Fiziki yatsopano imawala kuchokera kumalo ambiri

Kusintha kulikonse komwe tingafune kupanga ku Standard Model of physics (1) kapena relativity wamba, malingaliro athu awiri abwino kwambiri (ngakhale osagwirizana) a chilengedwe chonse, ali kale ochepa. M'mawu ena, simungathe kusintha zambiri popanda kuwononga zonse.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti palinso zotsatira ndi zochitika zomwe sizingathe kufotokozedwa pamaziko a zitsanzo zomwe timadziwa. Ndiye kodi tiyenera kuchita khama kuti chilichonse chisamveke bwino kapena kuti chisagwirizane pa mtengo uliwonse wogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso zomwe zilipo kale, kapena tiyenera kuyang'ana zatsopano? Ili ndi limodzi mwamafunso ofunikira afizikiki yamakono.

Standard Model of particle physics yafotokoza bwino zonse zomwe zimadziwika ndi zopezeka pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tawonapo. Chilengedwecho chinapangidwa ndi quarks, leptonov ndi ma gauge bosons, omwe amatumiza atatu mwa mphamvu zinayi zofunika m'chilengedwe ndikupatsa tinthu ting'onoting'ono mpumulo. Palinso mgwirizano wamba, wathu, mwatsoka, osati chiphunzitso cha quantum cha mphamvu yokoka, chomwe chimalongosola mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi-nthawi, chinthu ndi mphamvu m'chilengedwe.

Chovuta chopitilira ziphunzitso ziwirizi ndikuti ngati mutayesa kusintha poyambitsa zatsopano, malingaliro ndi kuchuluka, mudzapeza zotsatira zomwe zimatsutsana ndi miyeso ndi zowonera zomwe tili nazo kale. Ndikoyeneranso kukumbukira kuti ngati mukufuna kupyola ndondomeko yathu ya sayansi yamakono, mtolo wa umboni ndi waukulu. Kumbali ina, ndizovuta kuti musayembekezere zambiri kuchokera kwa munthu yemwe amasokoneza zitsanzo zomwe zayesedwa ndi kuyesedwa kwa zaka zambiri.

Poyang'anizana ndi zofuna zotere, sizodabwitsa kuti palibe amene amayesa kutsutsa paradigm yomwe ilipo mufizikiki. Ndipo ngati zitero, sizimatengedwa mozama, chifukwa zimapunthwa mwachangu pamacheke osavuta. Kotero, ngati tiwona mabowo omwe angakhalepo, ndiye kuti izi ndizowonetseratu, kusonyeza kuti chinachake chikuwala kwinakwake, koma sizikuwonekeratu ngati kuli koyenera kupita kumeneko nkomwe.

Fiziki yodziwika bwino siyitha kuthana ndi chilengedwe

Zitsanzo za kunyezimira kwa izi "zatsopano ndi zosiyana"? Chabwino, mwachitsanzo, zowonera za kuchuluka kwa recoil, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi mawu akuti Chilengedwe chimangodzazidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Standard Model ndikumvera chiphunzitso chonse cha relativity. Tikudziwa kuti magwero apadera a mphamvu yokoka, milalang'amba, magulu a milalang'amba, ngakhale ukonde waukulu wa cosmic sizokwanira kufotokoza chodabwitsa ichi, mwina. Tikudziwa kuti, ngakhale kuti Standard Model imanena kuti zinthu ndi antimatter ziyenera kupangidwa ndi kuwonongedwa mofanana, tikukhala m’chilengedwe chopangidwa makamaka ndi zinthu ndi kachulukidwe kakang’ono ka antimatter. M’mawu ena, timaona kuti “sayansi yodziwika bwino” siingathe kufotokoza zonse zimene timaona m’chilengedwe.

Zoyesera zambiri zatulutsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka zomwe, ngati zitayesedwa pamlingo wapamwamba, zikhoza kukhala zosintha. Ngakhale zomwe zimatchedwa Atomic Anomaly zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono zitha kukhala zolakwika zoyesera, koma zitha kukhalanso chizindikiro chopitilira Standard Model. Njira zosiyanasiyana zoyezera chilengedwe zimapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamlingo wa kukula kwake - vuto lomwe tidakambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani zaposachedwa za MT.

