Kodi chipambano cha munthu amene anatera pa mwezi n’chachikulu bwanji?

NASA itangotsala pang'ono kuyambitsa ntchito ya Apollo 11, kalata inafika ku likulu lake kuchokera ku Persian Storytellers Union. Olembawo adapempha kuti asinthe ndondomekoyi. Iwo ankaopa kuti kutera pa mwezi kungachititse dziko kukhala ndi maloto, ndipo sakanakhala ndi chochita. Chowawa kwambiri ku maloto a anthu a zakuthambo mwina sichinali chiyambi cha kuthawira ku mwezi, koma kutha kwake mwadzidzidzi.

United States idatsalira kwambiri pakuyambika kwa mpikisano wamlengalenga. Soviet Union inali yoyamba kutulutsa satelayiti yapadziko lapansi mozungulira, kenako idatumiza munthu woyamba kupyola Padziko Lapansi. Patatha mwezi umodzi Yuri Gagarin atathawa mu April 1961, Purezidenti John F. Kennedy anakamba nkhani yoitana anthu a ku America kuti agonjetse mwezi. (1).

-- Iye anati.

Congress inatha kugawa pafupifupi 5% ya bajeti ya boma pazochitika za NASA kuti America "igwire ndikugwira" USSR.

Anthu a ku America ankakhulupirira kuti dziko lawo linali labwino kuposa USSR. Kupatula apo, anali asayansi odziwika ndi mbendera yaku US omwe adaphwanya atomu ndikupanga zida zanyukiliya zomwe zidathetsa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Komabe, popeza kuti mayiko awiri otsutsanawo anali kale ndi zida zazikulu ndi mabomba aatali, kupambana kwa danga la USSR kunadzutsa mantha kuti apanga ma satelayiti atsopano, ma warheads akuluakulu, malo osungiramo mlengalenga, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingawononge United States. Kuopa ulamuliro ufumu wa chikomyunizimu waudani unali chilimbikitso champhamvu chokwanira chofuna kutsimikiza za pulogalamu ya mlengalenga.

Zinalinso pangozi. Ulemerero wapadziko lonse wa US monga mphamvu zazikulu. Pankhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi pakati pa dziko laufulu, motsogozedwa ndi US, ndi maiko achikomyunizimu, motsogozedwa ndi USSR, mayiko ang'onoang'ono omwe akutukuka ambiri sanadziwe mbali yoti atenge. Tinganene kuti iwo ankayembekezera kuona amene adzakhale ndi mwayi wopambana ndiyeno n’kukhala kumbali ya wopambanayo. Kutchuka, komanso nkhani zachuma.

Zonsezi zinapangitsa kuti bungwe la American Congress ligwirizane ndi ndalama zazikuluzikuluzi. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, ngakhale Mphungu isanafike, zinali zoonekeratu kuti America idzapambana mwendo uwu wa mpikisano wamlengalenga. Komabe, atangokwaniritsa cholinga cha mwezi, zinthu zofunika kwambiri zinasiya kugwira ntchito, ndipo ndalama zinachepa. Kenako adadulidwa nthawi zonse, mpaka 0,5% ya bajeti yaku US m'zaka zaposachedwa. Nthawi ndi nthawi, bungweli lakhala likupanga mapulani ambiri oti ayambitsenso maulendo apandege opitilira Earth orbit, koma andale sanakhalepo owolowa manja monga momwe analili m'ma 60s.

Posachedwapa pakhala zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti zinthu zikusintha. Maziko a mapulani atsopano olimba mtima alinso ndale, komanso pamlingo waukulu wankhondo.

Kupambana zaka ziwiri pambuyo pa tsokalo

July 20, 1969 Patatha zaka zisanu ndi zitatu Purezidenti John F. Kennedy atalengeza za dongosolo la dziko loyika munthu pa mwezi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60, openda zakuthambo a ku America Neil Armstrong ndi Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin anali oyamba kufika kumeneko monga gawo la ntchito ya Apollo 11. anthu m'mbiri.

Pafupifupi maola asanu ndi limodzi ndi theka pambuyo pake, Armstrong anakhala Homo sapiens woyamba kuponda padziko lapansi. Atatenga sitepe yoyamba, ananena mawu odziwika bwino akuti, “kanthu kakang’ono kwa munthu, koma chachikulu kwa anthu” (2).

