Museum of Great Britain ku Bristol
Chithunzi cha mbiriyakale cha chombo choyamba choyenda panyanja chokhala ndi chitsulo. Photo Library of Congress
Ku West England, imodzi mwa zombo zofunika kwambiri zomwe zinamangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX pokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha sitima zapamadzi zomwe zimatchedwa Tidal Port, zopangidwa ndi maloko a Mtsinje wa Avon, zasungidwa. Isambard ya King Brunel.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, kuwonjezera pa ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yomanga zombo, gululi lili ndi madera osangalatsa kwambiri. Sitimayo, yomwe idamangidwa ngati sitima yapamadzi yokhala ndi chowongolera chothandizira, m'moyo wake idasinthidwa kukhala bwato lothandizira ndi nthunzi yothandiza ndipo pomaliza idagwera mu "imfa yachipatala" ngati mphepo yamkuntho. Kuchokera ku dziko lino, adabwezeretsedwa ku "wachiwiri", nthawi ino moyo wa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, khama lodabwitsa la gulu lalikulu la okonda.
Great Britain ikhoza kuonedwa ngati gawo lalikulu la chikhulupiriro chazaka za m'ma 1838 pakupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo. Mphamvu zandale ndi zachuma za Great Britain chifukwa cha Nkhondo za Napoleon zidapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe kwambiri pazachuma, zomwe, kuphatikiza zatsopano komanso kukonza njira zingapo zakale, zidathandizira, mwa zina, ku chitukuko chomwe sichinachitikepo. . zomangamanga. Chifukwa chake, pamene London ndi Bristol zidalumikizidwa ndi njanji, gawo lotsatira lachilengedwe linali kukulitsa ... ku New York. Gawo la "zam'madzi"li limayenera kugwiritsa ntchito sitima yamakono yodutsa panyanja. Kugwira ntchito kwa msewu wamatabwa wa Great Western kunayamba mu 1806, ndipo mwini wake, Great Western Steamboat Company, adaganiza zomanga chombo china. Poyamba zimayenera kukhala kusintha kwa gawo lapitalo, koma Isambard Brunel (1859-XNUMX, m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a nthawi yake), yemwe amayang'anira kapangidwe kake ndi zomangamanga, adakwanitsa kukopa osunga ndalama kuti atengere njira yowonjezerapo. njira ya garde.
Choncho, Great Britain inakhala chombo choyamba choyenda panyanja chokhala ndi chitsulo. Tiyenera kutsindika kuti panali kale zinachitikira pomanga zitsulo (Brunel yekha anapita ku Antwerp m'ngalawa yachitsulo "Rainbow"), ndipo mu Great Britain yopanda mtengo, chitsulo chinakhala chotsika mtengo kuposa nkhuni. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zatsopanozi kunapangitsanso zotheka kukulitsa chibolibolicho ndipo motero kuonjezera zotsatira zake, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamayendedwe apanyanja. Zotsatira zake, ngalawayo idasamutsidwa matani 3700, zomwe zidamuthandiza kukhalabe ngati sitima yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yamalonda kuyambira 1845 mpaka 1854.
M'zaka zimenezo za chitukuko champhamvu kwambiri chaukadaulo, izi mwazokha zinali zopambana zotsimikizira masomphenya a zochita za Brunel.
Chisankho chachiwiri chofunikira chomwe chidatsimikizira kufunika kwa sitimayo m'mbiri yomanga zombo ndikuyiyika ndi screw drive. Apanso, monga ndi chitsulo monga chomangira chomangira, sichinali chodziwikiratu. Brunel anadziŵa bwino ntchito ya woyendetsa sitima ya Archimedes. Kupatula apo, inali gawo loyesera, ndipo UK idamangidwa ngati sitima yayikulu yonyamula anthu. Komabe, mlengi wa sitima yapamadzi yodutsa panyanja ya Atlantic anayamikira ubwino wa propeller ndipo, potengera kuopsa kwa uinjiniya wowerengeka, adagwiritsa ntchito yankholi pachombo chake chatsopanocho.
UK idamangidwa mu drydock yosinthidwa mwapadera ku Bristol. Zomangamanga zonse zofunika zamangidwa mozungulira. Zida zachitsulo zomwe zidabwera ndi bwato kuchokera ku Coalbrookdale ku Shropshire zidakonzedwa kumeneko. Ogwira ntchito zaluso adatengedwanso kuchokera kumalo otsogola amakampani opanga zitsulo. Chifukwa cha chitsanzo cha ntchito yonseyi, n'zosadabwitsa kuti ntchito yomanga sitimayo inayenda pang'onopang'ono. Anayamba mu June 1839, chombocho chinakhazikitsidwa pa July 18, 1843 (ichi chinali chochitika chachikulu, chodziwika, makamaka ndi Prince Albert, mwamuna wa Mfumukazi Victoria), ndipo mu July 1845 sitimayo inali yokonzeka kuyenda panyanja. . .