Komabe, palibe chimodzi mwazosokonezazi chomwe chimapereka zotsatira zokhutiritsa zokwanira kuti ziwoneke ngati chizindikiro chosatsutsika cha sayansi yatsopano. Chilichonse kapena zonsezi zitha kukhala kusinthasintha kwa ziwerengero kapena chida chosasankhidwa bwino. Ambiri aiwo angaloze ku fizikiki yatsopano, koma amatha kufotokozedwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadziwika bwino ndi zochitika zapagulu komanso Standard Model.

Tikukonzekera kuyesa, ndikuyembekeza zotsatira zomveka bwino komanso malingaliro. Posachedwapa tikhoza kuona ngati mphamvu zakuda zili ndi phindu lokhazikika. Kutengera ndi maphunziro a mlalang'amba omwe adakonzedwa ndi Vera Rubin Observatory komanso zambiri za supernovae zakutali zomwe zitha kupezeka mtsogolo. nancy grace telescope, m'mbuyomu WONSE, tiyenera kudziwa ngati mphamvu zakuda zimasintha ndi nthawi mpaka 1%. Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti chitsanzo chathu cha "cosmological" chiyenera kusinthidwa. N'zotheka kuti danga la laser interferometer antenna (LISA) malinga ndi dongosolo lidzatipatsanso zodabwitsa. Mwachidule, tikuwerengera magalimoto owonera ndi zoyeserera zomwe tikukonzekera.

Ifenso tikugwirabe ntchito m'munda wa particle physics, tikuyembekeza kupeza zochitika kunja kwa Model, monga kuyeza kolondola kwa nthawi ya maginito ya electron ndi muon - ngati sagwirizana, physics yatsopano ikuwonekera. Tikuyesetsa kudziwa momwe amasinthira neutrino - apanso, fiziki yatsopano ikuwonekera. Ndipo ngati tipanga collider yolondola ya electron-positron, yozungulira kapena yozungulira (2), tikhoza kuzindikira zinthu zoposa Standard Model zomwe LHC silingathe kuzizindikira. M'dziko lafizikiki, mtundu wokulirapo wa LHC wokhala ndi ma circumference mpaka 100 km waperekedwa kale. Izi zingapereke mphamvu zowombana kwambiri, zomwe, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri a sayansi, potsirizira pake zingasonyeze zochitika zatsopano. Komabe, izi ndi ndalama zodula kwambiri, ndipo kumanga chimphona kokha pa mfundo - "tiyeni timange ndikuwona zomwe zidzatiwonetsere" kumabweretsa kukayikira kwakukulu.

2. Linear lepton collider - zowonera

Pali mitundu iwiri ya njira zothetsera mavuto mu sayansi yakuthupi. Yoyamba ndi njira yovuta, yomwe imakhala ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono ka kuyesa kapena kowonera kuti athetse vuto linalake. Njira yachiwiri imatchedwa brute force method.amene amapanga kuyesa kwapadziko lonse, kukankhira malire kapena kuyang'anitsitsa kuti afufuze chilengedwe m'njira yatsopano kusiyana ndi njira zathu zam'mbuyomu. Yoyamba imayendetsedwa bwino mu Standard Model. Chachiwiri chimakupatsani mwayi wopeza zochulukirapo, koma, mwatsoka, izi sizinafotokozedwe ndendende. Choncho, njira zonsezi zili ndi zovuta zake.

Yang'anani zomwe zimatchedwa Chiphunzitso cha Chilichonse (TUT), chopatulika cha fizikiya, chiyenera kuikidwa m'gulu lachiwiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimafika popeza mphamvu zapamwamba komanso zapamwamba (3), zomwe mphamvu za chilengedwe pamapeto pake chimaphatikizana kukhala kuyanjana kumodzi.

3. Mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira pakugwirizanitsa kongopeka kwa kuyanjana

Nisforn neutrino

Posachedwapa, sayansi yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri pamadera osangalatsa kwambiri, monga kafukufuku wa neutrino, zomwe posachedwapa tasindikiza lipoti lalikulu ku MT. Mu february 2020, Astrophysical Journal idatulutsa chofalitsa chokhudza kupezeka kwa ma neutrinos amphamvu kwambiri omwe sakudziwika ku Antarctica. Kuphatikiza pa kuyesera kodziwika bwino, kafukufuku adachitikanso pa kontinenti yachisanu pansi pa dzina la code ANITA (), kuphatikiza kutulutsidwa kwa baluni yokhala ndi sensor. mafunde a wailesi.