2. Chimodzi mwazithunzi zodziwika bwino zojambulidwa pa Mwezi ndi oyenda mumlengalenga oyamba.

Liŵiro la programu linali lofulumira kwambiri. Timawasilira makamaka pomwe tikuwona mapulogalamu osatha komanso omwe akukulirakulira a NASA akuwoneka ngati osavuta kuposa kuchita upainiya. Ngakhale masomphenya oyamba a mwezi ukutera lero akuwoneka ngati izi (3), kale mu 1966 - ndiko kuti, patatha zaka zisanu zokha za ntchito ndi gulu lapadziko lonse la asayansi ndi mainjiniya - bungwe lidachita ntchito yoyamba yopanda anthu ya Apollo, kuyesa kukhazikika kwadongosolo lazoyambitsa zoyambilira ndi.

3. Chithunzi cha chitsanzo cha kutera pa mwezi, chopangidwa ndi NASA mu 1963.

Patangopita miyezi ingapo, pa January 27, 1967, pa Kennedy Space Center ku Cape Canaveral ku Florida, panachitika ngozi imene masiku ano ingaoneke ngati yatambasula ntchitoyi kwa zaka zambiri. Pamene ndege ya Apollo ndi roketi ya Saturn inali kuulutsidwa ndi anthu, moto unabuka. Oyenda mumlengalenga atatu anamwalira - Virgil (Gus) Grissom, Edward H. White ndi Roger B. Chaffee. M'zaka za m'ma 60, akatswiri ena asanu a zakuthambo a ku America anafa asananyamuke bwino, koma izi sizinali zokhudzana ndi kukonzekera pulogalamu ya Apollo.

Ndikoyenera kuwonjezera kuti panthawi yomweyi, osachepera malinga ndi deta yovomerezeka, ma cosmonauts awiri okha a Soviet amayenera kufa. Imfa yokhayo idalengezedwa mwalamulo panthawiyo Vladimir Komarov - mu 1967 paulendo wa orbital wa ndege ya Soyuz-1. M'mbuyomu, pakuyesedwa padziko lapansi, Gagarin adamwalira ndege isanachitike Valentin Bondarienko, koma mfundo imeneyi inawululidwa kokha m'zaka za m'ma 80, ndipo pakadali pano, pali nthano zambiri za ngozi zambiri zomwe zimapha anthu a ku Soviet cosmonauts.

James Oberg anazisonkhanitsa zonse m’buku lake lakuti Space of the Pioneers. Amuna asanu ndi awiri a zakuthambo amayenera kufa asanathawe Yuri Gagarin, mmodzi wa iwo, dzina lake Ledovsky, kale mu 1957! Ndiye panayenera kukhala ozunzidwa ambiri, kuphatikizapo imfa ya wachiwiriyo Valentina Tereshkova akazi mu mlengalenga mu 1963. Zinanenedwa kuti pambuyo pa ngozi yowopsya ya Apollo 1, anzeru aku America adanena ngozi zisanu zakupha za asilikali a Soviet mumlengalenga ndi imfa zisanu ndi chimodzi pa Dziko Lapansi. Izi sizinatsimikizidwe mwalamulo, koma chifukwa cha "ndondomeko yachidziwitso" cha Kremlin, timaganiza zambiri kuposa momwe tikudziwira. Tikukayikira kuti USSR idachita mpikisano pa mpikisano, koma ndi anthu angati omwe adamwalira andale amderalo asanazindikire kuti sangapirire US? Chabwino, izi zikhoza kukhala chinsinsi kwamuyaya.

“Mphungu Yatera”

Ngakhale kuti poyamba panali zopinga ndi kuvulala, pulogalamu ya Apollo inapitirizabe. Mu October 1968 Apollo 7, ntchito yoyamba yopangidwa ndi anthu, ndipo anayesa bwinobwino machitidwe ambiri apamwamba ofunikira kuti awuluke ndi kutera pa mwezi. Mu December chaka chomwecho, Apollo 8 adayambitsa astronaut atatu kuzungulira mwezi, ndipo mu Marichi 1969 Apollo 9 Kugwira ntchito kwa gawo la mwezi kunayesedwa mu orbit ya Earth. Mu Meyi, oyenda mumlengalenga atatu Apollo 10 iwo anatenga Apollo woyamba wathunthu kuzungulira mwezi monga gawo la ntchito yophunzitsa.

