka kwa ntchito zothandiza zomwe zingagwire, okonzawo adafuna kupatsa chilengedwe cha makina ndi "moyo". Nthawi zonse, yolumikizidwa ndi mtambo, robot yaying'ono imatha kuzindikira nkhope ndikukumbukira mayina. Amavina ndi nyimbo, amayankha kugwidwa ngati nyama, ndipo amalimbikitsidwa ndi macheza. Ngakhale kuti amatha kuyankhula, amatha kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha thupi komanso zizindikiro zosavuta zamaganizo pawonetsero.

Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuchita zambiri - mwachitsanzo, kuyankha mwaluso mafunso, kusewera masewera, kulosera zanyengo komanso kujambula zithunzi. Kupyolera mukusintha kosalekeza, nthawi zonse amaphunzira luso latsopano.

Vector sinapangidwe kuti ikhale akatswiri a firiji. Ndipo mwina iyi ndi njira yobweretsera anthu pafupi ndi makina, ogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa mapulogalamu okhumba kuti aphatikize ubongo waumunthu ndi AI. Izi siziri kutali ndi polojekiti yokhayo yamtunduwu. Ma prototypes adapangidwa kwa zaka zingapo maloboti othandizira okalamba ndi odwalaamene zimawavuta kwambiri kupereka chisamaliro choyenera pamtengo wokwanira. Wodziwika tsabola wa robot, yemwe amagwira ntchito ku kampani ya ku Japan ya SoftBank, ayenera kuwerenga maganizo a anthu ndikuphunzira momwe angagwirizanitse ndi anthu. Pamapeto pake, ikuthandiza panyumba ndi kusamalira ana ndi okalamba.

Mayi wachikulire amalumikizana ndi loboti ya Pepper

Chida, nzeru zapamwamba kapena kukhala amodzi

Pomaliza, zitha kuzindikirika mitsinje ikuluikulu itatu polingalira za kakulidwe ka luntha lochita kupanga ndi ubale wake ndi anthu.

• Woyamba akuganiza kuti kupanga nzeru zopangapanga (AI) zomwe ndi zofanana komanso zofanana ndi munthu nthawi zambiri sizingatheke. zosatheka kapena kutali kwambiri ndi nthawi. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, makina ophunzirira makina ndi zomwe timatcha AI adzakhala angwiro kwambiri, okhoza kuchita ntchito zawo zapadera, koma osapitirira malire - zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti adzangotumikira phindu laumunthu. Popeza idzakhalabe makina, ndiye kuti, palibe choposa chida chamakina, imatha kuthandizira pakugwira ntchito ndikuthandizira munthu (chips mu ubongo ndi mbali zina za thupi), ndipo mwina kuvulaza kapena kupha anthu. .
• Lingaliro lachiwiri ndi mwayi. kupanga koyambirira kwa AGIndiyeno, chifukwa cha kusinthika kwenikweni kwa makina, pitani nzeru zopangapanga. Masomphenyawa ndi owopsa kwa munthu, chifukwa supermind angaganize kuti ndi mdani kapena chinthu chosafunikira kapena chovulaza. Zoneneratu zoterezi sizimaletsa kuthekera kwakuti mtundu wa anthu ungafunike ndi makina m'tsogolomu, ngakhale kuti osati ngati gwero la mphamvu, monga mu The Matrix.
• Pomaliza, tilinso ndi lingaliro la "umodzi" wa Ray Kurzweil, i.e. wodabwitsa. kuphatikiza anthu ndi makina. Izi zingatipatse mwayi watsopano, ndipo makina adzapatsidwa AGI yaumunthu, ndiko kuti, nzeru zapadziko lonse lapansi. Potsatira chitsanzo ichi, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi dziko la makina ndi anthu lidzakhala losazindikirika.

Mitundu yanzeru zopangira

• ndege - apadera, kuyankha pazochitika zinazake ndikuchita ntchito zofotokozedwa bwino (DeepBlue, AlphaGo).
• Ndi zinthu zochepa zokumbukira - apadera, pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zomwe zalandilidwa popanga zisankho (magalimoto odziyimira pawokha, ma chat bots, othandizira mawu).
• Wopatsidwa ndi malingaliro odziyimira pawokha - wamba, kumvetsetsa malingaliro aumunthu, malingaliro, zolinga ndi ziyembekezo, wokhoza kuyanjana popanda zoletsa. Akukhulupirira kuti makope oyamba adzapangidwa mu gawo lotsatira la chitukuko cha AI.
• kudzidziwitsa - kuwonjezera pa malingaliro osinthasintha, amakhalanso ndi chidziwitso, i.e. malingaliro aumwini. Pakalipano, masomphenyawa ali pansi pa chizindikiro cha mabuku.