Onse ndi ANITA adapangidwa kuti azisaka mafunde a wailesi kuchokera ku neutrinos zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zimagundana ndi chinthu cholimba chomwe chimapanga ayezi. Avi Loeb, wapampando wa Harvard Department of Astronomy, adalongosola patsamba la Salon kuti: "Zochitika zomwe ANITA wapeza zimawoneka ngati zosokoneza chifukwa sizingafotokozedwe ngati ma neutrinos ochokera kumagwero a zakuthambo. (...) Ikhoza kukhala mtundu wina wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizana mofooka kuposa neutrino ndi nkhani wamba. Timakayikira kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Koma nchiyani chimapangitsa zochitika za ANITA kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri?

Neutrinos ndi tinthu tating'ono tomwe timadziwika kuti taphwanya Standard Model. Malinga ndi Standard Model ya pulayimale particles, tiyenera kukhala ndi mitundu itatu ya neutrinos (electronic, muon ndi tau) ndi mitundu itatu ya antineutrinos, ndipo pambuyo pa mapangidwe awo ayenera kukhala okhazikika komanso osasinthika muzinthu zawo. Kuyambira m'ma 60, pamene mawerengedwe oyambirira ndi miyeso ya ma neutrinos opangidwa ndi Dzuwa adawonekera, tinazindikira kuti panali vuto. Tidadziwa kuchuluka kwa ma neutrino ma electron omwe adapangidwa maziko a solar. Koma titayeza kuti ndi angati amene anafika, tinangoona gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chiwerengero chimene chinanenedweratu.

Mwina china chake chalakwika ndi zowunikira zathu, kapena china chake chalakwika ndi mtundu wathu wa Dzuwa, kapena china chake cholakwika ndi ma neutrinos okha. Kuyesera kwa ma reactor kunatsutsa lingaliro lakuti chinachake sichili bwino ndi zowunikira zathu (4). Anagwira ntchito monga momwe amayembekezera ndipo machitidwe awo adavotera bwino kwambiri. Ma neutrino omwe tidapeza adalembetsedwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma neutrino omwe adafika. Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri ambiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo akhala akunena kuti chitsanzo chathu cha dzuwa ndi cholakwika.

4. Zithunzi za zochitika za neutrino mu Cherenkov radiation kuchokera ku Super Kamiokande detector

Inde, panali kuthekera kwina kwachilendo komwe, ngati kuli kowona, kungasinthe kamvedwe kathu ka chilengedwe kuchokera ku zomwe Standard Model idaneneratu. Lingaliro ndiloti mitundu itatu ya neutrino yomwe timadziwa imakhala ndi misa, osati konda, ndi kuti akhoza kusakaniza (kusinthasintha) kuti asinthe kukoma ngati ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Ngati neutrino imayambitsidwa pakompyuta, imatha kusintha panjira yopita muwoni i mphamvukoma izi zimatheka ngati zili ndi misa. Asayansi akuda nkhawa ndi vuto la ma neutrinos a dzanja lamanja ndi lamanzere. Pakuti ngati simungathe kusiyanitsa, simungathe kusiyanitsa ngati ndi tinthu kapena antiparticle.

Kodi neutrino ikhoza kukhala antiparticle yakeyake? Osati molingana ndi Standard Model wamba. Fermionszambiri sayenera kukhala antiparticles awo. Fermion ndi chidutswa chilichonse chokhala ndi kuzungulira kwa ± XNUMX/XNUMX. Gululi limaphatikizapo ma quark ndi ma leptons, kuphatikiza ma neutrinos. Komabe, pali mtundu wapadera wa fermions, womwe mpaka pano ulipo mwa chiphunzitso - Majorana fermion, yomwe ndi antiparticle yake. Zikanakhalapo, chinachake chapadera chikhoza kuchitika ... wopanda neutrino kuwonongeka kwa beta kawiri. Ndipo apa pali mwayi kwa oyesera omwe akhala akuyang'ana kusiyana kotere kwa nthawi yaitali.