Pomalizira pake, pa July 16, 1969, adachoka ku Kennedy Space Center. Apollo 11 (4) ndi Armstrong, Aldrin ndi wachitatu, amene adawadikirira mu kanjira ka mwezi - Michael Collins. Atayenda 300 76 Km mu maola 19, sitimayo inalowa mu njira ya Silver Globe pa July 13. Tsiku lotsatira, pa 46:16 ET, Eagle lander ndi Armstrong ndi Aldrin pa bolodi analekanitsidwa ndi gawo lalikulu la sitima. Patatha maola awiri, Mphunguyo inayamba kutsika pamwamba pa Mwezi, ndipo nthawi ya 17 koloko madzulo, inakhudza kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Mtendere. Armstrong nthawi yomweyo adatumiza uthenga wawayilesi ku Mission Control ku Houston, Texas: "Chiwombankhanga chatera."

4. Kuyambitsa roketi ya Apollo 11

Pa 22:39, Armstrong anatsegula gawo la mwezi. Pamene ankatsika makwerero a module, kamera ya kanema wa sitimayo inajambula momwe iye akuyendera ndipo inatumiza chizindikiro kuti mazana a mamiliyoni a anthu amawonera pa TV zawo. Nthawi imati 22:56 pm, Armstrong adatsika masitepe ndikuyika phazi lake pansi. Aldrin adalumikizana naye patatha mphindi 19, ndipo pamodzi adajambula malowa, adakweza mbendera yaku America, adayesa mayeso osavuta asayansi, ndipo adalankhula ndi Purezidenti Richard Nixon kudzera ku Houston.

Pofika 1:11 am pa Julayi 21, amlengalenga onse adabwerera ku gawo la mwezi, ndikutseka chitseko kumbuyo kwawo. Anakhala mkati mwa maola otsatira, adakali pamtunda wa mwezi. Pa 13:54 Orzel adayamba kubwerera ku gawo lamalamulo. Pa 17:35 p.m., Armstrong ndi Aldrin anaimitsa sitimayo bwinobwino, ndipo pa 12:56 p.m. pa July 22, Apollo 11 inayamba ulendo wake wobwerera kwawo, n’kulowa bwinobwino panyanja ya Pacific patatha masiku awiri.

Patatsala maola angapo kuti Aldrin, Armstrong, ndi Collins anyamuke ulendo wawo, makilomita mazana angapo kuchokera pamene Mphungu inatera, inagwa pa mwezi. Soviet kafukufuku Luna-15, monga gawo la pulogalamu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi USSR kale mu 1958. Ulendo wina udachita bwino - "Luna-16" inali kafukufuku woyamba wa roboti kutera pa mwezi ndikubweretsanso zitsanzo ku Earth. Mishoni zotsatirazi za Soviet zidayika ma rover awiri a mwezi pa Silver Globe.

Ulendo woyamba wa Aldrin, Armstrong ndi Collins unatsatiridwa ndi maulendo asanu opambana a mwezi (5) ndi ntchito imodzi yovuta - Apollo 13, yomwe kutera sikunachitike. Oyenda mumlengalenga omaliza kuyenda pamwezi Eugene Cernan ndi Harrison Schmitt, kuchokera ku ntchito ya Apollo 17 - adachoka pamwamba pa Mwezi pa December 14, 1972.

5. Malo otsikira kwa ndege zokhala ndi anthu mu pulogalamu ya Apollo

$7-8 pa dola imodzi

Anachita nawo pulogalamu ya Apollo. pafupifupi 400 zikwi mainjiniya, akatswiri ndi asayansindipo mtengo wonse uyenera kukhala $ 24 biliyoni (pafupifupi $100 biliyoni pamtengo wamakono); ngakhale nthawi zina kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kokwera kawiri. Ndalamazo zinali zazikulu, koma ndi nkhani zambiri ubwino - makamaka ponena za kupita patsogolo ndi kusamutsidwa kwa teknoloji kupita ku chuma - zinali zazikulu kuposa momwe timaganizira. Kuwonjezera apo, amapitiriza kukumana. Ntchito ya akatswiri a NASA panthawiyo idakhudza kwambiri zamagetsi ndi makompyuta. Popanda R&D komanso ndalama zambiri zaboma panthawiyo, makampani ngati Intel mwina sadakhalepo nkomwe, ndipo anthu mwina sakadakhala akuwononga nthawi yochulukirapo pama laputopu ndi mafoni, Facebook ndi Twitter masiku ano.