M'njira zonse zomwe zimawonedwa zokhudzana ndi neutrinos, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timawonetsa chinthu chomwe akatswiri asayansi amachitcha kumanzere. Ma neutrinos akumanja, omwe ali owonjezera mwachilengedwe kwambiri a Standard Model, palibe paliponse. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta MS tomwe tili ndi dzanja lamanja, koma neutrinos alibe. Chifukwa chiyani? Kusanthula kwaposachedwa, kozama kwambiri kochitidwa ndi gulu lapadziko lonse la akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, kuphatikizapo Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) ku Krakow, achita kafukufuku pankhaniyi. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kusayang'ana kwa ma neutrinos akumanja kungatsimikizire kuti ndi ma Majorana fermions. Ngati iwo anali, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe awo akumanja ndi aakulu kwambiri, omwe amafotokozera zovuta kuzizindikira.

Komabe sitikudziwa ngati neutrinos ndi antiparticles okha. Sitikudziwa ngati amapeza kulemera kwawo kuchokera kumangiridwe ofooka kwambiri a Higgs boson, kapena ngati amapeza kudzera mu makina ena. Ndipo sitikudziwa, mwina gawo la neutrino ndilovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe timaganizira, ndi ma neutrinos osabala kapena olemera omwe amabisala mumdima.

Atomu ndi anomalies ena

Mu pulayimale particle physics, kupatula ma neutrinos apamwamba, palinso malo ena osadziwika bwino omwe "physics yatsopano" ingawonekere. Asayansi, mwachitsanzo, posachedwa apereka mtundu watsopano wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe titha kufotokozera zovutazo. kupasuka ngati (5), nkhani yapadera ya tinthu ta meson topangidwa ndi quark imodzi i wogulitsa wakale wakale. Kaon particles zikawola, kachigawo kakang’ono ka zinthuzo kamasintha zimene zinadabwitsa asayansi. Kalembedwe kawolako kangasonyeze mtundu watsopano wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena mphamvu yatsopano yogwira ntchito. Izi zili kunja kwa Standard Model.

Pali zoyeserera zambiri kuti mupeze mipata mu Standard Model. Izi zikuphatikizapo kufufuza kwa g-2 muon. Pafupifupi zaka 2 zapitazo, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Paul Dirac ananeneratu za nthaŵi ya maginito ya ma elekitironi pogwiritsa ntchito g, nambala imene imatsimikizira mmene tinthu tating’onoting’ono timazungulira. Kenaka miyeso inasonyeza kuti "g" ndi yosiyana pang'ono ndi 2, ndipo akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kusiyana pakati pa mtengo weniweni wa "g" ndi 1959 kuti aphunzire momwe mkati mwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi malamulo a physics ambiri. Mu 2, CERN ku Geneva, Switzerland, idayesa kuyesa koyamba komwe kuyeza mtengo wa g-207 wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono totchedwa muon, womangidwa ku electron koma wosakhazikika komanso wolemera ka XNUMX kuposa kachigawo choyambirira.

Brookhaven National Laboratory ku New York idayamba kuyesa kwake ndikusindikiza zotsatira za kuyesa kwawo kwa g-2 mu 2004. Kuyeza sikunali zomwe Standard Model idaneneratu. Komabe, kuyesako sikunasonkhanitse deta yokwanira yowunikira ziwerengero kuti zitsimikizire kuti mtengo woyezera unalidi wosiyana osati kusinthasintha kwa chiwerengero. Malo ena ofufuza tsopano akupanga zoyeserera zatsopano ndi g-2, ndipo mwina tidziwa zotsatira zake posachedwa.