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti zomwe asayansi a NASA apanga nthawi zonse amalowetsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi robotics, computing, aeronautics, transportation, and healthcare. Malinga ndi Scott Hubbard, yemwe adakhala zaka makumi awiri ku NASA asanakhale mnzake ku yunivesite ya Stanford, dola iliyonse yomwe boma la US limapereka pantchito ya bungweli limamasulira $ 7-8 ya katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zikugulitsidwa pakapita nthawi.

Daniel Lockney, mkonzi wamkulu wa Spinoff, chofalitsa chapachaka cha NASA chofotokoza kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa NASA m'mabungwe abizinesi, akuvomereza kuti kupita patsogolo komwe kunachitika panthawi ya ntchito ya Apollo kwakhala kokulirapo.

Iye analemba kuti: “Pakhala zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa nkhani ya sayansi, zamagetsi, ndege ndi uinjiniya, komanso luso la rocket. "Ichi mwina chinali chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zauinjiniya ndi zasayansi zomwe zidachitika kale."

Lockney akupereka zitsanzo zingapo zokhudzana ndi ntchito ya Apollo m'nkhani yake. Mapulogalamu opangidwa kuti aziwongolera machitidwe ovuta omwe ali mkati mwa makapisozi am'mlengalenga anali kholo la mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano mumlengalenga. zida zopangira kirediti kadi mu malonda. Oyendetsa magalimoto othamanga ndi ozimitsa moto amagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano zovala zoziziritsidwa ndi madzi kutengera zida zopangidwira kuti openda zakuthambo a Apollo azivala pansi pa suti zakuthambo. Sublimated Products opangidwa kuti apollo astronauts azidyetsedwa mumlengalenga, tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ankhondo omwe amadziwika kuti MREs komanso ngati gawo la zida zadzidzidzi. Ndipo zisankho izi, pambuyo pa zonse, ndi zazing'ono poyerekeza chitukuko cha luso Integrated dera ndi makampani a Silicon Valley omwe anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi pulogalamu ya Apollo.

Jack Kilby (6) kuchokera ku Texas Instruments adamanga gawo lake loyamba lophatikizika ku US Department of Defense ndi NASA. Malinga ndi Lockney, bungwe lokhalo linasankha magawo ofunikira aukadaulo uwu, kuwasintha kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe akufuna. Ankafuna zipangizo zamagetsi zopepuka komanso makompyuta ang'onoang'ono chifukwa kulemera kwa mlengalenga kumatanthauza mtengo. Ndipo potengera izi, Kilby adapanga chiwembu chake. Patapita zaka zingapo iye analandira Nobel Prize mu Fizikisi. Kodi gawo lina la ngongoleyo silipita ku pulogalamu ya mlengalenga?

6. Jack Kilby wokhala ndi prototype yophatikizidwa

Ntchito ya Apollo inali yandale. Komabe, mfundo yomwe idamutsegulira koyamba ma tray akumwamba pa bajeti yaku US inalinso chifukwa chomwe adasiyira pulogalamu ya mwezi mu 1972. Chigamulo chothetsa pulogalamuyi chinavomerezedwa ndi Purezidenti Richard Nixon. Ilo lamasuliridwa m’njira zambiri, koma kufotokoza kwake kukuwoneka kukhala kosavuta. Amereka anakwaniritsa cholinga chake cha ndale. Ndipo popeza zinali zandale, osati sayansi, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri, panalibe chifukwa chenicheni chopitirizira kuwononga ndalama zambiri cholinga chathu chikakwaniritsidwa. Ndipo anthu aku America atapeza njira yawo, idasiya kukhala yokongola pazandale ku USSR. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, palibe amene anali ndi luso laukadaulo kapena zachuma kuti athe kuthana ndi vuto la mwezi.

Mutu wa mpikisano wa mphamvu wabwereranso m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndi kukula kwa luso la China ndi zokhumba zake. Izi ndizokhudzanso kutchuka, komanso zachuma komanso zankhondo. Tsopano masewerawa ndi omwe adzakhala oyamba kumanga linga pa Mwezi, omwe adzayambe kuchotsa chuma chake, omwe adzatha kupanga mwayi wopambana pa otsutsana nawo pamaziko a Mwezi.