Pali china chochititsa chidwi kuposa ichi Kaon anomalies i muwoni. Mu 2015, kuyesa pakuwola kwa beryllium 8Be kunawonetsa kusokonezeka. Asayansi ku Hungary amagwiritsa ntchito chowunikira chawo. Mwamwayi, komabe, adapeza, kapena kuganiza kuti adapeza, zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa mphamvu yachisanu yachilengedwe.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ochokera ku yunivesite ya California anachita chidwi ndi phunziroli. Iwo ananena kuti chodabwitsacho chinayitana kusokonezeka kwa atomiki, chinayambitsidwa ndi kachigawo kakang’ono kotheratu, kamene kanayenera kunyamula mphamvu yachisanu ya chilengedwe. Imatchedwa X17 chifukwa mphamvu yake yofananira imaganiziridwa kuti ndi pafupifupi ma electron 17 miliyoni. Uku ndi kuwirikiza ka 30 kulemera kwa ma elekitironi, koma kuchepera pa kulemera kwa pulotoni. Ndipo momwe X17 imachitira ndi pulotoni ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri - ndiko kuti, sichimalumikizana ndi proton konse. M'malo mwake, imalumikizana ndi electron kapena nyutroni yowonongeka, yomwe ilibe ndalama zonse. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyika tinthu X17 mu Standard Model yathu yamakono. Bosons amagwirizana ndi mphamvu. Ma gluons amalumikizidwa ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, ma bosons ndi mphamvu yofooka, ndi ma photon ndi electromagnetism. Palinso lingaliro longoyerekeza la mphamvu yokoka yotchedwa graviton. Monga boson, X17 idzanyamula mphamvu yakeyake, monga zomwe mpaka pano zakhala chinsinsi kwa ife ndipo zikhoza kukhala.

Chilengedwe ndi njira yake yokondeka?

Mu pepala lofalitsidwa mu April uno m'magazini ya Science Advances, asayansi pa yunivesite ya New South Wales ku Sydney adanena kuti miyeso yatsopano ya kuwala yotulutsidwa ndi quasar 13 biliyoni kuwala kwa zaka kutali kumatsimikizira maphunziro am'mbuyomu omwe adapeza kusiyana kwakung'ono mu kapangidwe kabwino ka nthawi zonse. za chilengedwe chonse. Pulofesa John Webb kuchokera ku UNSW (6) akufotokoza kuti dongosolo labwino lokhazikika "ndi kuchuluka komwe akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amagwiritsa ntchito ngati muyeso wa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi." mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imasunga ma elekitironi mozungulira ma nuclei mu atomu iliyonse m'chilengedwe. Popanda kutero, zinthu zonse zikanatha. Mpaka posachedwa, ankaonedwa kuti ndi mphamvu yokhazikika mu nthawi ndi mlengalenga. Koma mu kafukufuku wake pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, Pulofesa Webb wawona chododometsa mu kapangidwe kabwino kamene kalikonse komwe mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi, yoyezedwa munjira imodzi yosankhidwa m'chilengedwe, nthawi zonse imawoneka yosiyana pang'ono.

"" akufotokoza Webb. Zosagwirizanazi sizinawonekere mumiyeso ya gulu la Australia, koma poyerekezera zotsatira zawo ndi miyeso ina yambiri ya kuwala kwa quasar ndi asayansi ena.

"" akutero Pulofesa Webb. "". M’malingaliro ake, zotulukapozi zikusonyeza kuti pangakhale chitsogozo chokondeka m’chilengedwe chonse. M’mawu ena, chilengedwe chikanakhala ndi dongosolo la dipole.

"" Akutero wasayansi za zolakwika zodziwika bwino.

Ichi ndi chinthu chinanso: mmalo mwa zomwe zinkaganiziridwa kukhala kufalikira kwachisawawa kwa milalang'amba, quasars, mitambo ya mpweya ndi mapulaneti okhala ndi zamoyo, thambo mwadzidzidzi lili ndi mnzake wakumpoto ndi kum'mwera. Pulofesa Webb ali wokonzeka kuvomereza kuti zotsatira za miyeso ya asayansi yochitidwa pazigawo zosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana komanso kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ndizochitika mwangozi kwambiri.

Webb ikunena kuti ngati pali mayendedwe m'chilengedwe chonse, ndipo ngati ma elekitiromagineti ikhala yosiyana pang'ono m'madera ena a chilengedwe, mfundo zazikuluzikulu za sayansi yamakono ziyenera kuwonedwanso. "", amalankhula. Chitsanzocho chimachokera ku chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha mphamvu yokoka, chomwe chimatsimikizira momveka bwino kuti malamulo a chilengedwe ndi osasunthika. Ndipo ngati sichoncho, ndiye ... lingaliro lotembenuza nyumba yonse ya fiziki ndilodabwitsa.